Group 4: BTLED-3D

HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIOD

The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator invented by the German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.[1] The name comes from the
translation of the German term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning “stepped drum”. It was the
first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations.[2]
Its intricate precision gearwork, however, was somewhat beyond the fabrication technology of the time;
mechanical problems, in addition to a design flaw in the carry mechanism, prevented the machines from
working reliably.[3][4]
Two prototypes were built; today only one survives in the National Library of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsische
Landesbibliothek) in Hanover, Germany. Several later replicas are on display, such as the one at the Deutsches
Museum, Munich.[5] Despite the mechanical flaws of the stepped reckoner, it suggested possibilities to future
calculator builders. The operating mechanism, invented by Leibniz, called the stepped cylinder or Leibniz
wheel, was used in many calculating machines for 200 years, and into the 1970s with the Curta hand calculator.
 Jacquard Loom
Invented by Joseph Jacquard and demonstrated in 1801, the Jacquard Loom is an attachment for powered fabric
looms. It uses a chain of punch cards to instruct the loom on how to make intricate textiles. For example, a loom
could have hundreds of cards with holes corresponding to hooks that can be raised or lowered to make a textile
brocade. Below is an illustration of the Jacquard Loom attachment on top of a textile loom.

Jacquard Loom

Joseph Marie Jacquard

The Jacquard Loom is important to computer history because it is the first machine to use interchangeable
punch cards to instruct a machine to perform automated tasks. Having a machine that could perform various
tasks is similar to today's computer programs that can be programmed to perform different tasks. The Jacquard
Loom was also an inspiration to Charles Babbage planning to use perforated cards in his analytical
engine. Herman Hollerith also used the idea of punch cards to not only store information, but to input
information into a computing device, helping to create the company IBM.

Today's textile looms no longer use punch cards. Instead, they can use a digital scanner to create
a pixelated digital version of any image. This digital version is used to create instructions for the loom to make
a textile version of the scan.
 The Thomas Arithmometer, the First Commercially Produced
Mechanical Calculator

Arithmometer Charles Xavier Thomas De Colma

The 1820 machine had a ribbon to pull (instead of a crank as later models), a second set of result displays for
subtraction and division, and a multiplication gear, set by the first slider from left, which allowed the “multiple
add” by one “pull” and actually showed the number of the revolutions of the calculating mechanism. It had a
three-digit capacity in the input mechanism and a six-digit capacity in the result mechanism. It only had the
clearance of the single result digits.

The arithmometer, invented by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar in 1820, was the first commercially
successful calculating machine capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The
Thomas Arithmometers were produced and sold in Europe and the United States well into the 20th century, and
were widely imitated and marketed by many manufacturers.

• Thomas de Colmar’s arithmometer was the first commercially successful calculating machine.
• The inventor, Thomas de Colmar, was a contemporary of Charles Babbage, who created more complex
and less commercially successful mechanical calculators.
• The arithmometer was capable of multiplication, three-digit inputs, and six-digit results.
• Also known as the Thomas machine or Thomas arithmometer, the device was built upon to create
the Saxonia, Peerless, and other historic mechanical calculator inventions.

History of Arithmometer
During his lengthy stay with the armies of Marchall Soult, where he needed to perform a great deal of
calculations, Charles-Xavier Thomas de Colmar conceived the idea of the arithmometer. Its uses became even
more apparent when, in 1819, he was appointed general manager of the Phoenix Insurance Company and, later,
when he founded the insurance companies Soleil (Sun) and Aigle (Eagle).

Of course, others had tried before him, including Schickard, Pascal, Leibniz, Morland, Hahn, Stanhope ( Hahn
tried to mass-produce his machines, without success). But these machines, often defective and very expensive,
were impossible to commercialize. In the middle of the 19th century, with the Industrial Revolution,
technological trammels dropped out. More and more enterprises, scientific, military and government institutions
became eager to accept and use calculators.

THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage (1791-1871), computer pioneer, designed two classes of engine, Difference Engines, and
Analytical Engines.
Difference Engine
The word difference engine is derived from the Latin method of divide difference. A difference engine is the
type of automatic mechanical calculators that are designed or developed to calculate or tabulate the
polynomial function. It can calculate in a way to tabulate the polynomial functions by using the small sets of
coefficients.

Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Analytical engine Is a fully controlled general-purpose computer which includes automatic mechanical digital
computer into it. Any of the calculation set is being programmed with the help of punch cards. It also includes
integrated memory and programs flow control and also ALU into it. It is the first general mechanical
computer system were Any of the other finite calculations are being carried or performed by it.

Analytical Engine
 Ada Lovelace, the First Computer Programmer

Ada Lovelace
✓ The daughter of Romantic poet Lord Byron, Lovelace was a gifted mathematician and intellectual who
translated an Italian article on the Analytical Engine and supplemented it with extensive notes on the
machine’s capabilities.
✓ In these notes she not only explained the engine more clearly than Babbage had been able to, but she
also described an algorithm it could carry out that is often considered to be the world’s first computer
program.
✓ Lovelace died early on into her friendship with Babbage, and the Analytical Engine was never built—
except for in the pages of The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage (Pantheon, April 2015), a
graphic novel by artist and animator Sydney Padua.
✓ In 1833 Ada Lovelace met the mathematician Charles Babbage, who had designed a calculating
machine called the Difference Engine.
✓ Lovelace was inspired by the prototype of the Difference Engine and became Babbage's lifelong friend.
✓ Babbage had a new project in mind, a much more-advanced machine, the Analytical Engine.
✓ In 1843 Lovelace translated a French paper that Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea wrote about the
Analytical Engine. She also added thousands of words of her own notes to the paper.
✓ Lovelace realized that the Analytical Engine could carry out an extensive sequence of mathematical
operations.
✓ The example she wrote of one such sequence—how to calculate Bernoulli numbers—is regarded by
computer historians as the first computer program. She even speculated that the Analytical Engine could
be used to perform operations on "other things besides number," such as musical notes.
✓ Only a small piece of the Analytical Engine was ever built, and Ada Lovelace died in 1852.
✓ Her fame lives on, however. She gave her name to the Ada programming language. Every year on the
second Tuesday in October, the contributions of women to science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) are celebrated on Ada Lovelace Day.
Group 4: BTLED-3D
Real, Mary Joy C.
Delo Santos, John Vincent
Tabacun, Laura Marie
Aljeser, Dagandal
Hain, Raisa
Manebo, Haydeleen
Delmo, Merydhel
Galisa, Francis