Rational Numbers

In our previous class we have studied about natural numbers. whole numbers, integerS and
fractions. We have also studied about various operations on rational numbers. In this chapter
we shall study theproperties of these operations on rational numbers.

Rational numbers The numbers of theform,where

b
a and b are integers andb 0, are called
rational numbers.
5 -3 7
EXAMPLES Each of the numbers 8' 14 -15 and -11 is a rational number.
Positive rationals A rational number is said to be positive if its numnerator and denominator
are either both positive or both negative.
5 -2
Thus, 7 and -3 areboth positive rationals.

Negative rationals A rationalnumber is said tobe negative if its numerator and denoninator
are of opposite signs.
-4 5
Thus, and are both negative rationals.
-12

Three Properties of Rational Numbers:

a axm
Property 1. Ifis
b
a rational number and m is a nonzero integer then b =

bxm
-3 (-3) × 2 (-3) x3 (-3) x 4
EXAMPLE -...
4 4 x2 4 x3 4 x4

-3 -6 -9 -12
,..

4 12 16
Such rational numbers arecalled equivalent rational numbers.
a a÷m
Property 2. If b is a rational number and m is acommon divisor of a and b, then b b÷m
-32 -32+ 8 -4
Thus, we can write,
40 40 +8 5

Standard form of a rational number

Arational numberis
b said to be in standard formifa and bare integers having no common
divisor other than l and b is positive.
1
 Mathematics for Class 8

instandard form.
44
33 } 33
44 44

Ihe greatest common divisor of 33 and 44 is l1.

33 3
44 44 11 4
33 -3
Hence. (in standard form).
44

Property 3. Let b and d be tuo rational numbers. Then. C

b d (ax d) = (bx c).

COMPARISON OF RATIONAL NUMBERS b
d
It is clear that:
) every
positive rational
(ii) every negative rational number is greater than 0,
is
axd=bx
number less than 0.
GENERAL METHOD OF COMPARING
RATIONAL NUMBERS
Step 1
Express each of the two given
Ster 2: rational numbers with positive
Take the LCM of these
positive denominators. denominator
Step 3:
Express each
denominator. rational number (obtained in Step 1) with this LCM as the com
Step 4 The number having the
greater is numerator greater.
EXAMPLE 2.
Which of the numbers 3
or
-5
-4 6 is greater?
Solutiorn First we write each of the
One number =
given 3 numberswith positive
3x(-1)
-4 (-4) x (-1)
-3
4
denominator.
The other
number = -5
LCM of 4 and 6 = 12.
-3 (-3) x 3
-9 -5
4 4 x3 12
and (-5) x2 -10
6 6x 2
Clearly. -9> -10. -9 -10
12

12
-3 -5 12
Hence, 4 6
, i.e. 3 -5
-4 6
EXAMPLE3. Arrange the numbers -3 7 -5
5 and
Solution -10 in ascending order.
First we write each of the
8

7x(-1) -7 given
7
-10 (-10)x(-1) 10 numbers with positive denominator. We have:

Thus, the given

are -3 -7
LCM of5. 10andnumbers
-5
8 is 40.
5 10 and
 Rational Numbers
3 (-3) × 8
Now. 24 7 7) 4 28 -5 (5)5 25
5 5x 8 and
40 10 10 4 40 40
-28 25 24
Clearly. 40 40 40
7 -5 3 7 5
Hence. 10 ,i.e.,
5 10

EXERCISE 1A
3
1. Express as a rational number with
5 denominator
(i)20 (11) -30 (1) 35 (iv) -40
42
2. Express as a rational number with denominator 7.
98
48
3. Express as a rational number with denorminator 5.
60
4. Express each of the following rational numbers In standard form:
-12 14 24 -36
(ii) (11) (iv)
(i 49 -64 -63
30
5. Which of the two rational numbers is greater in thegiven pair?
-2 -3 1
3 or 0 (151) or
(1) Or 0 (ii) 4 4
8
2 3 -1
-5 -4 (vi) or -1
(v) or 2
(iv) 7 3 4
7
numbers is greater in the given pair?
6. Which of the two rational -1 4
7 -5 (11)
-4 -8 (i1) -5
(i) Or 3
-9
3 7 -12
-7 (vi) or -3
7 (v)
(iv) -13 Or -5 10
-12
of >, = and <:
Fill in the blanks with the correct symbol out -13
7. 5 -35 (ifi) -2...."
-3 (ii) -13 5
91
(ü) -13 -8
7 3 (vi) 10
-2 5 (v) 0......
-5
(iv)
in ascending order:
3 -8
rational numbers
8. Arrange the following -3 5 -7
4 -5 7 -2 (í1) 4 -12 16 -24
-9' 12'-18' 3
(i) -4 -9 13 -23
-13 (iv) 7 14-28 42
3 -7 -11
(ii)
-5'10' 15 20 order:
rational numbers in descending
the following
9. Arrange-13 -3 7 -11 17
8 1 (i1) -30 10 -15' 20
(i) -2, 6 -33 -10 -19 -23 -39
23 (iv) 22 33 44
-5 -7 -13 11
(ii1) 612 18 -24 are false?
statements aretrue and which
following
10. Which of the number is a rational number.
(1) Every whole rational number.
ínteger is a
(ii) Every
 Mathenatics for Class 8
4
rational number.
number butit is nota
(ii1) Ois awhole

NUMBERS ONTHE REAL LINE

REPRESENTATION OFRATIONAL number line
how to represent integers on the
Jn the previonscBass we have learnt
Let us review it.
O(zero). Set off equal distances on the right
Draw any line. Take a point Oon it. Call it
on the left of O. Snch a distance is known as a unit length. Clearly, the points A, B, C,as) D wela
and the points A. B,C, D' and and
represent the integers 1. 2. 3, 4 and5 respectively
theintegers -l. -2. -3, -4 and -5 respectively.
E D A B
E'represt
5 3 -2 2

Thus, we may represent any integer by a point on the number line. Clearly, every positive
lies to the right of O
and every negative integer lies to the left of O. integer
Similariy we can represent rational numbers.
Constder the following examples.
1 1
EXAMPLE1. Represent and
2
on the number line.

Solutiorn Draw aline. Take a point O on it. Let it representO. Set off unit lengths OA and 0a:
to the right and to the left of O respectively.
Then, A represents the integer 1 and A' represents the integer -1.
A' p P A
-1 -1/2 0 1/2 1

Now, divide OA into two equal parts. Let OP be the first

part out of these two parts.
Then, the point P represents the rational number
Again, divide OA'into two equal parts. Let OP'be the
first part out of these 2parts.
Then, the point P'represents the rational
number 2
EXAMPLE 2. 2 2
Represent 3 and
3
on the number line.
Solution Draw a line. Take a point O
and OA' to the right and leftonof it.OLet itrepresent 0. From O set off unit distances
Divide OA into 3 equal parts. Let respectively.
OP be the segment
thepoint P represents the 2 showing 2 parts out Ol d
rational number 3
A p
A
-1 -2/3 +
0
2/3 1

Again divide OA' into 3 equal partsout

parts. Let OP' be the consisting of 2
of these 3 parts.
Then, the point P segment 2
represents the rational number 3
 Rational Nurnbers
13
EXAMPLE2 Represent
5
and -13 on the
5 number line.
Slution Draw a line. Take apoint O on
13 it. Let it
Now.
5
3
=2 3
5
2+ represent O.
5
From O, set offunit
Band Crepresent thedistances OA, AB and BC to the right of O. Clearly, the points A,
integers
and divide the third unit 1,2 and 3respectivcly. Now, take 2 units OA and AB.
BCinto 5 eaual narts Take 3 parts out of these 5 parts to
reach a point P Then, the point P
at 13
represents the rational number
13/5
13/5

Again. from 0, setoff unit distances to theleft. Let these segments be OA', A'B. BC.
etc. Then, clearly the potnts A', B' and C' represent the integers -1, -2.-3
respectively.
-13 3
Now. = -2+
5 5

Take 2 full unit lengths to the leftof 0. Divide the third unít B'C' into 5 equal parts.
Take 3 parts out of these 5 parts to reach a point P'.
-13
Then, the point P'represents the rational number 5
Thus, we can represent every rational numnber by a point on the number line.

EXERCISE 18
1. Represent each of the following numbers on the number line:
2 3 2
(í) (iii) 1 (iv) 2
5
3 7 4
5 2
1 (vií) 4 (vii) 8
(v) 3 (vi) 57 3
numbers on the number line:
2. Representeach of the following 2
-1 -3 (i) -1 3 (iv) -3
(ii) 7
3 4
7
5
(vi) -26 (vii) -3 (viii)2
Whích of the following statements are true and whích are false?
3.
-3 number line.
(1) lies to the left of O on the

number line.
líes totheright of 0 on the
-12
7
and
-5
are on opposite sides ofO on the number line,
ii1) The rational numbers 2

-18
lies to the left of 0on the number line.
(iv) The rational number -13
 Mathematics for Class 8

ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

i wo rattonaB numbers are to be added. we should convert each of them into a
wth posttive denomninator
CASE 1 When Given Numbers have Same Denominator:
rational n

n ths case, we define (a +c)

b

EXAMPLE Find the sum:

7 8 3
) (i)
-11 11
Sotuttor We have:
7 -1 7+ ) 4
9 9
8
(i) 8x(-1) 8
-11 (-11) x(-1)
8 3 (-8) +3 -5
11 11
CASE 2 When Denominators of Given
Method
Numbers are Unequal:
In this case we take the
LCM of
numbers with this LCM as the their denominators and express each
as shouwn above. common denominator. Now, we add of the
EXAMPLE 2. Findthe sum: 4 these given numbers
6 9
Solution The
denominators of
LCM of 6and 9 = (3x2the given rational numbers are 6 and 9
x3) =18.
Now. -5 (-5) ×3 -15
4 x2
respectively.
6x3 and
18
9x2 36. 9
5
-15 8
18
2. 3
6
+
18 18
(-15) +8 -7
18 18
Short-Cut Method
EXAMPLE 3
Find the sum: 9 5
16 12
Solution LCM of 16 and l2 = (4 x
4 x 3) = 48.
5 3x(-9) +4 x5
16
+
12 (-27) +20 -7
4 16. 12
48 4. 3
48 48

PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF RATIONAL

Property 1 (Closure Property): Thesum of two
rational NUMBERS
I1 b and are C

any two
d numbers is aluways arationalnumber.
rational numbers, then
EXAMPLES ) Consider the b d is also a rational number.
rational numbers 3 and 3
(4 + 9) 13 4 Then,
12 12' which is a ratiomal
number.
 Rational Numhers

ss) Consider the rational numbers 4

And Then.
3
2 -10 12)
3
4
5 15 which is a rational number
15
1
i) Consider the rational numbers and Then.
12
{-5+-3)} -2
12 12
which is a rational number.
12 3

property 2(CCommutative Law): Tuo rattonal numbers can be added in any order.
Thus for any two rational numbers and we have
d

h d

3 (2 + 3) 5 (3 + 2) 5
EXAMPLES (1) and
2 4 4 4 2 4 4

3 1
24
{-20 +9} -11
3 5 (9+(-20)} -11
and -5 3
(ti) 6 24 24 6 8 24 24

3 -5 3
8 6 - 8
{(-4) +(-3)} -7
-1 -2) {-3) + (-4)) -7
and 6
{ii1) 6
6
2 3
-1
2 - grouped in
(Associative Law): While adding three rational numbers, they can be
Property 3
any order. e
a C we have
numbers and
Thus, for any three rational bd
e C
+
b b

-2 5 Then,
Consider three rationals and
EXJAMPLE 3'7 6
(2+7) 3
6 42 42 14
21
(-28 +37) 3
J-2,(30 +7) 37
and
-2
3
5
7 3 42 -7 42 42 42 14

sum of any
(Existence of Additive ldentity): 0 is a rational number such that the
Property 4 number itself.
rational number and O is the rational
number
for every rational
Thus,
(G-o)-(o$) rationals.
b
b
0 is called the additive identity for
 Mathematics for Class 8

3 0 (30) 3 3
FRAMES and similarly.0 + .
5 5 5

5)
2 0) 20) 2 -2 -2
3 3 3 3
and similarly. 0 + 3
3
2 2 2
3

Property 5(Existence of Additive Inverse): For every rational

number,
b a {a +(-a)} there
-0and similarls. exists
-a ,a
a
number such that +
b b
b
ratlon
Thus.
b
a

b
0. b0
is called the additive
b inverse of
b

EXAMPLE {4 +(-4)} -4 4
7 7
=0 and similarly. 7-0.
4

4 -4
Thus. and are
7 7 additive inverses of each other.
SUBTRACTIONOF RATIONAL NUMBERS
For rational numbers and
b d
.we define:
C

b d additive inverse of d C

EXAMPLE 1. SOLVED EXAMPLES

Find the additive
()
5
-15
inverse of:
(ti) (tii) -6
8 (iv)
-11
Solution (i) Additive
inverse of 9 is
5 -5 -7

9
(ii) Additive -15 15
inverse of is
8
(iü) In standard
form, we write as
-11 11
Hence, its additive inverse is
(iv) We may 6
write, (-6)x (-1) 6
-7
(-7)x(-1) 7
Hence, its additive inverse is -6
7
 Rational Numbers

3 2 2
EXAMPLE 2. () Subtract from
4 (i) Subtract
5
from
7 5
2 3 2
Solution (1) additive inverse of
3 4 3
-3 (8+(-9)}
+
3 4 12 12

(i1)
additive inverse of
-5
-()F(-14 + 25) 11
additive inverse of
7
is

35 35
-13
EXAMPLE 3. The sunm of two rational numbers is -5. If one of them is ,find the other.
6
Solution Let the other number be x. Then,
-13
X = -5 + additive inverse of 6
(-30 + 13)
6
-17
X=
6
-17
Hence, the required number is 6
-7 4
EXAMPLE 4. What number should be added to to get?
9

Solution Let the required number to be added be x. Then,

-7 4 4
+X= X= + additive inverse of
9
4 (32 +63) 95
X=
72 72
95
Hence, the required number is 72
3 7 -11 -2
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate 53 5 3
the
Solution Using the commutative and associative lawS, it follows that we mnay arrange
terms in any manner suitably. Using this rearrangement property, we have:
3 7 -11 -2 3 -11
+
5 3 5 3
{3 +(-11)} (7+(-2)} -8 + 5
5 3 5 3
(-24 +25) 1
15 15
4 -8 -5
+
EXAMPLE 6. Simplify: 7 9 21 3

Solution Using therearrangement property, we have:

 10
-5).-8
+
-8,-5,9"3)
3
1

7 9 21 {-8+3}
{12+ (-5)}
9
21 -2
{21+(-35)} -14
7 9
= + 63 63

-5 to get -12
subtracted from
EXAMPLE7. What should be 7

be x. Then,
Solution Let the required number
-5 -5 = X-1
-X= -1 ’
7 7
(-5 +7) 2
7 7

2
Hence, the required number is 7

EXERCISE 1C
1. Add the following rational numbers:
-2 4 -6 -4 -11 5
(i) and (i) and (ii) and
5 5 11 11 8
-7 5 -1
(iv) 3
and 3 (v) and (vi)
-17
and
-1
6 6 15 15
2. Add the following rational numbers:
3 -3
(i) and 5 -7 -8
4 5 (ii) and (iii) and
11
12 9
-5 7 6
(iv) and 7
16 24 (v) and 2
-18 27 (vi) and
3 -12 -15
(vi) -1 and -5
4 (vii) 2 and -2
4 (ix) O and
3. Verify the
following: 5
-12 2 2 -12
(1)
5 7 7 5 -5 -9 -9 +
(iü) -5
8 13 13
(ii) 347-7
12 12 -+3 2 12 12 2
4. (iv)
Verify the following: -7 -35 -35 -7
(i) 3 -2) -7 3
-7
(4 5 10 + + (-7
4 5 10 -13 -7 2 -+-13
+
+
(ii) -3
22 11 -5 22
+
5. Fill in the 4
blanks.

(iü) -9 + -21
8 =....) +(-9)
 13
Rational Numbers
-8 3 -13 3 -13
(iü)
13 7 *{4
7
(iv) -12 +
(12
3
,12.)
19 19 -7
5

16 16 -16
7 7 7

Find the additive inverse of cach of the following:

1 23 -17 15
(1) (ii) (iii) -18 (iv) (v)
8 -4
-16 -3 19 -8
(vi) (vi) (viii) 0 (ix) (x)
5 11 -6 -7

7. Subtract:

3 -5 from -3 -9
(i) from (ii) (ii) from (iv) from -1
4 6 3 5 7

-18 -13 -32 -6 -4

(v) from 1 (vi) from 0 (vii) from (viii) -7 from
11 13 5 7

8. Using the rearangement property find the sum:

4 3 -2 -11 -8 -1-+ -11 + 3
(i) + (iü)
3 5 3 5 3 4 6

-13 11 -5 7 -6 -5 -4 -15
(iii) (iv) +
20 14 7 10 7 6 9 7
-14
9. The sum of two rational numbers is -2. If one of the numbers is find the other.
5
-1 5
10. The sum of two rational numbers is If one of the numbers is find the other.
2 6
-5 -3
11. What number should be added to SO as tO get
8 2

12. What number should be added to -l so as to get

-2
13. What number should be subtracted from to get
3

14. (i) Which rational number is its own additive inverse?

(ii) Is the difference of tWo rational numbers a rational number?
(ii) Is addition commutative on rational numbers?
(iv) Is addition associative on rational numbers?
(v) Is subtraction commutative on rational numbers?
(vi) Is subtraction associative on rational numbers?
(vii) What is the negative of a negative rational number?
 Class8
Mathematicsfor

NUMBERS
RATIONAL
TIONOF
MULTIPLICA Wr define

SOLVED EXAMPLES

of thefollouwingproducts: 15 -3
RAMLEt Find each
5
7 3 ()
2 () 4
8 5
7

We have
5 2x( 5) 10
2
37 3x7 21
7 3(-7)×3 21
8 5 8x5 40
-15 3 (-15) x(-3) 45
4 4 x8 32

EXAMPLE 2 Find each of the following products:

-3 14 13 -18 -11 -51
() (i) (iti)
7 5 6 91 9 44

Soution We have:
-3 14 (-3) x142 6
()
7 5 /7x5 5
13 -18 13 x(-18) -13x L83)
(ii) -3
6 91 6x91
(6, x94,) 7

(ii1) -11 -51 (-11)x(-51) H' x517 17

9 44
9x 44
9, x444 12

PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL

Property 1(Closure Property): The NUMBERS
number. product of two rational numbers is always a rato
IIand d are any two rational numbers
then is also a rational number.
EXAMPLES (i) Consider the
rational numbers and 5
(15 (l5) 5
2 7 Then,
2 7) (2x7) 14-,which is a rational
(1) Consider the number.
rational numbers and 5 -3

14 .Then,
5 7
(-3) x5
7 14 ) 7x14 -15
98 which is a
(iii) Consider the
rational numbers -4 rational number.
-7
5 and
-4 -7
(-4) x(-7) 28 Then,
5x3 15 which is a rational
number.
 13
Rational Numbers

Property 2 (Commutative Law): Tuoratlonal numbers can be multiplied in any order.

Thus, for any rational numbers and we have
d
C
b d d b
3 ang5
EXAMPLES (i) Let us consider the rational numbers Then.
7
3 5 (3 x 5) 15 5 3 (5 x 3) 15
and
47 (4 x7) 28 (7x 4) 28
3 5 5 3
7 4
-2 6
(if) Let us consider the rational numbers and Then.
5 7
-2 6) (-2) x 6 -12 6 2 6x(-2) -12
X
and
5 7) 5x7 35 7x5 35
-2 -2
5
-2 -5
(iii) Let us consider the rational numbers 3
and
7
Then,

(-2) x (-5) 10 (-5)x (-2) 10

3x7 21
and
() 7x3 21

Property 3(Associative Law): While multiplying three or more rational numbers. they can be
grouped in any order.
a c e
Thus, for any rationals b'd nd
an we have

C e
d) f b d

-5 -7 1
EXAMPLE Consider the rationals and We have
2 4
-5 [(-5) x(-7) 1 35 (35 x 1) 35
2 4 2x4 8 3 (8x 3) 24

-5-7 -5 (-7) x 1 =
-7 (-5)x(-7) 35
and 12 (2 x 12) 24
2 4 x3

-5 -7 -5 -7
2 4 2 4

Property 4 (Existenceof Multiplicative ldentity):

-2)-1-)
a
For any rational number , we have
1iscalled the multiplicative identity for rationals.
3
EXAMPLES (i) Consider the rational number Then, we have
4
(3 x 1) 3 (lx 3) 3
(&-)-&} (4 x 1) 4
and lx
-- (lx 4) 4
 Class8
Mathenaticstor

14 3
9
Then, we have
number 13
rational -9
)
Consider the
9 )
(-9)xI
13×1 13
9 and
-1x-9)
Ix 13
3
13 -9
9)

13 13
(13 nonzero rational number
Every
Multiplicative Inverse): b has
Property 5 (Existence of
multiplicatie inverse

a b) 1.
Thus.

is called the reciprocal of b

Clearly, zero has no reciprocal. (-).
Reciprocal of l is l and the reciprocal of (-1) is
5 7 5 7
EXAMPLES (1) Reciprocal of is since

(ii) Reciprocal o r 8 -9 8 -9
since X =1.
8 9
-1
(ü) Reciprocal of -3 is since

-l)_-3) x(-1) 3 -1
lx3 3
-land (-1)x(-3)
3
3x1
REMARK
We denote the reciprocal of by
a b
b b
Clearly. b a

Property 6(Distributive Law of

and We have Multiplication Over Addition): For anu three ac
rational numbers bd
e
b d
EXAMPLE
Consider the rational -3 2
numbers 43 and
-5
We have
6
(4 +(-5))
Again, 2 (-3) >x 2 -6
6 (-3) x(-1) 3

4 x3 4 x6 24
12 and
(-3) x (-5) 15 5
4 x6 24
(-4 +5)
Hence.| 2
8
8

3
 Rational Numbers

Property 7(Mutipicathve Property of 0): Every rattonalnumber multiplled wtth O gtuesO

Thus, for any rational number we have: 0.

5 5 0 (5 x0)
ExAMPLES ()
18 (18x1) 18
-0. Stmtlarly.
-12 -12 0 12
-12) x 0
17 17 17x1 17
0. Similarly.0 x 17 0

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE. Find the reciprocal of each of the follouwing:
() 12 5 14
(i) -8 (t) (iv)
16 17
Solution (1) Reciprocal of l2 is
12

(iü) Reciprocal of -8 is i.e..

-8
5 16
(iti) Reciprocal of 16 is 5
-14 17 -17
(iv) Reciprocal of is i.e..
17 -14 14
EXAMPLE 2 Verify that:
3 -3 2 6 -14 -14
16
X
15
=

-7
15 16
-7
()7* 15 15

5
(iüü)
6 5 10 6 10

-3 8 (-3) x 8 -24 -1
Solution (i) LHS = X
16 15 16x 15 240 10

3 8x (-3) -24 -1
RHS = X
15 16 15 x 16 240 10

LHS = RHS.
-3 8 8 -3
Hence. 16 15 15 16
6 -14 2 6x(-14) 2 -84
2
(iü) LHS = x 105
3 7 15 3 7x 15
2 -4 2x (-4) -8
3 5 3x5 15
2 6 -14 (2 x 6) -14 12 -14
X
RHS = 15 21 15
3 7 15 (3 x 7)
4 -14 4 x(-14) -56 -8
7 15 (7x15) 105 15

LHS = RHS.
2 6 -14 2 6) -14
Hence. 7 15 3 15
 Mathenatic
8)+(-7)) 5 15

6 10
7) 5

15
4

7
20
35 2,
3 12
30 60

12
12
LHS RUS
4

Hence

EXERCISE 1D

thc following products: -6

1. Find each of 9 5 (i1)
5
(i1) 2 X

4 11 3
-12 10 25 3
2 6 (vi) X
(v) 5
X
-3 -9 10
3 16 14
-13 -25
5 (ix) X

(v) (viii) 26 -21 5

18 20 15
7 -13
-7 (xi) x(-48) (xii) x (-10)
x 24 5
6 24
2. Verify each of the following:
3 -5 -5 3 -8 13 13 -8
(ii) X

7 9 9 7 7 7
-12 7 7 -12 -13 -13
(ii) (iv) -8x x (-8)
5 -36 -36 5 12 12
3. Verify each of the following:
(5 12) 7 5 (12 7 -13 -12 35 -13 -12) 35
7 13) 18 7 13 18 (ii)
24 5 36 24 5 36
-10 21 -9
(iti) (-10-x 21
5 3 -4 5 3 -4
4. Fill n the blanks:
-23 18 18
17 35 35 x{......) (ii) -38x -7 -7
19 19
x(......)
15 -21 -5
(i1)
7 10 6 ..).x/21 (iv)
-12 4 25 -12 4
10 X -

5. Find the
()
13 multiplicative inverse (i.e., reciprocal) of:
-17
5
X15-16) 5 15)

(v)-16
25 (ii) -7
-3
12 (ii) (iv) 18
(vi) 24
-5 (vii) -1 2 (x)
(viii) (ix)
2 5
 Rationai Numbers 17

6. Find the vale of

{) (iv)

7. Verify the following:

3 5 12 3 5
() 3 12
6 13 l7 13
15 3 -12 15 3 15 -12
4 7 4 5
8 -13 5 -8 5
X
-13 5
3 12 6 3 6 12 6
-16 8
(ív)
7

s. Name the property of multiplication illustrated by each of the following statements:

-15 -12 -12 -15
(i) X
8 7 7
-2 7 -2 7
(ii) =

5 3
-3 -5 7 -3 -3 7
(iii)
4 6 4

-16 -16 -16

(iv) xl =lx
9

-11 15 15 -11
(v) X =1
15 -11 -11 15
-7
{vi) x0 =0
5
9. Fillin the blanks:
(1) The product of a rational number and its reciprocal is
(ii) Zero has reciprocal.
(iii) The numbers and are their own reciprocals.
(iv) Zero is ...... the reciprocal of any number.
(v) The reciprocal of a, where a 0, is.......
wherea0, is
(vi) The reciprocal of
(vi) The reciprocal of a positiverational number is
(viii) The reciprocal of a negative rational number is

DIVISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

C
th¡t
are two rational numbers such +0, we define,
C
Sand d d
C
is called the dividend; is called the divisor and the result is
When is divided by d then b d

known as quotient.
 Mathenatics for Ciass 8

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPL
3 11 -5 -9 3
() by
25 by
(iv) bå
24 8 40

We have
5 9x8 72 9
16 8 16 5 16x5 80 10
6 3 -6 5 (-6)x5 -30 -2
25 5 25 3 25 x3 75 5
5 8 1lx8 88 -11
(11)
24 24 -5 24 x (-5) -120 15
H
-3 -9 8 (-9) x 8 -72 3
(iv)
40 8 40 -3 40 x(-3) -120 5

EXAMPLE 2 -28
The product of two numbers is -If one of the numbers is
27 . fnd the other.
Sohution Let the other number be x. Then.
-28
X
9 27
-28 4 -28
(-28) x 9 - (28 x 9)
27 27 -4 27x(-4) -(27 x 4)
28 g 7
X=
27, 41
7
Hence, the other number is
3

27 -15
EXAMPLE 3 Fll in the blanks: +(......) =
16

Solutlon -15
16 b) 8 Then,
27 b -15 b -15 16 -10
16 a 8 8 27
-9
-10 10

Hence, the missing number is

10
PROPERTIES OF DIVISION
Property 1(Closure Property): If and C are any two rational C
0 then
a
d numbers such that d
is also arational number.

Property 2 (Property of 1): For every rationalnumber a ,we have:

b
 19
Rational Numbers

Property 3: For every nonzero rattonal number We haUe:

EXERCISE 1E
1. Simplify:
4 5 7 -12 + (-18)
(i) 12
(i1) -8 + (iü1)
16 7

-1 8 -16 -15 -65 13

(iv) (v) (vi)
10 5 35 14 14 7

2. Verify whether the given statement is true or false:

13 26 26 13 3 3
(i) (ii) -9+ +(-9)
5 10 10 5 4 4
-8 -4 -8 -7 3 -7
(iii) (iv)
9 3 3 9 24 -16 -16 24

3. Verify whether the given statement is true or false:

6 -9 6 -9
(5 5 5 -=(-16) + 5 10
(i) (iü)
9 2 9 10

-3 -12 -3(-12
(iüi) 5 35 14 5 35 14
the other.
product of two rational numbers is -9. If one of the numbers is -12, find
4. The
-4
-16 find the other.
numbers is If one of the numbers is 3
5. The product of two rational 9
-15
should we multiply 56 to get
6. By what rational number 7
-8
rational number should be multiplied to obtain 26
7. By what 39
-11
-33 bedivided to get
should 2
8. By what number
-31
-12 and
13
and by the product of 7 -2
9. Divide the sum of 5 7

by their difference.
65 8
the sum o1 and
10. Divide 12 3

11, Fill in the blanks: -7 10

-3 (iüi) 19
9
(i) +(.... - 2 -6
8
-4 (iv) (-12) +(......)= 5
(ii) ......) + (-3) = 15 under division?
always closed
rational numbers commutative under
division?
12, (i) Are always
numbers under division?
(if)Are rational numbersalways associative
rational
(iii) Are
divide 1 by 0?
(iv) Canwe
 Mathematics for Class 8
20

Ân important Resut:
is a rational
fx and ube tuvrational nnumbers such that x<ythen(x+ y) number
Aand y.
Find arational number lying between and
beiue
EXANPLE1.
1/1
Souten Required number - 2l8'2
5
12
5
Hence, is arational number ling between 3 and
12 2

EXAMPLE 2 Findthree rational numbers lying between 3 and 4.

1
Solution Arational number between 3 and 4 is(3 +4) = 7
7 2
Then. 3 < <4.

A rational I number between 3and 27 =3+-+

3 7)
1 2)
13 13
4
7
Arational number between and 4 = 1(7 4
2

4)-6i) 15
4
3 < 7 < 15
<4.
4 2 4
Hence, the required numbers are 13 7 15
and
42 4

ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF
GIVEN RATIONAL NUMBERS FINDING LARGE NUMBER OF RATIONAL
NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO
EXAMPLE3. Find 20 rational numbers between 5
and
6 8
SoBution LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.
5 -5x 4 -20 5 5x3
Now. and 15
6 6x4 24
8x3 24
Rational numbers lying between -5
and
5
are
6 8
-19 -18 -17 -16 -1 0 1 2 3
24 24 14
24 24 24 24 24 24 24
Out of these 20 may be 24

EXAMPLE 4.
taken.
Find 15 rational
Solution
numbers betuween -2 and 0.
We may write, -2 = -20 and
10
l0
Rational numbers lying between -2 and Oare
 21
Rational Numbers

--19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12-11 -9

1.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Out of these 15 may be taken.
EXAMPLE 5. Write 9 rational numbers between 1and 2.
10 20
Solution We may write l = and 2
10 10
rational numbers between 1and 2 are
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
10 10 10 10 10' 10 10 10` 10
REMARK Supposewe have to write 99 rational numbers between 1and 2.
100 200
Then, we may write, l= and 2=
100 100
rational numbers between l and 2 are
101 102 103 198 199
100 100 100 100 100

EXERCISE 1F
1
1. Find a rational number between
4 and 3
2. Find a rational number between and 3.
-1 1
3. Find a rational number between and
3 2

4. Find two rational numbers between -3 and -2.

5. Find three rational numbers between 4 and5.
2 3
6. Find three rational numbers between 3 and 4
-3 5
7. Find 10rational numbers between 4
and
6

8. Find 12 rational numbers between -l and 2.

WORD PROBLEMS

EXERCISE 1G

3 3
lengths2 m and 3 10 m are cut off. What is the length
1. From a rope ll m long, two pieces of
of the remaining rope?
3
drum full of rice weighs 40 kg. If the empty drum weighs 13 kg, find the weight of rice
2. A 4
in the drum. 1
weighing 19 kg in all. If8 kg of these be apples,
3. A basket contains three types of fruits
3 ksbe oranges and the rest pears, wnat 1s the weight of the pears in the basket?
6
 Mathemnticafor Clann 8
22
3
On one day a rickshaw puller rarned ? 1i) Out of his earnings he spent 26
4. 2 5
and i6 on repairs of ihe rickshaw. How much did he save
shacks. ?50on toxod
On ha
day?
63 per mctre.
s. Find the cost of 3 netres of cloth at

6. Acar noving at an average speed of 60 5 km/hr. How much distance will it

1
6 hours? COVer i
3
7. Find the area of a rectangular park which is 36 m long and 16 3 m broad.
5
8. Find the area of a square plotof landwhose each slde measures8metres.
2
9. One litre of petrol costs &63 4 What is the cost of 34 litres of petrol?
10. An acroplane covers 1020 km in an hour. How much distance will it cover in 4
6 hours?
11. The costof 3 2 metres ofcloth is 166 4 What is the cost of one metre of cloth?
12. Acord of iength71m has been cutinto 26 pleces of equal length. What is the lengh.
cach piece?
7
13. The area of aroom is 65 4 m'. I 1ts breadth is 5 metres, what is its length?
16
3 3
14. The product of two fractions is 9 If one of the fractions is 9 find the other.
5 7
5
15. In a school. of the students are boys. If there are 240 girls, find the number of bovs in
the school.
7
16. After reading-of a book, 40 pages are left. How many pages are there in the book?
17. Rita had 300. She spent of her mnoney on notebooks and of the remainder on
3 4
stationery items. How much money is left with her?
18. Armitearns? 32000per month. He spends of his income on food: 3 of the remainder on
5 4 10
house rent and of the remainder on the education of children. How much money is
21 still
left with him?
3
19. If of anumber exceeds its
5 7 by 44, find the number.
2
20. At a cricket test match-of the spectators were in a
7 covered place while 15000 were in 0pel.
Findthe total number of speclators.

EXERCISE 1H
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Tick (/) the correct answer in each of
-5
the following:
7
1,
16 12
7
(a) (b) 13
48 (c)
24 (d)
48 3
 23
Rational Numbers
8 4
=?
2. -15 -3
28 -28 4 -4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 5 15
7 16
3 ?
-26 39
11 -11 --11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
78 78 39 39
5
3+ =?
-7
-16 16 -26 -8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
31 -5
5. =?
4
67 57 -57 -67
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8
57 -4
6. What should be added to to get
12 15
17 -17 7 -7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20 20 20 20

2 -4 7 -11
7.
3 5 15 20
|=?
-4 -13 -7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 60 30
-4
8. The sum of two numbers is · If one of the numbers is -5, what is the other?
3
11 -19 19
(b) (c) (d)
(a) 3
-5
9. What should be added to 7 to get 3
-1
-29 29 (c) (d)
(a) (b) 21 21
21 21
-5
10. What should be subtracted
from to get 6
3
5
5 3 (c) (d)
(b) 4 2
(a)

11. =?
3 (d) none of these
-7 (c)
(a) 7 (b) 3
7
-28 If one of the numbers is 14 then the other
is
two rational numbers 27
12. The product of 81
one iS 3 -3
-2
2 (c) (d)
(a) (b) 2
3
-16 If one of the numbers is -15-, the other is
two numbers is 14
13. The product of 35
32 -8
8 (c) (d)
-2 (b) 75 3
(a) 15
 Class8
Mathenaticsfor

-3 to get-2?
24 subtractedfrom 5 13 (d)
7
shouldbe (c) 5
What 13 5
14, Thing
(b) 5
them is then the
(al
5
-7

nunbers is -3. Ifone of 3 other onne

rational 13
two (d)
15. Thesum of -19 (c) 3
2
3
13 (b)
3
(a)
3 standard form?
is in
following numbers -9 (d)
28
16. Which ofthe -49 (c) -105
-12 (b) 16
(a) 70
26
17./ 9 8 =?
-9 2
16 15 (d)
-4 (c) 5
-3 (b) 25
(a) 15
10
-5 2
=?
18.
9 3 -10 6
5 (c) (d)
5 (b) 5
(a) 6
27
2
4 8
19. ?=
9 15
8 -9 5
-32 (b) (c) (d)
(a) 5 10 6
45
-5
20. Additive inyerse of is
9
5 9
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
5 5
3 -is
21. Reciprocal of 4
4 3 -4
(a) (b)
3 4
(c) (d) 0
3
22. A rational number between -2
and is
4
5
(a) -5
12 (b) 5 -5
12 (c) (d)
24 24
23. The reciprocal of a
(a) is a positive
negative
rational number
rational
(b) is a negative rational number
(c) can be either a number
(d) does not exist positive or a negative rational
number
 25
Rational Numbers

Things toRemember

L The numbers of the form.where

b
a and bare integers and b 0. arecalled rational numbers.
2. () A rational number is said to be positive if its numerator and denominator are either both
positive or both negative.
(i) Arationalnumber is said to be negative ifits umeratorand denominator are of opposite signs.
a xm
3. () f is a rational number and m is a nonzero integer then
b b bxm

(i) f is a rational number and m is a common divisor of both a and b then b b+m
a
4. Arational number is said to be in standard form ifa and b are integers having no common divisor
other than Iand b is positive.
5. =only when (a xd) =(bx c).
b d
6. Tocompare two or more rational numnbers, express each of them as rational number with positive
denominator. Take the LCM of these positive denominators and expres each rational number with
this LCM as denominator. Then, the number hawing the greater numerator is greater.
7. If and C are any two rational numbers then
d
C
() is also a rational number. [closure propertyl
b d,
a a
(ii) [commutative law of addition]
b d d b

(i) C].+ [associative law of addition]

b d)f b
a
(iy) +0 =0 +
b b b

Ois called the identits element for addition of rational numnbers.

(-a
(v) + +=0.
b)
is called the additive inverse of
b b
C a xC
then
are any two rationalnumbers
C X
8. If and b d bxd
b d

are any two rational numbers then

C
9. 5 and
(i)
is also a ratlonal number. (closure propertyl
d

a [commutative law of multiplication]

(i)
bd,
e
C e C [associative law of multiplication|
(iüi)

(tv)
rationals.
Iis called the multiplicative identity for
( u ) ,b) b
=1.
b a a b
b is called the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of b