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Integration N Applications

This document is an overview of indefinite integrals and integration techniques for EN112 Engineering Mathematics I. It discusses that indefinite integration is the reverse of differentiation, and the notation for indefinite integrals. It also covers properties of indefinite integrals, direction fields to visualize integral curves, and the technique of integration by substitution.

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Amos Kewa
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17 views7 pages

Integration N Applications

This document is an overview of indefinite integrals and integration techniques for EN112 Engineering Mathematics I. It discusses that indefinite integration is the reverse of differentiation, and the notation for indefinite integrals. It also covers properties of indefinite integrals, direction fields to visualize integral curves, and the technique of integration by substitution.

Uploaded by

Amos Kewa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EN112 - Integration and applications

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science


The Papua New Guinea University of Technology

Dr Dunstan
Room MCS213 Mathematics and Computer Science Building
- PNG Unitech, Lae

Semester 1, 2023

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 1/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

The indefinite integral

Indefinite integration is the reverse process of differentitation.


Hence, it is termed an anti-derivative.
If we differentiate an anti-derivative of f (x) we obtain f (x) again.
R
The expression f (x)dx is called an indefinite integral.
Indefinite means unbounded and generic.
To integrate a power of x (other than −1), add 1 to the exponent &
divide by the new exponent.
xr+1
Z
xr dx = +C where (r ̸= −1)
r+1
Check out tables of standard differentitation and integration given in
textbooks, eg. (Stroud 5th Ed, 2001) pg 805 and (ABD 2012) pg 326.

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 2/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

Properties of the indefinite integral

(ABD 2012) pg 326


Suppose that F(x) and G(x) are antiderivatives of f (x) and g(x) and
that c is a constant. Then,
R
(a) c( f x)dx = cF(x) +C
R
(b) [ f (x) + g(x)]dx = F(x) + G(x) +C
R
(c) [ f (x) − g(x)]dx = F(x) − G(x) +C
(ABD 2012) pg 328, Integral curves: Graphs of antiderivatives of a
function f are called integral curves of f .
We know that if y = F(x) is any integral curve of f (x), then all other
integral curves are vertical translations of this curve.
Since they have equations of the form y = F(x) +C

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 3/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

Direction fields

(ABD 2012) pg 330


dy
If we interpret dx as the slope of a tangent line, then at a point (x, y)
dy
on an integral curve of the equation dx = f (x), the slope of the tangent
line is f (x).
dy
√ √
Example if dx = x2 + 1, at x = 1, tangent line has slope 2.
More
√ generally at x = a the tangent line to an integral curve has slope
a2 + 1.
If we take a rectangular grid of points, & calculate the slopes of the
tangent lines to the integral curves at the gridpoints,
the resulting picture, is called a direction field or slope field.
With sufficiently many gridpoints, it is possible to visualize the integral
curves.

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 4/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

Direction fields

(ABD 2012 10th Edition) pg 330

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 5/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

Integration by substitution
(ABD 2012) pg 333
Consider the chain rule from the viewpoint of antidifferentiation.
Suppose F is an antiderivative of f and that g is a differentiable
function.
The chain rule implies that the derivative of F(g(x)) can be expressed
d
as dx [F(g(x))] = F ′ (g(x))g′ (x),
which we can write in integral form as,
Z
F ′ (g(x))g′ (x)dx = F(g(x)) +C

or since F is an antiderivative of f ,
Z
f (g(x))g′ (x)dx = F(g(x)) +C

If we let u = g(x) & write du


dx = g′ (x) or du = g′ (x)dx
Z
∴ f (u)du = F(u) +C

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 6/7
EN112 Engineering Mathematics I - The indefinite integral

Integration by substitution - examples

(ABD 2012) pg 335

Example
dx 3
Z Z
5 = 3 u−5 du = − u−4 +C
1 4
3x−8
 −4
3 −4 3 1
= − u +C = − x−8 +C
4 4 3
Example
√
cos x √
Z
√ dx if u = x, du −1 √1 dx
dx = √
2 x
or −2du = x
x

R cos √x R √
Thus √
x
dx = −2 cos udu = −2 sin u +C = −2 sin x +C

EN112 Engineering Mathematics I Mathematics and Computer Science Semester 1, 2023 7/7

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