METTU UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Engineering and Computer Engineering

Title: Design and Analysis of Medium Sized Micro Strip Patch

Antenna for 5G Mobile Application

Group members ID No

1. Dawit Gezahagn……………………………………TR0001/12
2. Firaol Fita……………………………….…………..RU2207/10
3. Amanuel Tefere……………………………………..RU2981/10
4. Zakiya Ali…………………...………………………..RU2629/10

Submitted to Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Advisor: Mr. Khalid Ali Khan

Mettu, Ethiopia

June 22/2022
 Design and Analysis of Medium Sized Micro Strip Patch Antenna For 5G Mobile Applications
2022

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MEDIUM SIZED MICRO STRIP PATCH

ANTENNA FOR 5G MOBILE APPLICATIONS

Group members ID No

1. Dawit Gezahagn……………………………………TR0001/12
2. Firaol Fita………………………………,…………..RU2207/10
3. Amanuel Tefere……………………………………..RU2981/10
4. Zakiya Ali…………………………………………..RU2629/10

A FINAL THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING, COLLAGE OF TECHNOLOGY, METTU
UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BSc
DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING (COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING)

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DECLARATION
This thesis is our own and has not been presented for a Degree of Bachelor of Science in any
other University and all the sources of material used for the thesis has been punctually accepted.

Name Signature Date

1. Dawit Gezahagn
2. Firaol Fita
3. Amanuel Tefere
4. Zakiya Ali

It is approved that this thesis has been written in compliance with the formatting rules laid down
by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Name sign

Advisor

Approved by examiners

Department Head

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
By the grace of Almighty GOD, we have been able to complete this thesis and achieve the aim
we set for ourselves at the start. We are especially thankful to our advisor Mr. Khalid Ali Khan,
for his never ending dedication and his kindness and support that he has shown during the
thesis. And our special thanks to our communication stream chairman for his continuous
motivation and support in the entire process of the thesis. Last but not the least we are also
thankful to our family and friends for their continuous encouragement and support throughout
the entire phase of the project.

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ABSTRACT
Communication systems have been driven towards the fifth generation (5G) due to the demands
of compact, high-speed, and large bandwidth systems. In this project, 28 GHz rectangular
microstrip patch antenna is designed and simulated. The patch has a compact structure of
4.9929x5.7592x0.254mm3The proposed antenna resonates at 27.89 GHz with a return loss of -
13.1101 dB, bandwidth of 380MHz, gain of 7.9056 dBi and directivity of 7.9623dBi. An inset
feed transmission line technique is used for matching the radiating patch and the 50 Ω microstrip
feed line. In the design, a Roger RT Duroid 5880 substrate which has a dielectric constant of 2.2
and loss tangent of 0.0009 with a height of 0.254 mm was used. The geometry of the antenna
was calculated and simulated results have been displayed and analyzed using HFSS software
which used for designing and simulating high-frequency electronic products and MATLAB
simulation software included, as well as to calculate the dimension of antenna.

Key Words: 28GHZ, Antenna, Bandwidth, Directivity, Fifth-Generation.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figure................................................................................................................................. vii

List of Table ................................................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF VARIABLES.................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 4

1.2.1. General Objective ......................................................................................................... 4

1.2.2. Specific Objective ......................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Scope of the Project .............................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Organization of the project ................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6

LITERATURE RIVIEW ................................................................................................................ 6

2.1 Basic of Micro strip Antenna ................................................................................................ 6

2.1.1 Feeding Methods for Patch Antennas ............................................................................ 7

2.1.2 Micro strip line feeding techniques................................................................................ 7

2.2 Related works...................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 13

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MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 13

3.1 Materials ............................................................................................................................. 13

3.2 Requirements for 5G mobile antennas ................................................................................ 13

3.2.1 Operating Frequency Bandwidth ................................................................................. 13

3.2.2 Radiation Pattern .......................................................................................................... 14

3.2.3. Reflection Coefficient ................................................................................................. 15

3.2.4. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ........................................................................ 15

3.2.5. Return loss (RL) .......................................................................................................... 15

3.2.6 Antenna Bandwidth ..................................................................................................... 16

3.3 Input Impedance.................................................................................................................. 16

3.4 Gain ..................................................................................................................................... 17

3.5 Directivity ........................................................................................................................... 18

3.6 Flow Chart Description ....................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 29

SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 29

S-parameter of proposed antenna.............................................................................................. 29

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 36

CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................... 36

5.1 CONCLUTION................................................................................................................... 36

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................... 36

References ..................................................................................................................................... 37

Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 39

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List of Figure ……………………………………………………………………..…… page

Figure: 2. 1 Micro-strip patch antenna structure ............................................................................. 6
Figure: 2. 2 Variety shapes of patch antenna .................................................................................. 7
Figure: 2. 3 Classifications of feeding techniques .......................................................................... 8
Figure: 2. 4 Micro strip line feeding (a) Quarter wave feeding technique (b) Inset feeding
technique ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure: 2. 5 Coaxial Feed ................................................................................................................ 9
Figure: 2. 6 a) proximity coupled feed and (b) aperture coupled feed ......................................... 10
Figure: 3. 1 Flow of Chart Description…………………………………………………………..20
Figure: 3. 2 two most important bands of frequency range between 26GHz and 28GHz ............ 21
Figure: 3. 3 proposed design for single patch ............................................................................... 27
Figure: 3. 4 Single patch antenna design (a) top, (b) Front and (c) Side view ............................. 28
Figure: 4. 1 Reflection coefficient graph for proposed antenna…………..……………………..29
Figure: 4. 2 Voltage standing wave ratio for proposed antenna ................................................... 30
Figure: 4. 3 Bandwidth of single patch antenna ........................................................................... 31
Figure: 4. 4 3D gain for proposed antenna ................................................................................... 32
Figure: 4. 5 3D Polar plot for the gain single patch antenna ........................................................ 32
Figure: 4. 6 Radiation pattern of unit rectangular patch antenna .................................................. 33
Figure: 4. 7 E-plane of Antenna Design ....................................................................................... 34
Figure: 4. 8 Surface current density .............................................................................................. 34
Figure: 4. 9 Input impedance of the patch antenna as a Function of frequency ........................... 35

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List of Table ……………………………...……………………………………………..page

Table: 2. 1 Summary of Feeding Techniques ............................................................................... 10
Table: 3. 1 Design Specifications for single patch antenna ……………………………………21
Table: 3. 2 Designing Parameters for 28 GHz .............................................................................. 26

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LIST OF VARIABLES
ea Total antenna efficiency

erad Radiation efficiency

eref Reflection efficiency

𝜀𝑟 Dielectric constant of substrate

Φ Azimuth angle

Γ Reflection coefficient

H Magnetic field intensity

H Height of dielectric substrate

J Electric current density

L Rectangular patch length

Lg Effective length

𝜆o Free space wavelength

Pin Input power

Po Ohmic losses power

Pref Reflected power

Ra Antenna resistance

Ro Conduction and dielectric ohmic losses

Rr Radiation resistance

Fi Feed line inset point

Σ Conductivity

Θ Elevation angle

Uo Isotropic source radiation intensity

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U(θ, φ) Given direction radiation intensity

Wp Width of the patch

Xa Antenna reactance

Xs Source reactance

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
5G Fifth generation.

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access.

DRA Dielectric resonator antenna.

eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband

FCC Federal Communication Committee.

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access.

FDTD Finite Differences in the Time Domain.

FIT Finite Integration Technique.

GPRS General Packet Radio Services.

HFB High frequency bands.

HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator

IE Integral Equations.

IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone Service.

ITU International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

LPDA Log Periodic Dipole Array

LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Service.

LTE Long Term Evolution.

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

ML Mismatch loss.

Mmtc massive Machine Type Communications

mm-Wave millimeter-wave

MoM Method of Moments.

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MTS Mobile Telephone System.

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access.

PT Push to Talk.

RF Radio Frequency.

RL Return loss.

SIW Substrate Integrated Waveguide

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access.

UE User equipment.

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The antenna, often known as an aerial, is defined by the IEEE Standard Definition of Terms
[1] receiving radio waves" Also the antenna serves as a transitional structure between empty
space and a guiding device; it can be line which coaxial.it is used for delivering EM energy
from sending antenna to receiving source or vice-versa. A transmitting antenna is present in
the first scenario, whereas a receiving antenna is present in the second. Antennas are one of
the most crucial components of wireless communication systems. An antenna with a
suitable design can reduce system requirements while also improving overall performance.
A television, for example, can benefit from the use of a high-performance antenna to
increase overall broadcast reception. The antenna performs the same role for a communication
system as eyes and eyeglasses do for a person even though the concept of electromagnetic
induction in a sealed/closed conductor produces a fluctuating field, this has no use in
transmitting and receiving signals .that means only swinging of the field happens around the
source, there is no propagation of electromagnetic field in this case. The working analogy of the
antenna begins by considering two opposite charges placed in a distance apart.[2].

The wave front finishes at a single place after a quarter of a time period. Following that,
separation and propagation takes place. This causes the electric field strength fluctuation
with distance in wave propagation to be sinusoidal. The wavelength of the propagation so
created is exactly two fold that of the dipole's length. This variable electric field will
generate a variable magnetic field perpendicular to it automatically. This is precisely what is
required from an antenna. In short, arranging positive and negative charges to oscillate will
only result in electromagnetic propagation .Therefor electric Current is generated by the
oscillation of charges charge movement, which in turn generates a magnetic field. The
time-varying magnetic and electric fields that flow through the conductor form
electromagnetic waves. When waves approach open space, they create free waves, resulting
in a connection between the field line's open ends. Electric disruption and electromagnetic
waves are also produced by the source. Before open space radiation, propagation begins
with the transmission line and antenna In fact, despite current limited hardware resources slow

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growing battery performance, and strict form factor requirements while realizing multi-function
multi-standard tasks, 5G will be a key enabler for the Internet of Things (IoT) by providing
Internet connection to a massive number of objects. Sensors and actuators will spread
everywhere [3]. The fifth-generation network is expected to greatly enhance communication
capacity by exploiting the vast amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave. It is also expected to
be able to provide and support very high data rates as much as 100times of fourth generation
capacity, .This leads to new challenging network requirements as well as in the antenna design
for 5G communication systems in order to meet the expected data rate and capacity. Due to the
stupendous increase in mobile data in 5G, several fields such as realistic Ultra High Definition,
Artificial Intelligence, Block chain, and services of Internet of Things such as Smart Cities,
Smart Transportation and Smart grids will be significantly enhanced. As the mobile industry
gears towards utilizing the millimeter-wave spectrum, carriers are likely to use the 28, 38, and 73
GHz bands that will become available for 5G technologies

Objects, users and their personal network, whether body-worn or in a household, will be
producers and consumers of data. Future smart phones, drones, robots, wearable devices and
other smart objects will create local networks, using a multitude of different access methods. 5G
will also allow all these objects to connect independently from a specific available network
infrastructure. With its obvious advantages such as better data rate, wider channel bandwidth
with NR (Next generation Radio Access Technology), better reliability, network scalability and
flexibility, better efficiency and larger service in a crowded area, the 5G, which involves
millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, can be seen as the solution to the increasing demand
for more bandwidth and higher data transfer rates. Indeed, Data rate improvement can be
facilitated by different ways such as wideband antenna arrays with wide angle beam steering.
Antennas are key components of any wireless system. An antenna is a device that transmits
and/or receives electromagnetic waves. Most antennas are resonant devices, which operate
efficiently over a relatively narrow frequency band. An antenna must be tuned to the same
frequency band that the radio system to which it is connected operates in, otherwise reception
and/or transmission will be impaired. The receiving antenna as a part in the system is responsible
of turning the electromagnetic waves into its original form (electrical signal in wire). From the
types antennas the most suitable for mobile application is micro strip antenna [4].

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The Micro strip Patch Antenna is a single-layer design which consists generally of four parts
(patch, ground plane, substrate, and the feeding part). Patch antenna can be classified as single –
element resonant antenna. Once the frequency is given, everything (such as radiation pattern
input impedance, etc.) is fixed. The patch is a very thin radiating metal strip (or array of strips)
located on one side of a thin no conducting substrate, the ground plane is the same metal located
on the other side of the substrate. The metallic patch is normally made of thin copper foil plated
with a corrosion resistive metal, such as gold, tin, or nickel. It is used primarily to provide proper
spacing and mechanical support between the patch and its ground [5] plane. However, the
rectangular and circular patches are the most popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication,
and their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation. These
antennas can be mounted on the surface of high-performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellites,
missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile telephone. Based on the requirements for 5G, antennas
with light weight, compact size, and low cost mass production, ease of installation, conformable
to planar surface and also non-planar surface, mechanically robust when mounted on rigid
surface and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit are major requirement
when we design antenna. Despite its narrow bandwidth, Micro strip patch antenna can be a
perfect candidate to meet all the above requirements. There for in this project, a single micro
strip patch antenna designed at resonate frequency 28GHz and has a compact profile structure
with dimensions of 4.9929x5.7592x0.254mm3. [6].

1.1 Statement of Problem

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant trend in technology today; different
industries such as energy, health care, and automotive are incorporating “smart” devices to
improve user machine and machine-machine interaction. This new market has created new
requirements in speed and bandwidth that current technologies can hardly cover; the industry
needs a way to increase channel capacity in wireless communications and Recently in USA, 5G
was planned to give the services in the lower band of 3.7GHz to 3.9GHz but at the same time
ministry of aviation refused and raised the conflict for its implementation because, approved
frequency band is very close to the C-Band (4-8GHz) at the altimeter is functional (Altimeter is
the device that is used to detect the height of planes). So, operation of 5G near by airport may
create interference and it may be a cause of some accident.. Since the current ones are too

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crowded to be useful, cellular communications industry needs GHz bands which provide scope
for the allocation of frequency bands of large bandwidths with higher frequencies such as 28
GHz that can transmit higher data rates in dense areas for applications that require high speeds
so, we design Micro strip patch antennas operating at wide mm-Wave band 27.5-29.5 GHz for
5G mobile devices, with very small form factor to fulfill the size limitation in mobile devices,
wide band operation bandwidth, high radiation efficiency, and relatively high gain
1.2 Objective
1.2.1. General Objective
The main objective of the project is to Design and analysis of medium sized micro strip patch
antenna for 5G Mobile Applications.
1.2.2. Specific Objective
 To design rectangular of micro strip patch antenna on the frequency 27.89GH which was
used for 5G mobile applications.
 To simulate the system on HFSS analysis in easily and understandable way and by using
MATLAB Simulink software to create codes for a design rectangular of micro strip patch
antenna.
1.3 Scope of the Project
The main purpose of this project is to design rectangular micro strip patch antenna for 5G mobile
application that can be produced at a low cost with effective and competitive usage. This system
is designed to be more users friendly. The project is also been designed to be further working
vision using minimum hardware at the lower level of processing. These systems are directed at
specific applications. The designed antenna is simple but it has wide area of application in
scientific research, telecommunication system.
1.4 Methodology
The main goal of this work is to improve the performance of micro-strip patch antenna by
integrating feed onto the patch. The formal methodologies followed to achieve the objectives of
the project work are:
 System modeling: includes modeling of conventional micro-strip patch antenna
and.Modeling using HFSS tool is proposed.

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 Simulation of the system models developed: Simulating conventional RMPA using

HFSS.
 Performance evaluation of the system: includes evaluating the performance of the
proposed antenna in terms of performance metrics.
 Analysis and Interpretation of the results: the performance improvements attained by
using the proposed system is examined.
1.5 Organization of the project
The project consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the introductory concepts related
to the research work and includes problem statement, objectives Scope and methodologies used
to attain the objectives. In the second chapter theoretical concepts related to the work has been
presented. Chapter 3 is the main part of this work and includes system modeling, design and
modeling of MPA and modeling of the proposed antenna. Chapter 4 presents results of the
simulation and discussion on those results. Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusions reached at the
end of this research and future work indications.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1 Basic of Micro strip Antenna
Micro strip patch antennas have been in use for decades due to their low cost, reduced weight,
mechanical resilience, and simplicity of integration with other circuits at the micron level.
Currently they’re one of the most common antenna type used widely. Because they are
lightweight, they may be utilized in a variety of applications where surface volume is important.
Fabrication in big quantities will be simple since they demand a reduced cost. They have several
drawbacks, such as a narrow range band width and limited power handling, however some of
these may be addressed by employing novel feeding techniques and patch configurations (7).

Figure: 2. 1 Micro-strip patch antenna structure

Radiating element (patch), substrate, and ground are the three regions. The former one is a very
thin metallic strip with a very small thickness .and the substrate is a dielectric substance with a
thickness of h, typically the value of height should be less than 0.003 εo should be greater than
0.05εo.most of the time .The value of εo =1 and 2.2 . Thick substrates with a εr value towards the
bottom of the range are the most ideal for optimal antenna performance because they give better
efficiency, a broader bandwidth, and a loosely bound field for space radiation at the cost of larger
element sizes [8]. Microwave electronics need a tightly confined field, thin substrates with
higher dielectric constants. Because microwave circuitry requires tightly linked fields to reduce
unwanted radiation and coupling, lower element sizes are possible; however, due to higher
losses, they are less efficient and have a lower bandwidth

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The patch used for radiating should be made of a material with low ohmic loss (the voltage drop
across the cell induced by the internal resistance of the cell during current flow) and high
conductivity (such as copper, gold). Copper is the most widely used metal due to the high price
of gold [1]. A regular rectangle, square, ellipse, circle, triangle, ring, or other forms can be used
for the patch. More complex alterations to the fundamental shapes are commonly employed to
meet special design needs. The patch's shape is determined by a variety of elements such as
polarization, bandwidth, gain, and so on. The shape and dimensions of the patch, the substrate
thickness and dielectric constant, and the feed configuration all have a significant impact on the
antenna's performance. The radiating patch can be designed with a variety of shapes such as:
square, circular, triangular, semicircular, senatorial, and annular ring shapes; but rectangular and
circular configurations are the most commonly used configuration because of ease of analysis
and fabrication [9].

Figure: 2. 2 Variety shapes of patch antenna

2.1.1 Feeding Methods for Patch Antennas

There are two broader categories of feeding techniques. These are contacting and non-contacting.
Radio frequency power is given directly to the symbolizing patch using a connecting element
such as a Micro strip line in the contacting approach. Electromagnetic area coupling will be used
in the non-contacting as a means of transferring RF power. Micro strip line and coaxial probe are
mentioned for contacting type. Aperture coupling and proximity coupling are the most widely
used type of non-contacting techniques [10].
2.1.2 Micro strip line feeding techniques
Micro strip line Feed conducting strip is attached directly to the edge of the Micro strip patch in
this sort of feed technology. The conducting strip is narrower than the patch, and this type of
feed arrangement has the benefit of allowing the feed to be etched on the same substrate as the
patch, resulting in a planar structure

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Feeding Techniques

Contacting Non Contacting

Microstrip Line Coaxial Feeding Aperture coupled Proximity coupled

Feeding Technique Technique feeding technique feeding technique

Figure: 2. 3 Classifications of feeding techniques

A Micro strip feed line is a conducting strip with a narrower width than the patch. They are
simple to make and match by simply adjusting the feed position or the inset position. Micro strip
patch antennas may be given by a choice of techniques. It may be of two types inset and (quarter
wave transformer). Quarter wave transformer accomplishes impedance matching; by is linking
the feed line to the patch through extra feed line which is quarter of the length Micro strip line
[11].

(a) (b)

Figure: 2. 4 Micro strip line feeding (a) Quarter wave feeding technique (b) Inset feeding technique

On the other hand in the Inset feeding method transmission line is in direct touch with one of the
patch's edges .the matching is done by creating a cut in the radiating edge and extending the feed

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line. The feed line and radiating patch can both be etched on the same substrate, making design
and implementation easier and more cost-effective and highly suited for array design. The
purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch
without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved by creating a gap field
between the patch and the transmission line [12].

Coaxial feed in this type of feeding the inner conductor is coupled to the patch, and the outside
conductor is coupled to the ground. A coaxial probe is similarly straightforward to feed. It's
simple to create and combine, and it emits very little unwanted radiation [13]. However, the
amount of bandwidth accessible is limited. Simulating it, is also more difficult, especially when
dealing with thick substrates.

Figure: 2. 5 Coaxial Feed

Aperture coupled feed

There is no direct contact with the antenna in the case of coupled feeds [14]. The capacitive
nature is introduced by the distance between the feed and the antenna. Two substrates are joined
together by a ground plane in the aperture coupling method. The energy of a Micro strip feed line
is proportional to the patch that passes through it and it is located on the bottom side of the lower
substrate.
Proximity coupled: The electromagnetic coupling strategy is another name for this type of feed
technology. The feed line positioned between the two dielectric substrates, with the radiating
patch positioned above the top one

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(a) (b)

Figure: 2. 6 a) proximity coupled feed and (b) aperture coupled feed

One has to consider his design interest in order to select among the feeding techniques. Some of
the techniques are best to have good bandwidth range, some of them are easier to fabricate, some
of them achieve lower cross polarization etc. this paper uses Micro strip line feeding with inset
types.
Table: 2. 1 Summary of Feeding Techniques

s.no Type Advantage Disadvantage

1 Coaxial Easy to fabricate Cross polarization

Easy to model Low bandwidth

2 Micro strip line Easy fabrication Low bandwidth

simple impedance matching High spurious radiation

Simple to model

3 Aperture coupled Easy to model Narrow bandwidth

Moderate spurious radiation Most difficult to fabricate

Low cross polarization

4 Proximity coupled Low cross polarization Difficult to fabricate

Low spurious radiation Expensive

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Micro strip has the following uses and limitations [15].

Advantages of Micro strip Antenna

 Light weight and low volume.

 Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface.
 Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.
 Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
 Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
 Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
 Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
Disadvantages of Micro strip Antenna

 Narrow bandwidth
 Low efficiency
 Low Gain
 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions
 Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas
 Low power handling capacity.
 Surface wave excitation
2.2 Related works
Recently, several mm-wave micro strip patches have been studied and designed for 5G mobile
communication systems. Generation (5G) due to the demands of compact, high-speed, and large
bandwidth systems “Omar Darbro, Dominic Bernard Onyango Konditi, and Franklin Manene”,
design a 28 GHz rectangular micro strip patch antenna is designed and simulated. The patch has
a compact structure of 8mm × 7.235 mm × 0.5 mm. The proposed antenna resonates at 27.454
GHz with a return loss of -12.48 dB, bandwidth of 424 MHz, gain of and 6.63 dB An inset feed
transmission line technique is used for matching the radiating patch and the 50 Ω micro strip
feedline with a height of 0.5 mm [16].
Mulugeta Tegan Gemeda1, Kinde Anlay Fanta, Hana Lebeta Goshu, and Ayanna Lebeta Goshu4
a 28GHz microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) design and performance analysis for fifth-generation
(5G) communication systems is presented. The antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate material
with thickness of 0.244 mm, and dielectric constant (εr) of 4.4 to operate at 28 GHz and analyzed

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using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) simulator. The simulated results show that, the
beam-gain of 6.587 dBi, directivity of 6.509 dBi, the radiation efficiency of 58.214 %, and
bandwidth of 1.046 GHz
SOLBACH, K, presented phasing stubs have been employed to achieve a co-phase current
distribution in micro strip rectangular patch antenna. This technique, originally proposed for
resonant long wire antennas, avoids spurious radiation from half-wavelength connecting
transmission lines as used in conventional patch antenna. A slot radiator model has been derived
to describe the basic radiation mechanism of the resultant new type of antenna. Klionovski, A.
Shamim, M.S. Sharawi. Designed a 16-element wide band antenna has been proposed with a
Butler matrix feed network fabricated on a low-cost laminate with area size 47x35x0.13 mm3.
The patch antenna has a broad radiation pattern for wide-angle beam steering and allows the
simultaneous operation with two orthogonal linear polarizations. A combination of two separated
Butler matrices provides independent beam steering for both polarizations in the wide operating
band of 27-33.7 GHz [17].

A 28GHz patch antenna has been fabricated for 5G base station applications, with capability to
be connected to a RF front-end allowing beam forming. The dimensions of the design are
78.5x42 mm2 with 1.5 GHz operating bandwidth and a reported achievable gain of 7dBi. a novel
hybrid antenna module concept at millimeter-waves to realize spherical beam steering coverage
that is structurally and systematically compatible with current cellular devices. The hybrid
antenna module concept coherently combines two existing concepts the AiP (Antenna-in-
Package) and the AoD (Antenna-on-Display) to steer the antenna main lobe in the end-fire and
broadside direction. A compact end-fire antenna array (AiP) and a fully optically transparent
antenna (AoD) achieve impedance bandwidth (2:1 VSWR) of 1.67 GHz and 0.85 GHz
respectively at 28 GHz. Investigation in the far-field ascertains that the 4-element end-fire AiP
and the 16-element broadside AoD exhibit a gain of 9.2dBi [18].

S. F. Jelani, A. Alomainy designed a 12x28.2x0.4mm3 compact, flexible and wideband mm-

wave micro strip was designed at for upcoming 5G applications. Measurements showed that the
designed covers the band 24.6–30 GHz with a simulated gain of 8.3dBi at 28 GHz [19]. Several
other work on similar concept can be also seen in [20-22] for further investigations.

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CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
Two typical software is in our antenna design are used for analytical modeling and designing the
patch these are HFSS software and mat lab. The user of Mat lab can potentially analyze statistics,
broaden algorithms or create models and packages. In this paper mat lab is used for analytical
modeling. High Frequency Structure Simulator is abbreviated as HFSS. Where Design, analysis
and optimization of electromagnetic (EM) components and systems with high-performance can
be done .It offers a good environment for high frequency (HF) devices like as antennas, filters,
couplers, planar and multi-layer structures, in a quick and precise manner. Time Domain and
Frequency Domain solvers are included in HFSS software, and HFSS MWS offers additional
solver modules for specialized applications.in this paper HFSS software is used for designing,
simulating and optimizing patch antenna using time domain solvers.
3.2 Requirements for 5G mobile antennas
Mobile devices, such as cell phones or wearable devices typically require antenna to be of low
profile, small form factor, good radiation capability, and wide operating frequency range to hand
shaking between communication network sectors. Nowadays, the physical size of mobile devices
is getting smaller and thinner to fulfill customers’ appearance requirements; meanwhile such
device needs consist of many subsystems to achieve variable useful functions. Therefore, the
antennas should be designed as small as possible. However, small size creates challenges as
other requirements cannot be neglected. Also, to bring the design in reality commercial uses,
mobile device antennas should be designed to be easily manufactured. Furthermore, the antenna
design is useless if it is not robust against mechanical damages or cannot be mass produced at
reasonable costs.
3.2.1 Operating Frequency Bandwidth
Bandwidth can be described as a percentage from a center frequency or a range from lower to
upper limit, where different parameters (e.g. gain, efficiency, matching) are still at acceptable
level. Since antenna characteristics vary from not-at-all frequency dependent to critically affect
by frequency, bandwidth cannot be clearly characterized. Usually it is specified separately for
each application. Bandwidth can be defined as pattern or impedance bandwidths. Pattern

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bandwidth is associated with gain, side lobe level, and beam width, while impedance bandwidth
relates to input impedance, matching, and radiation efficiency.

Mobile terminals require a wide operational bandwidth, and small antennas are typically
providing narrow bandwidth. As explained in the previous sections, there is a trade-off between
bandwidth and matching level, which can be solved by finding a good compromise between
them. Bandwidth can be increased at the expense of antenna size or efficiency. Multi-resonant
matching circuits provide an efficient way to improve bandwidth. Adding resonators can double
or triple the available bandwidth, but at the same time, the complexity and losses of the whole
system increase. Besides multiple resonators, wider bandwidth can be achieved with frequency
tunable matching circuits.

If the operational band can be split into sub-bands, that are not simultaneously needed, digitally
tunable capacitors (DTC) can be used. As well as with multi resonators, using DTCs also
increases complexity and losses in the system. The third way to increase bandwidth is to sacrifice
efficiency. Accepting worse matching level might nearly double the bandwidth and efficiency
would weaken mainly at the borders of the frequency band. The impedance Bandwidth indicates
the bandwidth for which the antenna is sufficiently matched to its transmission feed line, such
that the input incident signal power loss due to reflection will be less than 10%.
The impedance presented by the antenna at its input terminal changes with frequency. If this
impedance is not the same as that of the antenna, then an impedance mismatch results and
maximum power transfer will not occur. Impedance bandwidth indicates the bandwidth for
which the antenna is sufficiently matched to its input transmission line such that
10% or less of the incident signal is lost due to reflections. Impedance bandwidth measurements
include the characterization of the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and return loss
throughout the band of interest.
3.2.2 Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern is a graphical representation of the radiation properties of an antenna as a
function of space coordinates. It is usually specified in the far field region of the antenna (a
region far enough away from the antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially
independent of distance). The most useful radiation pattern is the 3D spatial distribution of the
radiated energy as a function of an observer's position along a constant radius. For a linearly

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polarized antenna, its performance is often described in terms of its E-plane and H plane
patterns.
 The E-plane is defined as the plane containing the electric field vector and the direction
of maximum radiation.
 The H-plane is defined as the plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction
of maximum radiation.
3.2.3. Reflection Coefficient
The reflection coefficient Γ is defined as the ratio of the reflected wave to the incident wave in
(3.1),
𝑍𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍𝑜
𝛤= … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.1)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍𝑂
Where: 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is input impedance of antenna and 𝑍𝑜 the transmission line characteristic impedance
3.2.4. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage on a
transmission line and is defined as
1 + |𝛤|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.2)
1 − |𝛤|
3.2.5. Return loss (RL)
Return loss RL is a measure of the difference between the power input to and the power reflected
from a discontinuity in a transmission circuit. It is often expressed as the ratio in decibels of the
power incident on the antenna terminal to the power reflected from the terminal at a particular
frequency or band of frequencies. It can be defined as
𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 |𝛤| … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.3)
The return loss is a measure of the reflected power due to the impedance mismatch of the
antenna and is defined in terms of reflection coefficient
𝑝𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐿(𝑑𝐵) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( ) = −10𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑆11|2 … … … … … … … (3.4)
𝑝𝑒𝑓
Where RL (dB) is the return loss in dB, 𝑝𝑖𝑛 is the incident power on the antenna and 𝑝𝑒𝑓 is the
reflected power to the source.

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3.2.6 Antenna Bandwidth

The antenna bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies with in which the antenna
conforms to the specific standard with respect to some characteristics [1]. input impedance,
radiation pattern, Beam-width polarization, side lobe level or gain are some of the determining
characteristics to bandwidth .The bandwidth in the case of broadband is determined as the ratio
of upper to lower frequencies. The antenna bandwidth can be defined as the proportion of the
frequency variation across the central frequency for narrowband antenna types.
Usually, in wireless communications, the antenna is required to provide a
return loss less than -10 dB over its frequency bandwidth. The bandwidth specifications are set in
each case to meet the needs of the particular application. For narrowband antennas, the
impedance bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the frequency difference (upper minus
lower) over the center frequency of the bandwidth, which is given as,
𝑓ℎ − 𝑓𝑙
𝐵𝑊 = ∗ 100% … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.5)
𝑓𝑐
A good impedance match typically indicated by S11 ≤ -10dB, VSWR ≤ 2, and Γ ≤ 0.3162.
Beam width
The beam width of an antenna, which is defined by the antenna's direction and radiation distance,
determines the predicted signal strength. It is determined by a number of factors, including
antenna type, design, orientation, and radio frequency. The beam width is the area where the
majority of the power is emitted. In the effective radiated field of the antenna, half power beam
width is the angle at which relative power is more than 50% of peak power. It might be
horizontal (azimuth) or vertical (elevation). Beam width is a valuable analytical metric for a lot
of practical application, Identifying whether adjacent antennas will interact with one another
3.3 Input Impedance
Is The impedance existing at the terminals of the antenna or the voltage-current ratio at the pair
of terminals or the ratio electric and magnetic fields components at a point is called input
impedance is written as
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑛 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .3.6
Where, 𝑧𝑖𝑛 designates the antenna impedance at the terminals, Rin represents the antenna
resistance at the terminals and xin defines antenna reactance at the terminals .The imaginary
portion, and xin denotes the power stored in the antenna's near field. The receiver component Rin

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includes the radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance Rl. The power spent in the loss
resistance is lost as heat in the antenna owing to dielectric or conducting losses, whereas the
power spent in the radiation resistance is the actual power transmitted by the antenna If the
matching requirement is not met, part of the power may be reflected back, resulting in the
formation of standing waves, which is measured using a metric called Voltage Standing Wave
Ratio (VSWR
3.4 Gain
Gain is an indicator of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into radiation. It is
measured at the peak radiation intensity, usually monitored in a particular direction. Power
density S radiated by an isotropic antenna with input power Pin at a distance R, and is
proportional to 1/R2, while, E is proportional to 1/R. It is convenient to define radiation intensity
to remove the 1/R2 dependence, Radiation intensity U depends only on the direction of radiation
and remains the same at all distances.
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐺(𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑃(𝜃, 𝜑) = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.7)
4𝜋𝑅 2
And
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐺(𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑) = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.8)
4𝜋
Gain is a parameter closely associated with the directivity of an antenna. The gain takes into
consideration any losses within the antenna. Antenna gain is defined as
4𝜋𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑)
𝐺(𝜃, 𝜑) = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.9)
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Where Pin is the net power accepted by the antenna at its input terminals from the connected
transmitter (in transmit mode) or the power available at the antenna input terminals (in receive
mode). The power (𝑃𝑖𝑛) at the antenna input terminals is related to the antenna radiated power
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑖𝑛 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.10)
Where: 𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑 is the antenna radiation efficiency. The antenna radiation efficiency is a measure of
how much of the power entering the antenna is radiated and it accounts for conduction and
dielectric losses in the antenna. By comparing the above three equations, the gain can be related
to directivity by
𝐺 = 𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐷 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.11)

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Gain does not include impedance mismatch losses or polarization mismatch losses
3.5 Directivity
Directivity is a measure of the amount of energy concentrated in the main beam of an antenna
pattern. It can also be defined for an arbitrary direction (𝜃,) as the radiation intensity divided by
the average radiation intensity. The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the radiation
intensity in a given direction over that of an isotropic source. The radiation intensity (𝑈𝑜) of an
isotropic source is, by definition, independent of spherical angles 𝜃 and 𝜙, and is equal to the
radiated power averaged over the entire solid angle of 4π. The maximum directivity can be
expressed as (3.17).
𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑) 4𝜋𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑)
𝐷(𝜃, 𝜑) = = … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.12)
𝑈𝑜 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
4𝜋
Where, 𝑈𝑜 = 𝑃 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.13)
𝑟𝑎𝑑

And the Power Intensity U in a given direction is a far-field parameter defined as the power
radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle, and expressed as (3.19).
𝑈(𝜃, 𝜑) = 𝑟 2 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.14)
Polarization
The polarization is the orientation of the electric field far from the source. It describes the time-
varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector. Polarization for an antenna
in a given direction is defined as the polarization of the E-field transmitted (radiated) by the
antenna. The polarization of a wave radiated by an antenna, in a specified direction, at a point in
the far field, is defined as the polarization of the plane wave which is used to represent the
radiated wave at that point. Polarization may be classified as linear, circular, elliptical, circular
left hand, circular right hand, elliptical right and elliptical left hand
Efficiency
An antenna's total antenna efficiency is determined by the antenna's ohmic losses through the
dielectric material, conduction losses, reflecting losses at the input terminals, and losses inside
the antenna structure [1].
𝑒o = 𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑 (1.9)
Where, 𝑒o= Total antenna efficiency (dimensionless)
𝑒𝑟= Reflection efficiency (dimensionless)

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𝑒𝑐= Conduction efficiency (dimensionless)

𝑒𝑑= Dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
Poor impedance matching or insertion loss from the antenna can reduce the radiated power,
leading to poor efficiency
Methods
In order to achieve the desired objectives the following methods and steps are followed.
 Step-1:- Identify design specifications for single patch Microstrip antenna Values of
Parameters such as height, frequency, techniques such as feeding method and type of material
used for patch, ground, and substrate are primarily selected in this stage.
 Step-2:- Analytical modeling Using specifications from step-1, the patch will be modeled
mathematically using Microstrip patch antenna design equations with the aid of mat lab software
 Step-3:- Design single patch Microstrip antenna As per the design equations .the dimensions of
the patch, ground, substrate, Microstrip line, and inset depth and gap will be designed using
HFSS software.
 Step-4:- Find optimal points here, in order to get further improvement, some parameters are
swept around the range obtained in step -3 keeping height, width of the patch, width of the strip
line, thickness of copper for both for the ground and patch constant. This is because constant
parameters have nothing to do with efficiency improvement or their change modification in the
design specifications in the change in the operating frequency and input impedance.

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3.6 Flow Chart Description

First, a rectangular patch unit cell was built using the master/slave boundaries, to model a single
element by the help of HFSS which provides the DDM (Domain Decomposition Method)
simulation method, which can simulate finite/infinite patch antenna near field and far field
performance with virtually adding boundary conditions on the radiation element unit.

Start

Choose the substrate with lower dielectric constant

With the help of dielectric constant and height calculate the patch dimension for 28GHz

Find out best feeding technique

Simulate the antenna

Optimize the antenna parameters

Simulate and observe result

No

Are result better than exist?

Yes

Write report

End

Figure: 3. 1 Flow of Chart Description

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Design Specifications and Procedures

In this sub-chapter, procedures for designing single Microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHz are
discussed turn by turn.
Design Specifications for Single Patch Antenna
The mm wave technology is just one part of what future 5G networks will use. Mm wave refers
to a specific part of the radio frequency spectrum between 24GHz and 100GHz, which have a
very short wave length. Hence the antenna designed must be able to operate in this frequency
range. The resonant frequency selected for my design is 28GHz. Range between 26GHz and
28GHz have emerged a two of the most important bands.

Figure: 3. 2 two most important bands of frequency range between 26GHz and 28GHz

In order to meet once own objective; choice of designing specifications play a key role. The
following specifications are chosen in order to attain the objective.
Table: 3. 1 Design Specifications for single patch antenna

Specifications Type /values

Center Frequency 28 GHz

Input Impedance 50 ohm

Height of Substrate 0.254mm

Dielectric Constant 2.2

Dielectric Substrate RT Duroid 5880

Radiating Element Copper

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28 GHz
The operating frequency of a given patch antenna highly affect its size, characteristics and
overall performance. Working at 28 GHz, microstrip patch antenna one of ideal solution for cost
sensitive radio applications because of small size, low profile, simplicity of coordination and
ease of integration in portable wireless devices. In this case, it has tendency to be less effective
and restricted in data transmission and range to cover.
 50 ohm
In most antenna designs, 50 ohm impedance is used widely. This is just to make our system
compatible with an existing system, where 50 ohm is used frequently. But originally the trend of
using of 50 ohm begins from the design of coaxial cable which was having 30 ohms (optimal
power handling) and 70 ohms (lowest loss), the expectation for air nonconductor coax is 53.5
ohms, with a mean of 48 ohms. As a result, the choice of 50 ohms for air nonconductor might be
considered a compromise between power handling capabilities and signal loss per unit length.
 RT/Duroid 5880 RT
It is made of Poly characin Fluoro Ethylene composite. Which make it ideal for chemical
resistance.it has loss tangent of 0.009 and dielectric constant of 2.2.which is very small compared
to other substrate such as FR4, T.L.C etc. Dielectrics are used for improved electrical and
mechanical stability .The choice of a dielectric material is critical because. It has a direct impact
on gain, bandwidth, operating frequency shift, and radiation loss. In Microstrip patch antennas,
the dielectric constant also controls the fringing field, which is the primary source of radiation.
The lower the value of εr, the wider the fringes will be, resulting in better radiation as well as
increased bandwidth and efficiency. Therefore the smaller the dielectric constant provided the
larger radiation and bandwidth which is the main objective of this paper .in addition to this
unlike FR4, Duroid is ideal for higher frequency applications. In general due to its advantage on
loss tangent and dielectric constant .RT/Duroid is chosen
 Copper
The ground plane ,patch and transmission lines are supposed to be good conducting metal
typically gold ,silver and copper .silver has higher conductivity but expensive .so as to have cost
effective design ,copper is chosen .it is highly reactive ,hard and cheaper than the two .in fact its
conductivity is not negligible.

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 Height
The parametric requirements for different antenna may be different, some antennas need height
of the substrate to be larger in case, wide bandwidth is critical, some may concentrate on the
directivity, in this case the height or the thickness is preferable to be smaller for maximum
radiations this is due to the fringing. Microstrip line feeding type the thickness of substrate also
depends on the guided wave length ( ). That means the substrate thickness should be small
compared to guide wavelength of the antenna. This is because for higher frequencies and
Microstrip type of antenna construction, where the signal and ground are separated by substrate
thickness, typical thickness of even used in main researches may lead to "Surface waves" being
excited and hence lead efficiency loss. There for the thickness should be smaller than guided
wave length just to avoid surface waves being exited and improve efficiency
Design procedures
The three essential parameters frequency, dielectric constant, and height for patch antenna should
be determined first.
 Frequency of operation (fr): 28 GHz
 Dielectric constant of the substrate (𝜀𝑟 )= : 2.2
 Height of dielectric substrate (h): 0.254mm.
Specifying the above frequency, height, and dielectric constant, W𝑃, L𝑃, Lg Wg calculated using
the following design equations and steps
Step -1:- determining the width and length of the patch for the specified frequency, height,
dielectric substrate.
 Width of the patch is calculated as:-

𝑐 2
𝑤𝑝 = √ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.15)
2𝑓 𝜀𝑟 + 1

Where, wp = width of the patch

C= velocity of light (3× 1011m/s2)
f = Resonant frequency
Lp = length of the patch
εr = Dielectric constant of substrate
 Length of the patch is calculated as:-

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𝐿𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.16)

Where, εr =Dielectric constant of substrate
∆L =the normalized extension in length
Leff = Effective length
𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.17)
2𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑤
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3)( + 0.264)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ℎ … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.18)
𝑤
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.258)( + 0.8)
ℎ
Where, 𝜀eff = Effective dielectric constant, and the equation for it is given below.
𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.19)
1 ℎ
2√1 + 12 𝑤

Step 2:-Transmission line length is calculated considering 0 degree phase shift .then it will be
equivalent to guided wave length
𝐿𝑇 = 𝜆𝑔 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.20)
Where, λg is guided wavelength
λ
𝜆𝑔 =
√εeff
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.21)
Step 3:- Determining the substrate width and length
𝐿𝑔 = 𝐿 + 6ℎ1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.22)
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑊 + 6ℎ1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.23)
Where Lg and Wg are length and width of substrate and ‘ℎ1’ is given by
0.0606λ
ℎ1 =
√εr
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.24)
Step4:- Width of transmission line

Width of transmission line:

120𝜋
𝑍0 = … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.25)
𝑤50 2 𝑤50
√𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 (1.393 + ℎ + 3 ln ( ℎ + 1.444))

𝑤50 2 𝜀𝑟 −1 0.61
Then = 𝜋 [𝐵 − 1 ln(2𝐵 − 1) {ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − }] … … … … … … … (3.26)
ℎ 2𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑟

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377𝜋
𝐵= … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (3.27)
2𝑍0 √𝜀𝑟

Where: Zo = 50Ω

Step 4:- determine notch width and inset distance

 Notch width (g)

𝑐𝑜 4.6 x 10−14 𝑓
𝑓=
√2 x εeff
𝑥 𝑔
+ 1.01 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.27)
Rearranging equation will give equation used to calculate the gap width.
𝑐𝑜 4.6 x 10 − 12
g= 𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.28)
√2 x εeff 𝑓
Inset distance (depth)
𝜋
𝑍0 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 𝑑) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.29)
𝑙𝑝
Where 𝑅𝑖𝑛= the resonance input resistance

𝐿𝑝 = length of patch

𝑑 = depth of inset

𝑅𝑖𝑛 is calculated using the following design equations

1
Rin = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.30)
2(G1 + G12)

Where G1 and G12 are conductance of single slot and mutual conductance .they are calculated
using the following equations.

𝐾𝑜 𝑤𝑝 2
1 π sin 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛳
𝐺1 = ∫
120π 0
[ cos 𝜃
] 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝛳 … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (3.31)

2
𝜋 𝑘𝑜 𝑤𝑝
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐺12 = ∫[ 2 ] 𝑗0 (𝑘0 𝑙𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑 … … … … … … … … … … . . (3.32)
12𝜋 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
0

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Practically rectangular Micro strip patch is composed of two radiating slots, each with a width of
Wg and a height of h, separated by a distance of L𝑃. Each slot corresponds to a parallel
equivalent to conductance susceptance and admittance.
Table: 3. 2 Designing Parameters for 28 GHz

s.no Design parameters values/mm

1 Length of the patch (Lp) 3.4689mm

2 Width of the patch (Wp) 4.2352mm

3 Length of transmission line (Lt) 2.0405mm

4 Width of transmission line (Wp ) 0.13396mm

5 Inset feed point (Fi) 1.2117mm

6 inset width (g) 0.78239mm

7 Length of the ground 7mm

8 Width of the ground 7mm

9 Thickness of the patch 0.035mm

10 Thickness the ground 0.035mm

11 Gap Feed Line (Gpf) 0.02456mm

12 Effective Dielectric constant (𝜀eff) 2.2

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Figure: 3. 3 proposed design for single patch

Design for 28GHz Micro-strip patch antenna

HFSS is the industry-standard simulation tool for 3D full-wave electromagnetic field simulation.
HFSS provides E- and H-fields, currents, S-parameters and near and far radiated field results. By
using the above parameters we deign micro strip patch antenna at operating frequency of
28GHZ then we get the design mode as show in figure below

(a)

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(b) (c)

Figure: 3. 4 Single patch antenna design (a) top, (b) Front and (c) Side view

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CHAPTER FOUR
SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The parametric requirements for the design must be carefully chosen before commencing
the real design. Some of the variables, however, are quite consistent. Due to their large
impact on the output of the findings, parameters such as depth, length of the patch, and
width of the inset are swept turn by turn to obtain the best return loss in the single patch
design. This is the case because the return loss properly characterizes patch antenna.
S-parameter of proposed antenna
In fact, the most frequently mentioned antenna parameter is S11 or reflection coefficient
(also known as gamma or return loss) it represents how much power is reflected from the
antenna. When S11=0 dB, the antenna reflects all of the power and radiates nothing. The
S11 monitors how much of the device's input power is returned to the input port. There
should be no reflected power, and the device should receive 100 percent of the power it
needs. S11 below -10dB indicates that the device receives at least 90% of the input power
and reflected power is less than 10%.there for practically a good antenna is supposed to
have s11 parameter as small as possible. So that the radiating power will be Maximum
accordingly, -13.1101 are found for 27.89 GHz which is more than sufficient by introducing the
phasing stub,

Figure: 4. 1 Reflection coefficient graph for proposed antenna

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VSWR
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a measurement of how successfully
radio-frequency power is transferred via transmission line from a power source to a load (for
example, from a power amplifier through a transmission line, to an antenna). In a perfect
system, 100 percent of the energy is transferred. This needs a precise match between the
source impedance, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and all of its
connectors, as well as the load's impedance. The AC voltage will be the same from
beginning to end because the signal passes through without interference. Some power is
reflected back toward the source in real systems due to mismatched impedance (like an
echo). It's the ratio between the transmission line's highest and lowest voltages. The VSWR
is 1.0 in a perfect system since the voltage does not change. But practically VSWR < 2, because
even in perfectly matched there is still fraction of losses due to mismatch.in
the designed antenna VSWR of 1.5676 is achieved. Meaning matching near to the ideal
system is obtained.

Figure: 4. 2 Voltage standing wave ratio for proposed antenna

Band width
Bandwidth describes the range of frequencies over which the antenna can properly radiate or
receive energy but for single patch antenna it can be easily found by subtracting the lower
frequency from upper frequency at -10dB. As shown in the figure below bandwidth
is attained.

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BW = upper frequency -lower frequency

BW = m3-m2
BW = 28.07- 27.69 = 0.38GHz = 380 MHz

Figure: 4. 3 Bandwidth of single patch antenna

Gain
The gain of an antenna describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio
waves headed in a specified direction. In a receiving antenna, the gain describes how well
the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical
power. therefor the higher the gain of the antenna the higher performance of the antenna will
be obtained .it has direct proportionality with the frequency .that means high frequency
antennas are expected to have higher gain.so higher gain mean low input power .this is only
valid for small sized antenna which mean higher frequency. Therefor we can say that higher
frequencies are expected to have higher gain .accordingly gain of 28 is found to be 7.9056dB.
In other word having a gain of 0dB means the input power is equivalent with output
power.in the same manner having a gain of 7.9056dB means the output power in 7.9056dB
more power full than the input power.

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Figure: 4. 4 3D gain for proposed antenna

Directivity
Directivity is the measure of the concentration of an antenna's radiation pattern in a
particular direction. That means. The higher the Directivity, the more concentrated or
focused is the beam radiated by antenna. It is a quantitative measure of an antenna’s ability
to concentrate radiated power per unit solid angle in a certain direction, and thus D is highly
dependent on the three-dimensional pattern of an antenna. In the radiation pattern of an
antenna, the main lobe is the main beam of the antenna where maximum and constant
energy radiated by the antenna flows.in this work a Directivity of 7.9623dBi is attained.

Figure: 4. 5 3D Polar plot for the gain single patch antenna

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Radiation pattern
A radiation pattern defined as the variation of the power radiation from an antenna which is away
from the antenna.

Figure: 4. 6 Radiation pattern of unit rectangular patch antenna

Radiation pattern and beam width of an antenna describes the shape and direction of the beam of
electromagnetic wave from antenna. The measured far field radiation patterns of designed
RMPA antennas are shows the E-plane (phi=0deg, x-z plane) and H-Plane (phi=90deg, y-z
plane) radiation pattern of the designed RMPA in polar plot. The radiation pattern of the
proposed antenna is Omni directional with minimum side lobe

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Figure: 4. 7 E-plane of Antenna Design

Surface current density

To analyze the effectiveness, the proposed microstrip patch antenna, horizontal distributions
current on the surface slotted microstrip antenna is essential, at 27.8GHz shows the surface
current distributed have mainly flowed throw feed line part and in a horizontal line on the patch
at a lower frequency from figure blow we observed the surface current distribution the path, and
the direction of the current are entirely changed with the insert of the feed line in the patch

Figure: 4. 8 Surface current density

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Input impedance of patch antenna

The impedance matching would optimize the transfer of electric power between a source and a
load. The following figure shows the layout of the input impedance of our project In order to
match the port to the antenna; it must meet the 50Ω matching impedance. actually at resonance
frequency ideal value of real part of Zo should be 50 and imaginary part zero in figure 4.9 it can
been seen that real part is closed to 50 and imaginary is closed to zero.

Figure: 4. 9 Input impedance of the patch antenna as a Function of frequency

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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUTION
Microstrip patch antenna has been designed and simulated at 28 GHz with optimized points.
Basic antenna parameters such as return loss, VSWR, gain, bandwidth, and total and radiation
efficiencies have been successfully evaluated. The design was simulated to meet the best
possible result by varying frequency with constant length increment and feeding variable
frequencies for each radiating element. In which proposed MSA meets the suitability of the
better performance with 380 MHz bandwidth including central resonance frequency of 27.89
GHz with return loss and gain of -13.11 dB and 7.9056 dBi respectively. Also, a survey allowed
analyzing different antenna types that potentially fulfill mobile device requirements regarding to
size and performance. Meanwhile by design of RT/Duroid 5880 RT substrate, parameters
including dielectric constant, loss tangent and thickness were investigated as well as feeding
techniques. Finally, the measurement results showed relatively good match between tests and
simulations, and we controlled the antenna design within a feasible size to mobile devices, with a
relative high gain, Medium Sized operating bandwidth, and high antenna efficiency.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The first work that can be achieved in the future would be to perform the antenna far field
measurements in order to demonstrate the proposed design. Also, the proposed design
performance could be further improved in terms of gain and beam forming capabilities. To do so
the following directions could be explored:
 In future we are going to study further in antenna and extend this project to enhance
bandwidth, directivity, gain and return loss using the array technique and defected ground
structure of microstrip patch array for many applications for instance mobile
communication radar, remote sensing and satellite communications etc.

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References

[1] O.Darboe,D. B.Onyango, and F. Manene, "A28GHzRectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

for 5G Applications, IJERT," international Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology, Vols. vol. 7, no. 3,, pp. 854-857, 2019.
[2] M. Bakry, and E. A. Hegazy, "Design and Analysis of 28GHz Rectangular Microstrip
antenna, WSEAS Transactions on Communications," pp. 17, 2224-2864, (2019).
[3] A. K. Rastogi, G. Pravin, and S. Sharma, "Comparative Study of Rectangular and E-Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for X-Band Applications," Advanced Computing and
Communication Technologies, pp. pp. 195-203, july (2019).
[4] C.-X. Wang, F. Haider, X. Gao, X.-H. You, Y. Yang, D. Yuan, H. M. Aggoune, H. Haas,S.
Fletcher, and E. Hepsaydir, "Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G wireless
communication networks IEEE Commun. Mag," vol. Vol. 52, p. pp. 122–130, 2018.
[5] J. Hirokawa and M. Zhang, [tecknologies], "Waveguide Slot Array Antenna.," 2018.
[6] W. Roh, J. Seol, J. Park, B. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Kim, and J. Cho, "“Millimeter-Wave
Beamforming as an Enabling Technology for 5G Cellular Communications:heoretical
Feasibility and Prototype Result," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vols. Vol. 52, pp. 122–
130, p. pp. 106–113, February 2020.
[7] A. Verma, "Antenna and Its Application," January 2015, 2020..
[8] M. K. S. a. P. K. S. S. Vashist, "A Review on the Development of Rotman Lens Antenna,"
p. pp. 1–9, 2016.
[9] J. Eichler, P. Hazdra, M. Capek, and M. Mazanek, "Modal resonant frequencies and
radiation quality factors of Microstrip antennas," Int. J. Antennas Propag, vol. vol. 4, 2014.
[10] G. Buttazzoni, A. Cuttin, and R. Vescovo, "Design procedures for rectangular patch
antennas," vol. vol. 2 no. CP741, 2018.
[11] G. Buttazzoni, M. Comisso, A. Cuttin, M. Fragiacomo, R. Vescovo, and R. Vincenti G.
Buttazzoni, M. Comisso, A. Cuttin,, "Reconfigurable phased antenna array for extending
cubesat operations to Ka-band: Design and feasibility," Acta Astronaut, vol. vol. 137, p. pp.

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114–121, February, 2016.

[12] S. N. S. Mahmud, M. A. Jusoh, S. E. Jasim, A. H. Zamani, and M. H. Abdullah, "Design,
simulation and analysis a microstrip antenna using PU-EFB substrate," IOP Conf. Ser.
Mater. Sci. Eng, Vols. vol. 342, no. 1.
[13] A.Arora, A. Khemchandani, Y. Rawat, S. Singhai, and G. Chaitanya, "Comparative study of
different feeding techniques for rectangular microstrip patch antenna," Int. J. Innov. Res.
Electr. Electron. Instrum. Control Eng., Vols. vol. 3, no. 5, pp. pp. 32-35, 2015.
[14] V. Hanumante, P. Bhattacharjee, S. Roy, P. Chakraborty, and S. Maity, "Performance
Analysis of Rectangular Patch Antenna for Different Substrate Heights," Vols. vol. 2, no. 1,
no. Int. J. Innov. Res. Electr. Electron. Instrum. Control Eng, 2014.
[15] Bhartia, I. J. Bahl and P, "Microstrip Antennas," Vols. vol. 24, no. 2, no. IEEE Antennas
Propag. Soc. Newsl, p. pp. 29–30, 2012.
[16] A.Arora, A. Khemchandani, Y. Rawat, S. Singhai, and G. Chaitanya, "Comparison of Different
Types of Microstrip Patch Antennas," Vols. vol. 3, no. 5, p. pp. 975–982.

[17] Y. L. Lyu, F. Y. Meng, G. H. Yang, P. Y. Wang, Q. Wu, and K. Wu, "Periodic Leaky-Wave
Antenna Based on Complementary Pair of Radiation elements," Vols. vol. 66, no. 9, p. pp. 4503–
4515.

[18] T. Nishio, H. Xin, Y. Wang, and T. Itoh, "T. Nishio, H. Xin, Y. Wang, and T. Itoh phased Array,"
Vols. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. , pp. 115–117, 2020.

[19] Z. Sun, Z. Dai, X. Xuan, and X. Li, "A wideband frequency scanning microstrip antenna array with
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MEC, p. 3081–3084., 2018.

[20] A. S. M. S. s. K. Klionovski, 5G antenna array with wide-angle beam steering and dual linear
polarizations, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas, 2019.

[21] Klionovski, A. Shamim, M.S. Sharawi., 5G antenna array with wide-angle beam steering and dual
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Appendix
disp('Design Rectangular Microstrip Antenna by Transmission Line
Model Using MATLAB');
disp('==========================================================
===================');
er=input('Enter the dielectric constant:');
h=input('Enter the substrate thickness (in mm):');
f=input('Enter the frequency (GHz):');
z=input('Enter the input impedance (ohm):');
disp('Calculating. Please wait.');
f=f*1e9;

%calculate the width

wid=(3e8/(sqrt((er+1)/2)*2*f))*1000; %in mm

%calculate the effective dielectric constant

e_eff=((er+1)/2)+ (((er-1)/2)* (1+((12*h)/wid))^-0.5);

%calculate the extension of length L

del_l=(((e_eff+0.3)*((wid/h)+0.264))/((e_eff-
0.258)*((wid/h)+0.8)))*(0.412*h); %in mm

%calculate the effective length

l_eff=(3e8/(2*f*sqrt(e_eff)))*1000;

%calculate the actual length

L=l_eff-(2*del_l);

la=(3e8/f)*1000;

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k=(2*pi)/la;
x=k*(wid);
i1=-2+cos(x)+(x*sinint(x))+(sin(x)/x);
g1=i1/(120*pi*pi); %Conductance

a=@(th)(((sin((x./2).*cos(th))./cos(th)).^2).*(besselj(0,(k.*L.*
sin(th)))).*(sin(th)).^3);
a1=integral(a,0,pi);
g12=a1/(120*pi*pi); %in siemens
r_in=1/(2*(g1+g12)); %in ohms

inset=(L/pi)*(acos(sqrt(z/r_in))); %in mm

Lg_min=6*h+L; %based on Punit S. Nakar (2004) book

Wg_min=6*h+wid;

B=60*pi*pi/(z*sqrt(er));
m1=2*B-1;
m=log(m1);
n1=B-1;
n=log(n1);

W=(2*h/pi)*(B-1-m+(((er-1)/(2*er))*(n+(0.39*0.61)/er)));
%based on Liang J. (2004) book
g=(3e8*4.65e-9)/(sqrt(2*e_eff)*f*10^-9);
disp('RECTANGULAR PATCH:')
disp(['The width of the patch (Wp) is:',num2str(wid),' mm'])
disp(['The length of the patch (Lp) is:',num2str(L),' mm'])
disp(['The inset feed point (Fi) is:',num2str(inset),' mm'])
disp(['The width of the feed line (Wf) is:',num2str(W),'
mm'])

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disp(['The gap of the feed line (Gpf) is:',num2str(g),'

mm'])
disp(['The minimum length of ground plane
is:',num2str(Lg_min),' mm'])
disp(['The minimum width of ground plane
is:',num2str(Wg_min),' mm'])

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