22 How many moles of hydrogen 30 The molecular formula of 36 What is the mass of iron which

PUSAT TUISYEN ALPHA DINAMIK [ 03 3341 3007] atoms are contained in 5.6 g methyl benzoate is C6H5COOCH3 contains a similar number of
of ethane, C2H6? How many elements and atoms atoms as 6.9 g of sodium?
Form 4 Chap 3 Molar Mass & NA Part 2 Prepared by Alfred Lim
A 0.19 C 1.16 are present in the molecule of A 15.2 g C 12.4 g
B 1.12 D 0.75 methyl benzoate? B 16.8 g D 10.2 g
1 Which of the following state- 8 Which of the following samples 14 How many moles of atoms are Number of Number of
ments is true about Avogadro of substances has an incorrect contained in 132 g of iron? 23 How many moles of oxygen element atoms 37 Which of the following samples
number? molar mass? A 3.50 C 2.17 atoms are in 10 g of ammonium A 2 18 of substances contain 3 x 1023
A The number of particles in Molar B 2.36 D 7392 sulphate? B 3 8 atoms?
Substance
6.02 x 1023 mole of an mass A 0.2 C 0.4 C 3 18 I 7 g of nitrogen gas
element A Fe 56 g mol-1 15 How many moles of atoms are B 0.3 D 0.5 D 7 10 II 17.75 g of chlorine gas
B All elements have different B Al2O3 102 g mol-1 in 50 g of chlorine? III 2.0 g of methane, CH4 gas
Avogadro number C C6H12O6 180 g mol-1 A 2.43 C 3.52 24 How many moles of particles are 31 Propanol is a liquid with IV 32 g of copper
C Avogadro number is a D CuSO4.5H2O 160 g mol-1 B 2.50 D 1.41 there in 30.6 g aluminium oxide? molecular formula C3H7OH. A I & III C I, II & III
constant with value 6.02 x A 0.3 C 1.5 Hence, 180 g propanol contains B II & IV D I, II & IV
1022 mol-1 9 Which of the following samples 16 Calculate the number of atoms B 0.4 D 3 I 24 moles hydrogen atom
D Avogadro number represents of substances have the correct in 0.8 g of magnesium. II 3 moles propanol molecules 38 Which of the following contains
the number of particles in one number of moles? A 2.0 x 1022 C 2.3 x 1022 25 How many atoms are there in III 9 moles carbon atom equivalent amount of molecules
mole of a substance Sample of Number B 4.8x 1023 D 1.7 x 1021 177.5 g chlorine gas? IV 48 g of oxygen atom in 35.5 g of chlorine gas?
substance of moles A 6.02 x 1024 C 0.5 x 1023 A I & II C I, II & III I 20 g of argon gas
2 Calculate the number of moles in I 12 g of carbon 1 mole 17 What is the number of molecules B 6.02 x 1023 D 3.01 x 1024 B II & III D I, II, III & IV II 16g of oxygen gas
1.806 x 1024 ammonia molecules. II 5.6 g of iron 0.1 mole in 3.4 g of ammonia? III 14 g of nitrogen gas
A 3 x 102 C 0.003 III 8.0 g of sulphur 0.125 mole A 1.2 x 1023 C 2.34 x 1022 26 How many moles of atoms are 32 Which of the following contains IV 8.5 g of ammonium chloride
B 3 D 30 dioxide, SO2 B 1.67 x 1023 D 1.98 x 1022 present in 8.0 g of bromine gas? the same number of atoms as A I & II C II & IV
IV 11.7 g of sodium 0.2 mole A 0.1 mole C 0.3 mole 8 g of oxygen? B II & III D I, II & III
3 What is the number of moles in chloride, NaCl 18 How many moles of atoms are B 0.2 mole D 1.0 mole A 6 g of nitrogen
1.2 x 1023 water molecules? A I & III C I, II & III contained in 168 g of iron? B 6 g of hydrogen 39 Which of the following contains
A 4 mol C 0.1 mol B II & IV D I, II, III & IV A 0.05 mole C 2.5 moles 27 Calculate the number of nitrogen C 6 g of carbon the same number of atom with
B 2 mol D 0.2 mol B 3 moles D 1.0 mole atoms present in 180 g of urea, D 6 g of magnesium 14 g of silicon?
10 The relative formula mass of a CO(NH2)2? A 16 g of sulphur
4 How many atoms of sodium carbonate of M2CO3 is 106. 19 How many oxide ions are A 3 x 6 x 1023 atoms 33 Which of the following samples B 16 g of magnesium
are there in 0.5 moles of What is the relative atomic present in 40 g of iron(III) oxide? B 4 x 6 x 1023 atoms of substances contains the C 10 g of calcium
sodium? mass of M? A 40.0 x 3 x 6 x 1023 C 5 x 6 x 1023 atoms most number of atoms? D 16 g of oxygen
A 3 x 1023 C 4 x 1021 A 12 B 16 C 23 D 46 B 40.0/160 x 3 x 6 x 1023 D 6 x 6 x 1023 atoms A 128 g of copper
22
B 2.3 x 10 D 1.2 x 1022 C 40.0/160 x 3/5 x 6 x 1023 B 55 g of manganese 40 Which of the following consists
11 Which of the following is the D 40.0 x 3/2 x 6 x 1023 28 The number of atoms in 2 moles C 30 g of carbon of equivalent number of atoms
5 What is the number of iodide relative formula mass of of oxygen molecules is similar D 36 g of magnesium in 27.03 g berillium? [Be = 9.01]
ion, I- in 0.02 mol of magnesium copper(II) sulphate? 20 What is the number of oxide ion with to the number of atoms in… A 54 g boron
iodide? A 120 C 208 in 50.0 g of aluminium A 2 moles of copper 34 What is the ratio of the number B 14 g nitrogen
A 1.21 x 1023 C 2.41 x 1021 B 150 D 160 oxide? B 2/3 moles of water of atoms contained in 90 g of C 104 g sulphur
B 1.20 x 1022 D 2.41 x 1022 A 50 x 2 x 6.02 x 1023 C 2 moles of helium gas scandium to those in 14 g of D 120 g calcium
12 Which of the following contains B 50/102 x 3 x 6.02 x 1023 D 4/3 moles of nitrogen dioxide nitrogen? [Sc = 45, N = 14]
23
6 How many moles of chlorine gas 3 x 10 numbers of atoms? C 50/102 x 3/5 x 6.02 x 1023 A 2:1 C 4:1 41 How many times is one atom
contains 24 x 1023 atoms of A 4 g oxygen D 50 x 3/2 x 6.02 x 1023 29 Which of the following contains B 7:2 D 3:1 of calcium heavier than one
chlorine? B 28 g nitrogen equivalent amount of atoms atom of magnesium?
A 0.5 mole C 2.0 moles C 4 g aluminium 21 How many hydrogen atoms in 35.5 g of chlorine gas? 35 Which of the following elements A 3/5 B 2 C 5/6 D 5/3
B 1.0 mole D 2.5 moles D 10 g magnesium are present in 3.2 g of methane I 20 g of argon has the highest number of
gas, CH4? II 8.5 g of ammonium chloride atoms? 42 How many times is the mass
7 Calculate the number of Cl- ion 13 The number of molecules con- A 2 x 6 x 1023 atoms III 14 g of nitrogen A 112.0 g iron of one molecule of carbon
in 0.001 mol of calcium chloride. tained in 71 g of chlorine gas is B 8 x 6 x 1023 atoms IV 4.0 g of helium B 1.0 g hydrogen dioxide heavier than one atom
A 1.204 x 1023 C 1.204 x 1021 A 1.2 x 10-24 C 1.2 x 1024 C 2 x 8 x 1023 atoms A I & II C III & IV C 3 mol potassium of boron?
B 1.204 x 1022 D 6.02 x 1020 B 6 x 1023 D 3 x 1023 D 8 x 6 x 1022 atoms B II & III D I, II & III D 2 mol of calcium A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5
*-
43 What is the mass of one 46 Iron (Fe) and lithium (Li) have 1 (a) Define mole [2 marks] (c) A beaker contains 72 g of water.
molecule of NH3? relative atomic masses of 56 (i) What is the relative (iv) How many molecules are there?
A 1.41 x 10-23 g and 7 respectively. Which of the molecular mass of water?
B 1.41 x 10-22 g following statements are true
C 2.83 x 10-23 g about iron and lithium?
D 2.83 x 10-22 g I 8 g of Fe contains the same
number of atoms as 1 g of Li
44 Relative II One atom of Fe is eight times
Element
atom mass heavier than one atom of Li
Hydrogen (H) 1 III One atom of Fe contains (ii) What is the molar mass (v) How many atoms are there?
Aluminium (Al) 27 eight times more protons (b) State the meaning of Avogadro constant. Relate the number of of water?
Manganese (Mn) 55 than one atom of Li particles in one mole of a substance with the Avogadro constant.
Mercury (Hg) 201 IV The size of one atom of Fe
Based on the information in table is eight times bigger than one
above, which of the following atom of Li
statements are true about the A I & II C III & IV
elements? B II & IV D I, II, III & IV (iii) How many moles of water
I 13.5 g of aluminium contains are present in 72 g of water?
the same number of atoms 47 Which of the following state- [2 marks]
as 27.5 g of manganese ments is true about the formula
II The mass of one atom of of sulphur dioxide gas, SO2? 2 a) Calculate the number of moles in [8 marks]
mercury is approximately [Relative atomic mass: O, 16; [Ca = 40.1, C = 12, H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32]
3.7 times heavier than one S, 32]
atom of manganese A The relative molecular mass (i) 2.408 x 1022 atoms of calcium (ii) 4.816 x 1021 molecules of glucose
III The mass of one atom of for sulphur dioxide is 64 g
aluminium is 27 times the B One molecule of sulphur 3 An iron(II) chloride solution contains 20 g of iron(II) chloride, FeCl2.
mass of one atom of dioxide consists of one (i) Calculate the number (iii) Calculate the number of
hydrogen sulphur atom and one oxygen of moles of iron(II) chloride chloride ions in the solution.
IV 1 g of manganese contains molecule in the solution.
55 atoms of manganese C 1 mole of sulphur dioxide
A I and II C II and III consists of one sulphur atom (iii) 1.8 x 1023 atoms of sodium (iv) 1.002 x 1024 aluminium ions
B I and IV D I, II and III and two oxygen atoms in aluminium sulphate.
D 1 mole of sulphur dioxide
45 The relative atomic mass of contains the same number
sodium (Na) and copper (Cu) of atoms as 3 moles of
are 23 and 64 respectively. copper
Based on this information, what
conclusions can you derive? 48 What is the atom ratio of 46 g
I 1 mole of sodium contains of sodium and 7 g of nitrogen? b) Calculate the number of particles in [8 marks]
23 atoms of sodium A 4:1 C 2:1 (i) 88 g carbon dioxide (ii) 29.5 g nickel
II 11.5 g of sodium contains B 1:8 D 8:1 (ii) Calculate the number of (iv) Calculate the total number
the same number of atoms iron ions in the solution. of ions in the solution.
as 32 g of copper 1 D D D D D
III 1 g of copper contains 64 2 B A B C C
atoms of copper 3 D B B C C
IV One atom of copper is 4 A B C A D
approximately 2.8 times 5 D D D C B (iii) 17.1 g aluminium sulphate (iv) 13.37 g calcium
heavier than a sodium atom 6 C A A B A
A I & III C I, II & III 7 C A D D D
B II & IV D I, II, III & IV 8 D B D B A
9 D B C A
10 C B C D
*-
 12 The relative atomic masses of (d) What is the mass for
PUSAT TUISYEN ALPHA DINAMIK [ 03 3341 3007] oxygen and calcium are 16 and (i) 2 mol of sulphur atom? (ii) 2 mol of sulphur molecule?
40 respectively. Which of the
Form 4 Chap 3 Volume of gas Prepared by Alfred Lim
following contains the same
number of atoms?
1 6 Which of the following 10 Which of the following samples A 40 g of oxygen and 16 g of
statements is true about the of gases have the same volume calcium
molar volume of NO2? as 4.4 g of carbon dioxide gas, B 2 g of oxygen and 5 g of
One molar volume of nitrogen CO2 at s.t.p.? calcium
In Figure above, flask X and flask dioxide gas contains I 0.2 g of hydrogen gas C 1 g of oxygen and 1 g of (e) What is the number of (f) What is the number of oxygen
Y contain equal volumes of A the same number of II 2.0 g of neon gas calcium gas molecule in 0.128 g atoms which contains an equal
oxygen gas and ammonia gas molecules as 2 moles of III 7.1 g of chlorine gas D 16 cm3 of oxygen gas and of sulphur dioxide? mass as 5 sulphur atoms?
respectively. Which of the hydrogen gas, H2 IV 6.4 g of sulpur dioxide gas 40 g of calcium
following conclusions are true B the same number of atoms A I & III C I, II & III
about the above gases? as 71 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 B II & IV D I, II, III & IV
I The number of moles of C the same number of
atoms in flask X is the same molecules as 14 g of carbon 11 Which of the following has the
as that in flask Y dioxide gas, CO2 same number of particles as Answer
II The ratio of the number of D the same number of atoms 1 mole of oxygen gas? 1 B D B
atoms in flask X and flask Y as 44 g of carbon dioxide A 24dm3 of carbon 2 B D B
is 1 : 2 gas, CO2 B 39g of potassium 3 C C 2 Explain the meaning of
III The molecular mass of the C 0.5 mole of sodium carbonate 4 A A (a) (i) mole
gas in flask X is the same 7 Which of the following state- D 1.2 x 1024 molecules of Iodine 5 D D
as in flask Y ments about the mole concept
IV The number of moles of gas are correct? 1 (a) Explain the meaning of
in flask X is the same as in I 1 mole of an element (i) mole
23
flask Y contains 6 x 10 atoms
- One mole of substance is the amount of the substance that
A I & II C I, II & III II 1 mole of a gas occupies
3
B II & IV D I, II, III & IV 24 dm at room temperature
contains the same number of particles as the number of atoms
III 1 mole of a compound has (ii) Avogadro constant [4 marks]
2 Calculate the volume of the same mass as the rela-
in exactly 12 grams of the isotope 12C.
48 x 1023 molecules at s.t.p? tive molecular mass in gram
A 28.6 dm 3 C 89.6 dm3 IV 1 mole of any compound has
B 178.6 dm3 D 112.7 dm3 the same number of atoms (ii) Avogadro constant
A I and II C II and IV
- The number of particles in one mole of any substance is a
3 What is the volume occupied by B I and III D I, II and III
100 g of carbon dioxide gas at
constant known as Avogadro constant and the value is 6.02 x 1023
STP? 8 The substance that contain (b) A compound contains 2 x 1023 (d) A substance contains 4 x 1022
A 34.6 dm 3 C 50.9 dm3 6.02 x 1023 atoms include molecules. What is the number molecules. Calculate the number
3
B 45.5 dm D 52.3 dm3 I 35.5g of chlorine gas (c) The molecular formula of (ii) How many atoms are of moles in the compound? of moles in the substance.
II 64g of copper ammonium salt is (NH4)2SO4. contained in 2 molecules
4 What is the volume of 12 x 1023 III 22.4 dm3 of carbon dioxide (i) How many moles are there (NH4)2SO4?
molecules at STP? gas at S.T.P in 10.6 g (NH4)2SO4?
A 44.7 dm 3 B 64.4 dm 3 IV 80g of liquid of bromine
C 50.2 dm 3 D 72.3 dm3 A I & II C I , II & IV
B II & IV D II , III & IV (iii) Calculate the number of (c) The molecular formula of (ii) How many atoms are contained
5 What is the volume occupied by hydrogen atoms in 10.6 g sodium carbonate is Na2CO3. in 4 molecules of Na2CO3?
142 g of chlorine gas at s.t.p? 9 What is the maximum mass of of (NH4)2SO4. How many moles are there
A 4 x 22.4 dm3 iron that can be extracted from in 5.6 g of Na2CO3?
B 142 x 71 x 22.4 dm 3 320 g of iron(III) oxide? (iii) Calculate the number of carbon
C 142 x 35.5 x 22.4 dm3 A 224 g C 56 g atoms in 5.6 g of Na2CO3.
D 2 x 22.4 dm3 B 168 g D 112 g
3.(a) Define molar volume of a gas. [2 marks] 4 The relative atomic mass of four elements W, X, Y and Z are 23, 40, 5 How many molecules are found in
35.5 and 16 respectively. Elements W and X are metals whereas (a) (i) 10 g of carbon dioxide? (ii) 6.8 dm 3 carbon dioxide at STP?
Molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of the
elements Y and Z are non-metals.
[Given: Avogadro constant = 6 x 1023 mol-1]
gas at certain temperature and pressure. At room conditions, the
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

molar volume of any gas is 24.0 dm3 mol-1. The molar volume of
(a) What is meant by the relative atomic mass of an element ?
3 -1
any gas at s.t.p is 22.4 dm mol .

[1 mark]
(b) Relate molar volume of a gas to the Avogadro constant. [2 marks]
Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of all gases at the
(b) Find the relative molecular mass and chemical formula. Then,
complete Table below
same temperature and pressure contains the same number of
Chemical Relative molecular (b) Calculate the mass of
Substance
formula mass (i) sodium carbonate that (ii) copper sulphate that contains the
molecules. Therefore, the number of moles of a given volume of
contains the same number same number of molecules in 4 g
Sodium carbonate
of molecules in 5 g of of hydrogen.
a gas can be expresses as:
carbon dioxide.
Aluminium nitrate
Number of moles of a gas = (Volume of the gas)/(Molar volume)
Copper(II) sulphate
Number of moles of a gas = (Number of molecules)/(Avogadro constant)
Potassium nitrate
(c) Why is carbon-12 (12C) used in the determination of the relative
atomic mass of an element and the relative molecular mass of a (c) Calculate the number of atoms in (b) If the molecule of element Y is
substance? [4 marks] (i) 4.60 g of element W diatomic, what is the mass of
3.0 x 1023 molecules of Y?
The proportion or percentage of C-12 isotope is far more

abundant than the other C-13 and C-14 isotopes. This means
6 By using sodium, Na and ammonia, NH3, as examples, explain the
meaning of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass.
that the average relative atomic mass of carbon does not differ
- Sodium is a monoatom.
(ii) 8.00 g of element X
much from the standard RAM of 12.000 for C-12. Besides,
- From the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass is 23.0.
isotope C-12 is much easier to obtain and to keep.
- This mean that the R.A.M of Na is 23 times bigger than
(d) (i) Find the volume occupied (iii) 0.8 g of a gas occupies 12
(1/12) x mass of one atom C.
by 48 x 1023 molecules of 1.2 dm 3 at r.t.p. What is the
a gas at s.t.p. relative molecular mass of
- Ammonia, NH3 is a molecule
the gas? Name the gas.
(iii) 4.80 g of magnesium contains 1.1 x 1023 magnesium atom. Show
- From the Periodic Table, the R.A.M of N is 14.0 and H is 1.0
with calculations how the Avogadro constant can be determined.
- Therefore R.M.M of NH3 = 14 + (1 x 3)
(ii) Find the number of molecules
= 14 + 3 = 17
in 8.96 dm3 of hydrogen at
s.t.p.
- This means that the R.M.M of NH3 is 17 times bigger than

12
(1/12) x mass of one atom C.
 19 A sample of compound (Relative 24 The molecular formula of 26 Calculate the percentage of
PUSAT TUISYEN ALPHA DINAMIK [ 03 3341 3007] molecular mass: 42) derived glucose is C6H12O6. Based on mass of water in hydrate
from petroleum contains 3.0 g of this information, which of the copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O
Form 4 Chap 3 Empirical Formula Prepared by Alfred Lim
carbon and 0.5 g of hydrogen. following statements are true A 6.0% C 32.8%
What are the empirical formula about glucose? B 10.4% D 36.0%
1 The simplest chemical formula 7 1.44g of a sample of an oxide 13 The metal oxide of X contains and molecular formula of the I The empirical formula of
to show the ratio of atoms in of copper contain 1.28g of 60% of metal X by mass. What compound? glucose is CH2O 27 The maximum of mass of iron
a compound is known as copper. What is the empirical is the empirical oxide of metal Empirical Molecular II Each molecule of glucose that can be extracted from
A simple formula formula of this oxide of copper? X? (RAM X =12) formula formula consists of 6 carbon atoms, 84.8g of iron oxide, Fe3O4 is
B empirical formula A CuO C Cu2O A X2O C X2O3 A CH C3H3 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 A 10.8g C 56.0g
C molecular formula B CuO2 D Cu2O3 B XO D XO2 B CH2 C3H6 oxygen atoms B 33.6g D 61.4g
D atomic formula C C2H C2H2 III One mole of glucose
8 3.44 g of the oxide of metal P 14 0.648 g of metal X reacts D C2H3 C4H6 contains 144 x 1023 atoms 28 2.08 g of Y element reacts with
2 Which of the following has the contains 1.6 g of oxygen. What completely with oxygen. 1.224g IV One glucose molecule is 0.96 g oxygen to form Y metal
same empirical formula with is the empirical formula of the of metal oxide X was formed 20 Phosphorus forms two different 180 times heavier than one oxide. The empirical formula of
glucose, C6H12O6? oxide of metal P? during the reaction. What is the compounds with chlorine, namely hydrogen atom Y metal oxide is Y2O3. What
A C12H22O11 [RAM: O =16: P = 46] empirical formula of metal oxide Compound R and Compound S. A I & III C II, III & IV is the relative atomic mass of
B C2H5OH A PO2 C P 2 O3 X? [RAM : X = 27] Compound R contains 85.13% of B I, III & IV D I, II, III & IV metal Y?
C HOOCHOH(CH2)2CHOHCOOH B P 2O D P 2 O5 A XO C XO2 chlorine by mass and Compound A 27 C 56
D CH3COOH B X2O D X2O3 S contains 77.45% of chlorine 25 The empirical formula for one B 52 D 64
9 Which of the following hydro- by mass. Which one of the compound is C4H4O. Which of
3 Which of following compounds carbons contains 85.7% carbon 15 In a reaction, 11.2 g iron react following sets is the correct the following information is 29 28.6g of hydrated sodium
have the same empirical formula by mass? with 21.3 g chlorine. What is the empirical formula of Compound R needed to determine molecular carbonate, Na2CO3.xH2O contain
and molecular formula? A C2H2 C C3H8 empirical formula of the chloride and Compound S? formula of that compound? 18.0g of water of crystallization.
I C6H12O6 III FeCl3 B C2H4 D C4H10 formed? [RAM : P =31, Cl = 35.5] A Density of that compound Which is the correct molecular
II CO2 IV CuSO4 [R.A.M: Fe = 55.8, Cl = 35.5] Compound R Compound S B Volume for 1 mole of that formula of the hydrated
A I & II C II & III 10 In an experiment, a compound A Fe2Cl3 C Fe3Cl2 A PCl3 PCl5 compound compound?
B II & IV D II, III & IV was found to contain 15% of B FeCl3 D Fe2Cl B PCl PCl3 C Percentage composition of A Na2CO3.3H2O
hydrogen and 85% of carbon C PCl5 PCl3 that compound B Na2CO3.5H2O
4 An organic compound has the by mass. What is the molecular 16 Empirical formula of a compound D P2Cl3 PCl D Relative molecular mass of C Na2CO3.7H2O
following composition by mass: formula of this compound if Z is CH and has a relative that compound D Na2CO3.10H2O
38.7% carbon, 51.6% oxygen, the relative molecular mass molecular mass of 78. What is 21 The molecular formula and
9.7% hydrogen. is 28? the molecular formula of the relative molecular mass of an 1(a) What is the difference between the molecular formula and empirical
What is the empirical formula? A CH2 C CH4 compound Z? oxide of metal M are M2O3 and formula? Explain you answer by giving suitable examples. [4 marks]
A COH3 C C2OH6 B C2H4 D C4H10 A C12H12 C C2H2 102. Calculate the relative
- Empirical formula is chemical formula which show _________
B CH3OH D CH3CH2COOH B C6H6 D C4H18 atomic mass of metal M.
11 A hydrocarbon compound A 54 C 34
________ of atoms in a molecule.
5 One compound has the percen- contains 86% carbon and 14% 17 The relative molecular mass of B 51 D 27
tage composition by mass as of hydrogen by mass. What is glucose is 180. The empirical
- Molecular formula is a chemical formula which shows ______
follow; 36.50% sodium (Na), the empirical formula for this formula of glucose is CH2O. Find 22 An element X forms oxide XO
25.40% sulphur (S) and 38.10% compound? the molecular formula of glucose and contains 88.15% of X.
number of atoms that contains in a molecule.
oxygen (O). What is the empi- A CH C CH3 A C12H22O11 C C6H12O6 Calculate the relative atomic
rical formula of this compound? B CH2 D CH4 B CH2O D C18H36O18 mass of X.
- Example: Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6 which
A Na2SO3 C Na2S2O3 A 135.02 C 119.02
B Na2SO4 D Na2S2O8 12 5.4g of element P reacts with 18 A compound has composition by B 11.85 D 120.00
explained that one molecule of glucose contains _______ carbon
4.8g of element Q to form a mass: Na, 36.50%; S, 25.40%,
6 A sample of a compound has compound with the formula of O, 38.10%. Relative molecular 23 An element of W forms oxide
atoms, ________ hydrogen atoms and _______ oxygen atoms.
the composition: Sodium, 9.2 g; P2Q3. What is the relative mass of this compound is 126. WO and contains 75% of W.
sulphur, 12.8 g, oxygen, 9.6 g. atomic mass of element P? Find the molecular formula of What is the relative atomic mass
- The simplest ratio of atom: C : H :O = 6 : 12 : 6 = 1 : 2: 1 which
Find the empirical formula. [RAM: Q =16] this compound. of W?
A Na2S2O3 C Na3S2O3 A 9 C 54 A Na2SO3 C Na2S2O8 A 48 B 52
means, empirical formula of glucose is _________.
B NaSO3 D NaOS2 B 27 D 108 B Na2S2O3 D Na2SO4 C 60 D 72
2 (a) The three types of formulae commonly used in chemistry are the (c) How are the molecular formula and empirical formula of glucose 5 An experiment was carried out to determine the empirical formula of
empirical formulae, molecular formulae and structural formulae. difference? magnesium oxide. Results obtained from the experiment are as follows.
State the meaning of [8 marks]
(i) Chemical formula Items Mass (g)
Mass of crucible + lid 24.60

Mass of crucible + magnesium ribbon + lid 26.40

(d) Compound X has the same (e) What is mass of glucose
empirical formula as glucose. needed to prepare 200 cm 3
Mass of crucible + magnesium oxide + lid 27.62
The relative molecular mass of and 0.2 mol dm -3 of glucose
X is 60. What is the molecular solution?
(ii) Empirical formula formula of X? (a) Calculate the following:
(i) The mass of magnesium (ii) The mass of oxygen which
that has been used. has reacted with magnesium.

(iii) Molecular formula

(iii) The empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

[Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24; O = 16]
(f) In an experiment, 4.0 g
of element X reacts
(b) Compare and contrast empirical formula and molecular formula. with 7.1 g of element Y
[6 marks] to form a compound.
Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Determine the empirical
formula of the compound.
[RAM: X = 40, Y = 35.5]

4 The table below shows the proton number and atomic mass of
elements P and Q.
Element Proton Number Atomic Mass (b) Based on the chemical formula in (b)(iii), write the chemical equation
P 11 23 for the reaction.
Q 17 35.5

5.75 g element P reacts (c) What is the empirical formula

with 8.875 g element Q. of the compound formed? (c) (i) Why is this experiment not suitable to determine the empirical
(a) Find the number of atoms in formula of copper(II) oxide?
3 Figure below show the structural formula of glucose. 5.75 g element P.

(d) If the relative molecular mass (ii) Suggest one reaction which can be used to determine the
of this compound is 175.5, empirical formula of copper(II) oxide.
write the molecular formula
(b) How many atoms are there in of the compound.
8.875 g element Q?
(a) Calculate the relative molecular (b) What is the molecular formula 1 B A B B D D
mass of glucose. & empirical formula of glucose? 2 D C B C C D
3 D D A A A B
4 A B D B D D
5 A B B C D
6(a) Lead oxide can be reduced to lead by a suitable reducing agent. 7 Metal X located between calcium and zinc in a reactivity chemical 8 An experiment has been designed as shown in Figure below to
When a mass of 3.2 g of lead oxide is used, 2.56 g of lead are series. Design one experiment to determine empirical formula of metal determine an empirical formula of lead oxide.
produced. [Relative atomic mass: Pb = 207; O = 16] oxide X. Show in your explanation how you determine formula of
X from the experimental results. State and explain two precautions
(i) Calculate the number of (ii) Calculate the mass and the that need to be considered when doing that experiment. [16 marks]
moles of lead in 2.56 g number of moles of oxygen atom
of lead. in 3.2 g of lead oxide.

Hydrogen gas has been passed through the apparatus for few
Metal X minutes. Then the brown powder of lead oxide was heated were
until no changed was abserved. The following results recorded.
Mass of heating tube + asbestos paper = 24.42 g
Mass of heating tube + asbestos paper +
(iii) Determine the empirical formula of this lead oxide. lead(II) oxide before heating = 84.17 g
Mass of heating tube + asbestos paper +
lead(II) oxide after heating = 76.17 g
- A clean crucible is weighed together with its lid. [Relative atomic mass: O = 16; Pb = 207]
- About 1 - 1.5 g of metal X is rolled up and put inside the (a) Write the chemical equation for producing hydrogen in this experiment.
crucible and their total weight is determined.
- The crucible is heated strongly.
- Just after metal X starts to burn put the crucible lid.
- The lid of the crucible is lifted from time to time. This is to let (b) What is the function of anhydrous calcium chloride?
the fresh air enter the crucible.
- This process was continued until metal X does not glow
anymore.
(c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric - Open the crucible lid and heat crucible in an open air for few (c) State the reason why hydrogen gas must be passed through the
acid. minutes. apparatus for few minutes before heating?
- The whole apparatus is allowed to cool and then weighed.
[1 mark]
Results:
(d) Why is it important to use anhydrous calcium chloride in this Item Mass/g
experiment? Crucible + lid R
Crucible + lid + metal X S (d) What will you see on lead oxide during heating?
[1 mark]
Crucible + lid + oxide X T

(e) Why must hydrogen gas be passed through for few minutes before Calculations:
heating? - (S - R)g metal X combined with (T - S)g oxygen. (e) How you can make sure that all lead oxide had completely
- (S - R)/m mole of metal X combined with (T - S)/16 mol of reacted in this experiment?
oxygen atom.
(where; relative atomic mass of metal X = m and relative
atomic mass of oxygen = 16)
Simplest ratio of mol of metal X: (f) Based on the experiment results, calculate the empirical formula for
(f) State one observation on lead oxide during heating. = (S - R)/m : (T - S)/16 lead(II) oxide. [4 marks]
=a:b
So, empirical formula of metal oxide = XaOb
Two precautions need to be considered:
(g) How you can make sure that all lead oxide had completely reacted 1. Crucible must be close with lid during heating of metal X
in this experiment? to prevent lost of oxide metal X smoke to the surrounding.
2. The lid of the crucible must be lifted from time to time to let
the fresh air enter the crucible and continued burning
metal X.
Empirical formula of lead oxide =
9 In an experiment, excess hydrogen is allowed to flow through 10 The figure shows the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical (e) How can you make sure that all copper(II) oxide is fully oxidised
14.34 g oxide of hot metal X until there is no more reaction. At the formula of copper(II) oxide. in this experiment?
end of the experiment, it is found that 12.42 g of metal X formed.
[R.A.M: O = 16, X = 207]
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus for this
experiment. [3 marks]

(f) What is your observation for this experiment?

Brown powder has changed to grey solid. [1 mark]

The following result is obtained: (g) Based on the result obtained, calculate the empirical formula of
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper = 9.4 g copper(II) oxide. [5 marks]
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper(II) oxide = 13.4 g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper = 12.6 g
[Relative Atomic Mass: Cu = 64, O = 16]

(a) What is the function of anhydrous calcium chloride?

[1 mark]
(b) Based on the result given, calculate
(i) the number of moles of (iii) the number of moles of oxygen (b) (i) How is hydrogen gas produced in this experiment? [1 mark]
metal X atoms formed. atoms combined with one mol (h) The empirical formula of metal M can be determined using this method.
of metal X. Suggest a name for metal M.
[1 mark]
(ii)
[1 mark]
(ii) the number of moles of 11(a) Using suitable examples, explain the meaning of empirical
oxygen atoms in 14.34 g (c) (i) Suggest one other compound that can be used to substitute formula and molecular formula of a compound. [6 marks]
of metal oxide X. anhydrous calcium chloride in this experiment.
(iv) empirical formula of metal
[1 mark]
oxide X.

(ii) Draw a diagram to

show how the compound [2 marks]
in (c)(i) can be used in
(c) Write the equation for the reaction between oxide metal X and the experiment.
hydrogen. [1 mark]

(d) State two safety precautions in this experiment.

(d) What will happen if magnesium oxide is tested in this experiment?
Why?

(e) Name two metal oxides that can be reduced to metal by hydrogen.
Copper(II) oxide and tin(II) oxide. [2 marks] [2 marks]
od.
12 (ii) Suggest a test to show that the liquid in (e)(i) is pure. (b) State the following variables in the experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable:

[1 mark] (ii) Responding variable:

(iii) Fixed variable:

(iii) Write a chemical equation to show how the liquid is formed.
[1 mark]
(c) In the above experiment, the crucible must be covered when metal
M is being heated. Why?
(f) State how you can confirm that the oxide of metal X has reacted
completely.
Figure shows the set-up of apparatus in an experiment to determine
the empirical formula of an oxide of metal X using the reaction (d) The crucible lid must be opened and closed from time to time while
between hydrogen gas and the oxide of metal X. metal M is burning. Why?
[2 marks]
The results obtained are as follows:
Mass of empty crucible 23.43 g
(g) Why is it necessary to pass the hydrogen gas for several minutes
before heating the oxide of metal X? (e) How can you ensure that all the metal M is completely burned?
Mass of crucible + oxide of metal X before heating 134.93 g

Mass of crucible + metal X after heating 126.93 g

[1 mark]
(a) State the hypothesis of this experiment.
(h) After the reaction is completed, hydrogen gas is allowed to continue (f) (i) Calculate the mass of metal M and oxygen gas that have reacted.
flowing until the apparatus is cool. Explain why this is done.
[2 marks]

[1 mark]
13 Figure shows an [2 marks]
experiment to determine
(b) State the following variables in this experiment. [3 marks] the empirical formula of
an oxide of metal M . (ii) Calculate the number of moles of metal M and oxygen that has
(i) Manipulated variable:
[Relative atomic mass: reacted. [2 marks]
O, 16; M, 24]
(ii) Responding variable:

(iii) Fixed variable:

The results obtained are as follows:
Mass of crucible + lid 25.00 g
(c) Hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory. Write an equation
to show how hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory. (iii) Write the empirical formula for the oxide of metal M . [1 mark]
Mass of crucible + lid + metal M 27.40 g
[2 marks]
Mass of crucible + lid + oxide of metal M formed 29.00 g
(d) What is the function of the concentrated sulphuric acid in the
experiment? (a) State the hypothesis for the experiment.
[2 marks]
(g) Give another example of a metal oxide whose empirical formula can
(e) (i) What is the liquid collected in the petri dish? be determined by the same method.
[1 mark] [1 mark]
14 Dry hydrogen gas can be used as a reducing agent to reduce (d) Tabulation of data (vi) The reduction process is allowed to continue until the mass of
copper(II) oxide to copper. Item Mass the product formed remains constant, showing that all the P
Mass of empty crucible + lid P oxide has changed to metal P.
Based on the statement above, you are required to design a Mass of porcelain boat + copper(II) oxide + lid Q Results and calculation:
laboratory experiment to determine the empirical formula of copper(II) Mass of porcelain boat + copper + lid R The empirical formula of metal P can be obtained as follows:
oxide. Your description should include the following: Mass of empty crucible = x g
(a) The hypothesis of the experiment Mass of copper = (R - P) = X g Mass of empty crucible + P oxide sample = y g
Mass of oxygen = (Q - R) = Y g Mass of empty crucible + metal P formed = z g
The empirical formula can be determined by calculating the
Therefore, mass of P oxide used = (y - x) g
(e) Results: =ag
quantity of copper that can be obtained from copper(II) oxide.
Mole of copper = X/64 = a and mass of metal P formed = (z - x) g
Mole of oxygen = Y/16 = b =bg
(b) All the variables Ratio = a : b Mass of oxygen contained in a g of P oxide = (a - b) g
Fixed variable: Excess of dry hydrogen gas =cg
Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II) oxide (f) Conclusion [Assume relative atomic mass: P, m; O, 16]
Responding variable: Mass of copper Number of moles of metal P atoms in P oxide sample used
- a mole of copper atom combined with b mole of oxygen atom
= b/M mol P
(c) Procedure Number of moles of oxygen atoms in P oxide sample used
to form one mole of copper(II) oxide.
= c/16 mol oxygen.
That is, b/m moles of P atoms will combine with c/16 moles of
- Therefore the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CuaOb.
oxygen atoms. Therefore, 1 mole of P atoms will combine with
c/16 x m/b moles of oxygen atoms, that is, n moles of oxygen
[15 marks]
atoms (assumption). Therefore, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms, P : O = 1 : n (assumption).
15 Metal P is less reactive than hydrogen in its reaction with oxygen Therefore, the empirical formula of P oxide is P1On, that is, POn.
gas. Describe, with details, an experiment to determine the
empirical formula of the oxide of metal P. Your answer should (c) State two safety precautions when carrying out the experiment
include calculation steps to show how the empirical formula of you have described in (b). [4 marks]
the oxide is obtained. [10 marks]
(i) Before P oxide is heated, excess hydrogen gas passing through
(c) Procedure: An experiment to determine the empirical formula of the oxide
- Weight a porcelain boat. of metal P.
the hole of the boiling tube is burned to make sure that all the
- Put a spatula of copper(II) oxide into the porcelain boat and Procedure:
weigh again.
air in the boiling tube has been displaced. This is to prevent an
- Put the porcelain boat together with its content into the
combustion tube and set up the apparatus as shown in the
explosion when a mixture of air and hydrogen gas is ignited.
diagram
- Pipe in dry hydrogen gas until all the air inside the combustion
tubes has been expelled. (i) A small empty crucible is weighed and then filled with a sample
(ii) When the reduction process is complete, the hydrogen gas is
- Confirmed this by collecting some of the hydrogen gas of dried P oxide powder.
in a test tube and test it for a possible 'pop' sound should be (ii) The crucible and its contents is weighed again and then placed
allowed to continue flowing while the product (metal P) in the
heard if the collected gas does not contain air. in a boiling tube as shown in the above diagram.
- Heat up the copper(II) oxide and pass in the dry hydrogen gas (iii) Dry hydrogen gas is passed over the dried P oxide powder
crucible is cooled. This is to prevent metal P formed from being
continuously. in the boiling tube.
- After few minutes, stop the heating process. Let the apparatus (iv) After confirming that all the air in the boiling tube has been
re-oxidized by oxygen in the air to P oxide.
cool down but at the same time allow the flow of dry hydrogen displaced (confirmed by a test for hydrogen gas), the hydrogen
gas to continue. This is to prevent oxidation of the newly form gas passing through the small hole of the boiling tube is burned.
copper. Then P oxide is heated. 1 B A B B D D
- Weight the content. (v) As hydrogen is more reactive with oxygen than metal P, P oxide 2 D C B C C D
- Repeat heating and cooling process until no further loss of will be reduced to metal P by hydrogen and water is formed at 3 D D A A A B
weigh recorded. the base of the boiling tube. 4 A B D B D D
Reaction equation: Hydrogen + P oxide → metal P + water 5 A B B C D