SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING

LAWSONIA INERMIS EXTRACT

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-019-00665-5

Plant used - L. inermis (Henna)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized - Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Materials used - Fresh leaves of L. inermis (Henna), Iron sulphate (FeSO 4), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) [All
the reagents were of analytical grade]

Preparation of Plant Extract from Leaves

 Thoroughly wash fresh leaves of L. inermis (henna). Rinse several times with distilled water to
remove dirt particles.
1
 Washed leaves are ground in deionized water in the kitchen grinder (w/v, 1.0 g/10.0 ml) .
 Extract sieved through muslin cloth.
 Centrifuge to remove leaf debris present in the extract.

1 - "w/v" stands for weight/volume ratio, "1.0 g/10.0 ml" means that, while grinding 1.0 gram of the ingredient should be used
for every 10.0 milliliters of volume.

Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

FeSO4 is used as the precursor salt for the synthesis of Iron Oxide NPs. Henna leaf extract served as the
natural reducing and capping/stabilizing agent.

 A 10 millimolar FeSO4 solution is prepared by dissolving it in 50 mL of deionized water.

 Henna extract and the salt were mixed in a 1:1 volumetric ratio.
 The pH of the mixture is adjusted to 11 using a 1 N NaOH solution.
 The synthesis mixture is incubated at 80 °C in a water bath for 30 minutes.
 After incubation, the solution is cooled to room temperature.
 The solution is then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm at room temperature.
 The resulting pellet containing the nanoparticles is washed multiple times using water and
methanol.
 The washed nanoparticles were dried at 50 °C in an oven.
SYNTHESIS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES
USING AZADIRACHTA INDICA EXTRACT
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.024

Krishnasamy et al. (2015)

Plant used - Azadirachta indica (Neem)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized - TiO2 Nanoparticles

Materials used - Fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem), aqueous TiO2

Preparation of Plant Extract from Leaves

 20 g of finely cut fresh Azadirachta indica leaves are used.
 The leaves are washed thoroughly with distilled water.
 The washed leaves boiled in 100 mL of sterile double distilled water for 30 min using a water bath.
 After boiling, the resulting extract is filtered to remove any particulate matter.
 The filtered extract is then stored at 4 °C for future use.

Preparation of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

 10 mL of Azadirachta indica leaf broth (prepared above) is added to 90 mL of 5 mM aqueous TiO 2.
The purpose of this addition is to synthesize titanium nanoparticles. (Both the papers referred just
mentions the leaf broth to be added to aq. TiO 2 soln. no intermediate steps or specific conditions were
specified.)

 The resulting mixture is purified through repeated centrifugation.

 Centrifugation performed at 11,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Double distilled water used for the
centrifugation process.

 After centrifugation, the pellet containing the titanium nanoparticles is obtained.

 The pellet is then re-dispersed in deionized water.

SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING
CARICA PAPAYA EXTRACT
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04603

Plant used - Carica papaya (Papaya)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized - Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

Materials used - ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O), sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH)

Preparation of Plant Extract from Leaves

 Fresh papaya plant (Carica papaya) leaves are gathered.
 Thorough washing of the fresh leaves is done multiple times, starting with tap water followed by
deionized water.
 Afterward, the leaves are dried in an oven for approximately one hour until they achieve a dry and
crisp state.
 Subsequently, the dried leaves are finely ground to produce a powder of high consistency.
 A mixture of 20 grams of this fine powder and 1 liter of deionized water is subjected to boiling at
80°C for a duration of 30 minutes.
 To eliminate any solid particles, the resulting mixture is filtered using Whatman no. 42 filter paper.
 The filtrate obtained from the filtration process is concentrated with the aid of a rotary evaporator.
 Lastly, the concentrated extract is stored at a temperature of 40 °C to ensure its preservation and
availability for future use.

Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) serves as the precursor for synthesizing α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

 50 mL of papaya leaves extract is added dropwise to a 50 mL solution of 0.1M FeCl 3.6H2O in a 1:1
ratio at room temperature.

 The pH of the mixture is adjusted to 11 by adding 1 M NaOH.

 The resulting mixture is stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes, resulting in the formation of an
intense black colored solution indicating the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Bibi et al., 2019).

 The nanoparticles are separated by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 20 minutes.

  The separated nanoparticles are then washed 2-3 times with ethanol and water to remove impurities.

 The washed nanoparticles are dried in a hot air oven at 80°C for 3 hours.

 Finally, the dried nanoparticles are stored in a sealed container for further use.

SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING

POMEGRANATE SEEDS EXTRACT
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.006

Plant used - Punica granatum (Pomegranate)

Plant part leaves – Seeds

NP synthesized - Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

Materials used - Pomegranate fruits (seeds extracted), Iron chloride (purity: 99.99%)

Preparation of Plant Extract from Seeds

 20 g of seeds are ground using an electrical grinder to form a fine powder.
 The ground seed powder is mixed with 250 mL of water.
 The mixture is shaken for a duration of 2 hours to facilitate extraction.
 After shaking, the extract is filtered to remove any solid particles.
 The resulting filtrate is stored at 4 °C for future use.
The stored filtrate is utilized for the preparation of Fe 2O3 nanoparticles (NPs).

Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

 Both the precursor solution extract and iron chloride solution (1 M) are mixed in a 1:2 ratio.

 The mixture is heated at 70 °C for 15 minutes with continuous stirring on a magnetic stirrer.

 The initial pale-yellow color of the mixture changes to a brownish-black hue.

 The mixture is then subjected to centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes.

 The resulting precipitates are collected, and they are washed 3-4 times with water and ethanol.

 The collected powder is dried for 3 hours in a furnace at 60 °C.

 The dried powder is used for further analysis and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) evaluation.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING GERANIUM –
PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS EXTRACT
doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/bp034070w

Plant used - Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized - Silver Nanoparticles

Materials used – Geranium leaves, 0.001M Silver Nitrate solution

Preparation of plant extract

 20g of the leaves (P. graveolens) is taken and washed and finely cut.
 It is taken in a 500ml conical flask and adds 100ml of distilled water.
 The mixture is boiled for 1 minute.
 It is then filtered off with Whatman filter paper.

Preparation Of Silver Nanoparticles

 Prepare 0.001 M aqueous AgNO3 solution.
 5ml of the mixture is added to 100 ml of AgNO3 solution

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING

EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
doi: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.184

Plant used – Emblica Officinalis (Gooseberry)

Plant part leaves – Fruit

NP synthesized - Silver Nanoparticles

Materials Required – Gooseberry fruits, deionized water, Silver Sulphate solution, Ammonia solution

Preparation of plant extract

 35g of the E. officinalis fruit is washed and cut and taken in a 500ml conical flask.
 Add 100ml of sterile distilled water and autoclaved for 20mins.
 The solution after boiling is decanted and filtered.
Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles
 60 ml of the broth is added to 100 ml of 0.0001M aqueous AgSo4 solution.
 pH can be adjusted to 7 using ammonia solution.
 Color change observed to yellow due to reduction of Ag+ to silver nanoparticles

Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles

 60 ml of the plant extract is added to 100 ml of 0.0001 M aqueous solution of HAuCl4.
 Color change to pink due to the reduction of AuCl-4 to AuNPs.

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER AND GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING

HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2009.11.081

Plant used – Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Hibiscus)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized – Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

Materials Required – Hibiscus plant leaves, Silver nitrate soln., Tetra chloroauric (lll) trihydrate, aq NaOH

Preparation of Plant Extract

 20g of hibiscus leaves are collected and then washed and finely cut.
 It is stirred with 200ml of deionized water at 300K for 1min.
 It is decanted and filtered using Whatman filter paper.

Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles

 The aqueous solution of AgNO3 is prepared (0.8 103 M)
 20 ml of the plant extract is added to 25 ml of the above-prepared silver solution.
 It is stirred continuously for 1 min.
 The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7 using NaOH.
 Reduction takes place as indicated by a color change to golden yellow.

Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles

 An aqueous solution of HAuCl4 3H2O (5 104M) is prepared.
 About 5ml of the plant extract is added to 30 ml of the above prepared solution.
 It is then stirred continuously for 1 min.
  Slow reduction observed by a color change to pale violet (colloid g1) in about 1.5 hrs.

SYNTHESIS OF PLATINIUM NANOPARTICLES USING

AZADIRACHTA INDICA - NEEM LEAF EXTRACT
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.026

Plant used – Azadirachta indica (Neem)

Plant part leaves – Leaves

NP synthesized – Platinum Nanoparticles

Materials Required – A. indica leaves, deionized water, Chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate solution

Preparation of Plant Extract

 A. indica leaves were collected and allowed to dry for 2–3 days at room temperature.
 5 g of washed and finely cut leaves were taken in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask.
 To this 100 ml of sterile deionized water is added.
 The mixture is boiled for 5 mins and stored at 4°C.

Preparation of Platinum Nanoparticles

 Prepare 1mM aqueous solution of H2PtCl6 6H2O.
 Add 10ml of the leaf extract to 190ml of the above solution.
 It is maintained at 100°C in a sealed flask to avoid evaporation for 1 h in the hot plate.

SYNTHESIS OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING

EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.011

Plant used – Emblica Officinalis (Gooseberry)

Plant part leaves – Fruit

NP synthesized – Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

Materials Required – Gooseberry fruits, deionized water, ethanol, Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
Preparation of Plant Extract
 100 g of sample fruit is washed and cut into small pieces.
 It is then dried at room temperature for 10 days.
 The dried fruit were crushed into powder form.
 2g of powder is extracted with 50ml ethanol under reflux conditions and boiling for 1 hour.
 After the extraction, it was filtered through Whatman No.1. filter paper.
 The filtration of the extract was collected and stored in the refrigerator.

Preparation of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

 0.2M solution of Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg (NO3) 2.6H2O) was prepared.
 It is mixed with 50ml of the fruit extract.
 The reaction mixtures were stirred for 4 hours at room temperature.
 The precipitation of magnesium hydroxide was recognized by the brown-color colloidal particles at
the bottom of the flask.
 The color change indicates the hydrolysis of Mg(OH)2. After the completion of the reaction, the
brown-colored precipitate was allowed to settle.
 The precipitate was separated from this solution by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes and
washed with water to remove the impurities then dried in a hot air oven at 80°C.
 The dried Mg(OH)2 samples were crushed with mortar and pestle. These samples were calcination in
muffle furnace at 450°C for 3 hours.
 After the dehydration process by calcination white colored MgO nanoparticles were obtained.
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