PRE-FINAL: NCM 116

NURSING

DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD periodic visit to physicians. Those

AND ADOLESCENCE with severe or profound intellectual
disability may require residential
placement or day care service.

NEURODEVELOPEMENTAL CAUSES:
DISODERS a) Hereditary Conditions - Tay-Sachs
 Are impairments of the growth and Disease; Fragile X chromosome
development of the brain or Central syndrome; early alterations in
Nervous System. embryonic development such as
 It refers to the disorder of brain Trisomy 21 or maternal alcohol
function that affects emotion, intake that cause fetal alcohol
learning ability, self-control and syndrome; pregnancy or perinatal
memory and that unfolds as the problems such as fetal
individual grows. malnutrition, hypoxia, infections,
and trauma.
1. INTELLECTUAL b) Medical conditions of infancy such
as infection or lead poisoning.
DISABILITIES (MENTAL
c) Environmental Influences -
RETARDATION) Deprivation of nurturing or
 Is below-average intellectual stimulations.
functioning (IQ less than 70)
accompanied by significant 2. AUTISTIC SPECTRUM
limitations in areas of adaptive
DISORDER
functioning such as communication
 A developmental disability
skills, self-care, home living, social
affecting verbal and nonverbal
and interpersonal skill, use of
communication and social
community resources, self-
interaction, generally evident
direction, academic skills, work,
before age 3, that affects a child
leisure and health and safety.
performance.
 The degree of retardation is based
on IQ and greatly affects the
person’s ability to function:
 Mild retardation (IQ 50 to 70); AUTISM
Moderate Retardation (IQ 35 to Is more prevalent in boys and it is
50); Severe Retardation (IQ 20 to identified usually by 18 months
35); Profound Retardation (IQ less and no later than 3 years of age.
than 20) Display little eye contact with and
 Some people with Intellectual make few facial expressions toward
Disability are passive and others; they use limited gestures to
dependent; others are aggressive communicate.
and impulsive. They have limited capacity to
 Children with mild to moderate relate to peers or parents.
intellectual disability usually They lack spontaneous enjoyment,
receive treatment in their homes express no moods or emotional
and communities and make
PRE-FINAL: NCM 116
NURSING

affect, and cannot engage in play or apparently normal growth and

make-believe with toys. development.
There is little intelligible speech Typical age of onset is between 3
These children engage in and 4 years.
stereotyped motor behaviors such Have the same social and
as hand flapping, body twisting, or communication deficits and
head banging. behavioral patterns seen with
autistic disorder.
ASPERGER SYNDROME This rare disorder occurs slightly
Is a pervasive developmental more often in boys.
disorder characterized by the same PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENT
impairments of social interaction
and restricted stereotyped
DISORDER, NOT OTHERWISE
behaviors seen in autistic disorder, SPECIFIED
but there are no language or Displays behaviors typical of
cognitive delays. These rare autism but to a lesser degree and/or
disorder occurs more often in boys with an onset later than 3 years.
and the effects are generally
lifelong.

RETT SYNDROME 3. ATTENTION DEFICIT

HYPERACTIVE DISORDER
Is a pervasive developmental
disorder characterized by the (ADHD)
development of multiple deficits  Is a syndrome with a
after a period of normal developmentally inappropriate,
functioning. persistent pattern of behavior that
It occurs exclusively in girls, is includes:
rare, and persists throughout life. a) Inattention
Develops between birth and 5 b) Impulsivity
months of age. c) Distractibility
Loses motor skills and begin d) Hyperkinetic motor activity
showing stereotyped movements (hyperactive)
instead.  It is found in children typically
Loses interest in the social beginning before age 7
environment, and severe  The symptoms lead to problems in
impairment of expressive and school and in social interactions
receptive language becomes with peers and in the family.
evident as she grows older.  Low self-esteem is common; other
mental disorders may result such as
CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE depression and oppositional defiant
DISORDER disorder.

Is characterized by marked SPECIFIC LEARNING

regression in multiple areas of DISABILITIES
functioning after at least 2 years of
 Are characterized by academic
underachievement in READING,
PRE-FINAL: NCM 116
NURSING

WRITTEN EXPRESSION, or 1. OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT

MATHEMATICS in comparison DISORDER (ODD)
with the overall intellectual ability  Consist of an enduring pattern of
of the child. uncooperative, defiant, and hostile
behavior toward authority figures
TYPES OF LEARNING without major antisocial violations.
DISABILITIES  It is almost expected at some
phases such as 2 to 3 years of age
 Reading disorder (DYSLEXIA)
and in early adolescence.
 Auditory processing disorder
 It is diagnosed only when
 Writing disorder (DYSGRAPHIA)
behaviors are more frequent and
 Mathematical disorder
intense than in unaffected peers
(DYSCALCULIA)
and cause dysfunction in social,
 Dyspraxia
academic, or work situations.
 Nonverbal learning
2. CONDUCT DISODER
MOTOR SKILLS DISORDER  Is characterized by persistent
Is impaired coordination severe antisocial behavior in children and
enough to interfere with academic adolescents that significantly
achievement or activities of daily impairs the ability to function in
living. social, academic, or occupational
It becomes evident as the child areas.
attempts to crawl or walk as an SYMPTOMS ARE CLASSIFIES
older child tries to dress
INTO 4 AREAS
independently or manipulate toys.
Often coexists with communication a) Aggression to people and animals
disorder. b) Destruction of property
c) Deceitfulness and theft
ELIMINATION DISORDER d) Serious violation of rules
Are disorders that concern the
CLASSIFIED INTO
elimination of feces or urine from
the body.  Mild: the child has some conduct
problems that cause relatively
ENCOPRESIS- Is the repeated passage of
minor harm to others. Example:
feces into inappropriate places such as
lying, truancy, staying out late
clothing or the floor by a child who is at
without permission.
least 4 years of age either chronologically
 Moderate: the number of conduct
or developmentally. It is often involuntary,
problems increases as does the
but it can be intentional.
amount of harm to others.
ENURESIS- Is the repeated voiding of Examples include vandalism and
urine during the day or night into clothing theft.
or bed by a child at least 5 years of age  Severe: the child has many conduct
either chronologically or developmentally. problems that cause considerable
harm to others. Examples include
DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL forced sex, cruelty to animals, use
AND CONDUCT DISORDER of weapon, burglary, and robbery.
PRE-FINAL: NCM 116
NURSING

TRAUMA AND STRESS RELATED and hopeless, and lack of pleasure

DISORDERS in the things used to enjoy.
2. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
TRAUMA- An extremely distressing ANXIETY: Symptoms mainly
experience that causes severe emotional include nervousness, worry,
shock and may have long lasting difficulty concentrating or
psychological effects. remembering things, and feeling
 Could be cause by NATURAL or overwhelmed. Children who have
MAN MADE RELATED adjustment disorder with anxiety
DISASTER may strongly fear of being
separated from their parents and
2 TYPES: loved ones.
3. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS MIXED ANXIETY AND
DISORDER
DEPRESSEDMOOD: Symptoms
 ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
include a mix of depression and
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: anxiety.
4. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
a) Nightmares DISTURBANCE OF CONDUCT:
b) High level of anxiety Symptoms mainly involve
c) Not remembering certain aspect of behavioral problems such as
the event fighting, reckless driving or
d) Depression ignoring bills. Youngsters may skip
e) Painful guilt feeling school or vandalize property.
f) Anger 5. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
g) Substance abused MI9XED DISTURBANCE OF
h) Interference with social or EMOTIONS AND CONDUCT:
occupational areas Symptoms include a mix of
ADJUSTMENT DISORDER- Are groups of depression and anxiety as well as
conditions that can occur when there is behavioral problems.
difficulty coping with stressful life event. 6. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER,
UNSPECIFIED: Symptoms don’t
fit the other types of adjustment
disorders but often include physical
problems, problems with family or
friends, or work or school
problems.

DISRUPTIVE MOOD
DYSREGULATION DISORDER
TYPES: (DMDD)
 Is a condition in children and
1. ADJUSTMENT DISORDER WITH
adolescents that goes beyond a
DEPRESSED MOOD: Symptoms
“bad mood”
mainly include feeling sad, tearful
PRE-FINAL: NCM 116
NURSING

 New, controversial diagnosis in emotional, or sexual abuse of children;

DSM-5 elder abuse; and marital rape.

DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: In many cases, family members tolerate

abusive and violent behavior from
 Severe recurrent temper outbursts relatives they would never accept from
in response to common stressors, strangers.
which are:
 On average, 3 or more times per In violent families, the home, which is
week normally a safe haven of love and
 Temper outbursts are inconsistent protection, may be the most dangerous
with developmental level place for victims.
 Between outbursts, mood is
persistently irritable or angry, most
of the day and nearly everyday
 Onset symptoms must be before
the age of 10
 Symptoms present for 12 or more
months
 Must not be absent for 3 or more COMMON CHARACTERISTICSS OF
consecutive months VIOLENT FAMILIES:
 Children must be between 6 and 18
1. Social isolation
years of age
2. Abuse of power and control
 Symptoms should be present in at
3. Alcohol and other drug abuse
least 2 of 3 settings: home, school,
4. Intergenerational transmission
social situations and are severe in
process
at least 1 setting.
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE- Is the
mistreatment or misuse of one person by
 Symptoms are not better explained another in the context of emotionally
by another medical disorder, are intimate relationship.
not the manifestation of substance
The relationship maybe spousal, between
abuse or medical condition, criteria
partners, boyfriend, girlfriend, or an
for manic/hypomanic episode have
estranged relationship.
not been met for more than 1 day
and behaviors do not occur solely The abuse can be emotional, or
during an episode of major psychological, physical, sexual or a
depressive disorder. combination.
 Increase risk for later depressive
 Psychological (Emotional) Abuse
and anxiety disorders in adulthood.
includes name-calling, belittling,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- Is the use of screaming, yelling, destroying
physical, sexual, and/or psychological property, and making threats as
condition to establish and maintain control well as subtler forms such as,
over a family or a household member. refusing to speak to or ignoring the
victim.
FAMILY VIOLENCE- Encompasses
 Physical Abuse ranges from
spouse battering; neglect and physical, shoving and pushing to severe
PRE-FINAL: NCM 116
NURSING

battering and choking and may

involve broken limbs and ribs,
internal bleeding, brain damage,
and even homicide.
 Sexual Abuse includes assaults
during sexual relations such as
biting nipples, pulling hair,
slapping and hitting, and rape.

CHILD ABUSE - Intentional injury of a

child. It can include physical abuse or
injuries, neglect, or failure to prevent
harm, failure to provide adequate physical
or emotional care or supervision,
abandonment, sexual assault or intrusion,
and overt torture or maiming.
ELDER ABUSE - Is the maltreatment of
older adults by family members or
caregivers. It may include physical, and
sexual abuse, psychological abuse, neglect,
self-neglect, financial exploitation, and
denial of adequate medical treatment.