REAL SEQUENCE – I

(1) Define Sequence with examples.

Answer:- A function where domain is the set of natural numbers ℕ and codomain is the set of
Real numbers. i.e., if a function 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ , then the arrangements {𝑓(1), 𝑓(2), − −
−, 𝑓(𝑛), − − −} is called a real sequence. Also the sequence is denoted by
{𝑓(𝑛)}𝑛 , {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 , {𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 etc.
Examples –
1
(i) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 1 1
Then the sequence is {1, 4 , 9 , −−, 𝑛2 , − − −}
(ii) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Then, the sequence is {−1, 1, −1, 1, − − −}
(2) Define range of a sequence.
Answer: - The set of all distinct terms of a sequence is called its range.
Example-
(i) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Then the sequence is {−1, 1, −1, − − −} and its range set is {−1, 1}
(−1)𝑛
(ii) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
Then the sequence is {−1, 2 , − 3 , 4 , − − −} and its range set is {−1, 2 , − 3 , 4 , − − −}.
(3) Define bounded sequence with example.
Answer:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a sequence. Then the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called a bounded sequence if
∃𝑙, 𝑢 ∈ ℝ such that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ , 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑢.
𝑙 𝑥𝑛 𝑢
Another definition – Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a sequence. Then the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called a bounded
sequence if ∃𝑀 > 0.
Such that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, |𝑥𝑛 | ≤ 𝑀. i.e., 𝑥𝑛 ∈ [−𝑀, 𝑀] 𝑥𝑛
Example:
−𝑀 0 𝑀
(i) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = 1 + (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ , Then the sequence =
{0, 2, 0, 2, − − −−} is bounded, since ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑓(𝑛) ∈ [−2, 2].
(ii) Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ .
Then the sequence {1, 2, 3, − − −, 𝑛, − − −} is unbounded above.
Since ∀𝑀 ∈ ℝ , ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑓(𝑛) > 𝑀.
(4) Define convergent sequence with examples.
Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is said to converge to 𝑙 ∈ ℝ if lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙 i.e., ∀𝜀 > 0 , ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ
𝑛→∞
such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀 . 𝑥𝐾+2

𝑙−𝜀 𝑥𝐾 𝑥𝐾+1 𝑙−𝜀

 𝑙

Also 𝑙 is called the limit of the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 .

1
Example- (i) Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a sequence, where 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛.
1
Then lim = 0 . Therefore, 0 is the limit of {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
(ii) Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a sequence, where 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 .
Then lim (−1)𝑛 = does not exist.
𝑛→∞
(5) Define divergent sequence with example.
Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is said to diverge to ∞ if ∀𝑀 ∈ ℝ, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ Such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑥𝑛 >
𝑀 and we write lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞
2
Example: If 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 diverges to ∞.
A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is said to diverge to −∞ if ∀𝑀 ∈ ℝ, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑀 and
we write lim 𝑥𝑛 = −∞
𝑛→∞
Example: If 𝑥𝑛 = −2𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 diverges to −∞.
(6) Define constant sequence with example.
Answer:- If 𝑏 ∈ ℝ , the sequence {𝑏, 𝑏, 𝑏, − − − − −} all of whose terms equal to b, is called
the constant sequence.
Example: {0, 0, 0, − − − − −} is a constant sequence.
(7) Define oscillatory sequence with example.
Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called an oscillatory sequence if it neither converges to a finite
real number nor diverges to +∞ or −∞ . There are two types of oscillatory sequences –
(i) A bounded sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is said to oscillate finitely if it does not converge.
Example: If 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 oscillates finitely.
(ii) An unbounded sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is said to oscillate infinitely if it does not diverge.
Example: If 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 oscillates infinitely.
(8) Give examples of two non-convergent sequences {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 such that the
sequence {𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 is convergent. [C.U. – 12]
Answer:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 , {𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 be two non-convergent sequences where 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 =
2(−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Then {𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 = 2, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and so {𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 is a constant sequence and hence convergent.
𝟏
(9) Show that {𝟑𝒏 } converges to zero.
𝒏
1
Answer:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = {3𝑛} , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and let any 𝜀 > 0 ,
1
1 1 1 1 log𝑒 ( )
Now, |𝑥𝑛 − 0| = |3𝑛 − 0| = 3𝑛 < 𝜀 if 3𝑛 > 𝜀 . i.e., 𝑛 log 𝑒 3 > log 𝑒 (𝜖 ) ⇒ 𝑛 > 𝜖
log𝑒(3)
1
log𝑒 ( )
𝜖
We choose 𝐾 = [log ]+1 ∈ ℕ
𝑒(3)
Then ∀𝜀 > 0 , ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀
1
∴ {3𝑛 } converges to 0.
𝑛
(10) Show that the sequence {𝒓𝒏 }𝒏 , Converges to zero, if |𝒓|<1 or show that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒓𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏→∞
, if |𝒓|<1.
Answer:- Case 1: 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 , where 𝑟 ≠ 0
1
Since |𝑟|<1 , then |𝑟| > 1
1
So, we let |𝑟| = 1 + ℎ , where h>0
1
⇒ |𝑟|𝑛 = (1+ℎ)𝑛
Using the Binomial theorem, we get
𝑛(𝑛−1)
(1 + ℎ)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛ℎ + ℎ2 + − − − − +ℎ𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
2!
> 𝑛ℎ, since ℎ > 0
Let any 𝜀 > 0
1 1 1
Now |𝑟 𝑛 − 0| = |𝑟 𝑛 | = |𝑟|𝑛 = (1+ℎ)𝑛 < 𝑛ℎ < 𝜀 if 𝑛 > ℎ𝜀
1
We choose 𝐾 = [ℎ𝜀] + 1 ∈ ℕ
Then ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , |𝑟 𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀
∴ lim 𝑟 𝑛 = 0 , 0 < |𝑟| < 1 .
𝑛→∞
Case 2: Let 𝑟 = 0, the sequence {0, 0 , 0, − − −−} converges to 0.
i.e., lim 𝑟 𝑛 = 0 , when 𝑟 = 0
𝑛→∞
𝟏
(11) Show that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏
𝒏→∞
1
Answer:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 = 1 + ℎ𝑛 , for some ℎ𝑛 ≥ 0 , …………. (1)
𝑛(𝑛−1)
⇒ 𝑛 = (1 + ℎ𝑛 )𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛ℎ𝑛 + ℎ𝑛2 + − − − + ℎ𝑛𝑛 , by Binomial Theorem
2!
𝑛(𝑛−1)
> ℎ𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ [∵ ℎ𝑛 ≥ 0]
2!
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 2
⇒𝑛> ℎ𝑛2 ⇒ ℎ𝑛2 < 𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2 ⟹ |ℎ𝑛 | < √𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2 ………… (2)
2!

Let any 𝜀 > 0, then from (1) & (2),

2 2 2 2
|𝑥𝑛 − 1| = |ℎ𝑛 | < √ < 𝜀 if 𝑛−1 < 𝜀 2 or , 𝑛 − 1 > 𝜀2 ⇒ 𝑛 > 1 + 𝜀2
𝑛−1
2
We choose 𝐾 = [1 + 𝜀2 ] + 1 ∈ ℕ
∴ ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 1| < 𝜀
1
Therefore, lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 1 ⇒ lim 𝑛𝑛 = 1 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝟏
(12) Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒏→∞ √𝒏!
 1
Proof:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and let any 𝜀 > 0
√𝑛!
1 1 2 𝑛
Now |𝑥𝑛 − 0| = | − 0| = < 𝑛 , since √𝑛! > 2 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
√𝑛! √𝑛!
2 2
⇒ |𝑥𝑛 − 0| < 𝑛 < 𝜀 if 𝑛 > 𝜀
2
Then for any 𝜀 > 0 , we choose 𝐾 = [𝜀 ] + 1 ∈ ℕ
∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀
1
Therefore, lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0 ⇒ lim = 0 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ √𝑛!
(13) If a sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 converges to zero and also if the sequence {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 be bounded,
then show that {𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 converges to zero. [C.U.- 01, 06, 12]
Answer:- Given that {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 converges to zero.
i.e., ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀 ………………...(1)
and {𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded,
i.e., ∃𝑀 > 0 such that ∀𝑛 > ℕ , |𝑦𝑛 | ≤ 𝑀 …………….......(2)
Now from (1), we can write
𝜀
∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑥𝑛 | ≤ 𝑀 ………………...(3)
Combining (2) and (3), we get
𝜀
∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 | = |𝑥𝑛 ||𝑦𝑛 | < 𝑀 . 𝑀 = 𝜀
So, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀
Therefore, {𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 converges to zero.
(14) Prove or disprove: If {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 be two sequences of real numbers such that
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟎, then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝟎. [C. U. - 2017]
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
Answer: - The given statement is false
1
Counterexample: Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1
So, lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0 but lim (𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 ) = lim 𝑛 . 𝑛2 = lim 𝑛 = ∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(15) Prove or disprove: if {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 is convergent and {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 is bounded, then {𝒙𝒏 𝒚𝒏 } is
convergent. [C. U. - 2019]
Answer: - The given statement is false.
Counterexample: Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a convergent sequence, where 𝑥𝑛 = 2, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ lim 𝑥𝑛 = 2
𝑛→∞
And let {𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 is a bounded sequence, where 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
So, 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 2(−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and the sequence {𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛 }𝑛 is not convergent.

(16) Prove or disprove: Product of a divergent sequence and a null sequence is a null
sequence. [C. U. - 2015]
Answer: - Same as question no. 14.

(17) Prove or disprove: Let {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 be a convergent sequence of real numbers with limit
0. Then {𝒙𝟓𝒏 } is convergent and converges to 0.
Answer:- Given that the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 converges to 0.
i.e., ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑚1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚1,|𝑥𝑛 − 0| < 𝜀 ……………(i)
If we let 𝜀 = 1, then ∃𝑚2 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚2 , |𝑥𝑛 | < 1 ⟹ |𝑥𝑛 |5 < |𝑥𝑛 | ..………….(ii)
Let 𝑚 = max{𝑚1 , 𝑚2 }
From (i) and (ii),
∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑚 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, |𝑥𝑛5 − 0| = |𝑥𝑛 |5 < |𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀
Hence lim 𝑥𝑛5 = 0 i.e, {𝑥𝑛5 }𝑛 converges to 0. (Proved)
𝑛→∞

(18) Let {𝒖𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒘𝒏 }𝒏 be two real sequences such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒖𝒏 − 𝒘𝒏 ) = 𝟎 and
𝒏→∞
𝒘𝒏
𝒖𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟏. [C. U. - 2019]
𝒏→∞ 𝒖𝒏
Answer:- Given that lim (𝑢𝑛 − 𝑤𝑛 ) = 0 and 𝑢𝑛 ≥ 1, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛→∞
𝑤𝑛
To show: lim =1
𝑛→∞ 𝑢𝑛
𝑢𝑛 −𝑤𝑛 lim (𝑢𝑛 −𝑤𝑛 ) 0
Now, lim ( ) = 𝑛→∞lim 𝑢 = = 0[∵ 𝑢𝑛 ≥ 1, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 lim 𝑢𝑛 ≠ 0]
𝑛→∞ 𝑢𝑛 lim 𝑢 𝑛→∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑤
⟹ lim (1 − 𝑢 𝑛 ) = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑛
⟹ lim (1) − lim = 0 ⟹ 1 − lim = 0 ⟹ lim = 1 (Proved).
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑢𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑢𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑢𝑛

(19) Prove that a convergent sequence in ℝ is bounded. Is the converges true? Justify.
[C.U.- 02, 08]
st
Answer:- 1 Part:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a convergent sequence and its converges to 𝑙 ∈ ℝ.
Then ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
We choose 𝜀 = 1 , ∃𝑚 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 1 , i.e., 𝑙 − 1 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑙 + 1
Let 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , − − −−, 𝑥𝑚−1 , 𝑙 + 1}
𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , − − −−, 𝑥𝑚−1 , 𝑙 − 1}
Therefore, ∃𝑏, 𝐵 ∈ ℝ such that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝐵
This proves that every convergent sequence is bounded.
2nd part: - The converse statement: Every bounded sequence in ℝ is convergent.
This statement is false.
Counterexample- We let 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a bounded sequence but not convergent.
(20) If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒍 then prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 |𝒙𝒏 | = |𝒍| . Show by an example that the converse
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
may not be true. When will the converse be true? [C.U. - 98, 13]
Answer: - 1st part: -
Given that lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙
𝑛→∞
i.e., ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀 ……………(1)
To show: lim |𝑥𝑛 | = |𝑙|
𝑛→∞
i.e., ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑚 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 , ||𝑥𝑛 | − |𝑙|| < 𝜀
Now take any 𝜀>0,
We choose 𝑚 = 𝐾 ∈ ℕ from (1)
Take any 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , then ||𝑥𝑛 | − |𝑙|| ≤ |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
∵ ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , ||𝑥𝑛 | − |𝑙|| < 𝜀 ,
As required.
2nd Part: - The converse statement is if |𝑥𝑛 | → |𝑙| , then prove that 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑙 .
This statement is false.
Counterexample-
Let 𝑥𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑙 = 1
Then |𝑥𝑛 | = 1 → 1 = |𝑙| but 𝑥𝑛 ↛ 𝑙.
3rd Part: - The converse statement will be true when 𝑙 = 0.

(21) Let {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 be two convergent sequences and ∃𝒎 ∈ ℕ such that
∀𝒏 ≥ 𝒎, 𝒙𝒏 > 𝒚𝒏 . Then prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 ≥ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒚𝒏 .
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
Answer:- Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙1 , lim 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑙2 and 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Then 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚
And lim 𝑧𝑛 = lim (𝑥𝑛− 𝑦𝑛 ) = lim 𝑥𝑛 − lim 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 = 𝑙 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
So, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑧𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
⟹ 𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑧𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀
If possible we let 𝑙 < 0
and we choose 𝜀 > 0 such that 𝑙 + 𝜀 < 0
For the above 𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾2 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾2 , 𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑧𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀 …………..(1)
Let 𝐾 = max{𝑚, 𝐾2 }
Then ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 , 𝑧𝑛 > 0 (from the given condition)
And ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑧𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀 < 0 (from (1))
A contradiction
So, our assumption is not correct.
∴ 𝑙 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑙1 − 𝑙2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑙1 ≥ 𝑙2 ⇒ lim 𝑥𝑛 ≥ lim 𝑦𝑛 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(22) State and prove that Sandwich Theorem and Squeeze principle.
 Statement: -
If {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 , {𝒚𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒛𝒏 }𝒏 be three sequences such that
(i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒛𝒏 = 𝒍 ∈ ℝ
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
(ii) ∃𝒑 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝒑, 𝒙𝒏 ≤ 𝒚𝒏 ≤ 𝒛𝒏
Then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒍.
𝒏→∞
Proof:- Given that lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑙 .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
i. e. ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
⟹ 𝑙 − 𝜀 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 + 𝜀
} ……………….(i)
And, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾2 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾2 , |𝑧𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
⟹ 𝑙 − 𝜀 ≤ 𝑧𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 + 𝜀
Also given that, ∃𝑝 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑝, 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 ≤ 𝑧𝑛 ……………….(ii)
If we let 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑝}
Then ∀𝜀 ≥ 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾,
𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀, 𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑧𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀 and 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 ≤ 𝑧𝑛 [from (i) & (ii)]
⟹ 𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 ≤ 𝑧𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀
So, ∀𝜀 ≥ 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑙 − 𝜀 < 𝑦𝑛 < 𝑙 + 𝜀
⟹ |𝑦𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀
∴ lim 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑙 (Proved).
𝑛→∞

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(23) Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( + + ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯± )=𝟏
𝒏→∞ √𝒏𝟐 +𝟏 √𝒏𝟐 +𝟐 √𝒏𝟐 +𝒏
1 1 1
Answer:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = √𝑛2 + √𝑛2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + √𝑛2
+1 +2 +𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
Here, √𝑛2 < √𝑛2 , < √𝑛2 , ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ , √𝑛2 < √𝑛2
+2 +1 √𝑛2 +3 +1 +𝑛 +1
Adding all these, we get
1 1 1 𝑛−1
√𝑛2 +2
+ √𝑛2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + √𝑛2 < √𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 > 1
+3 +𝑛 +1
𝑛
So, 𝑥𝑛 < √𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 > 1 …………….(1)
+1
1 1 2
Also √𝑛2 + √𝑛2 > √𝑛2
+1 +2 +2
1 1 1 3
+ + >
√𝑛2 + 1 √𝑛2 + 2 √𝑛2 + 3 √𝑛2 + 3
−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 1 1 𝑛
Similarly, √𝑛2 + √𝑛2 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + √𝑛2 > √𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 > 1
+1 +2 +𝑛 +𝑛
𝑛
⇒ 𝑥𝑛 > √𝑛2 , ∀𝑛 > 1 ………………..(2)
+𝑛
Combining (1) and (2), we get
𝑛 𝑛
< 𝑥𝑛 < , ∀𝑛 > 1
√𝑛2 + 𝑛 √𝑛2 + 1
 𝑛 1
Now, lim = lim =1
𝑛→∞ √𝑛2 +𝑛 𝑛→∞ √1+ 1
𝑛
𝑛 1
and lim = lim =1
𝑛→∞ √𝑛2 +1 𝑛→∞ √1+ 1
𝑛2

by Sandwich Theorem, lim 𝑥𝑛 = 1 (Proved)

𝑛→∞
𝟏
(24) If 𝒙𝒏 = (𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 )𝒏 , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ and 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝒃 . Show that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒃 .
𝒏→∞
Answer:- Given that 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏
⇒ 0 < 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑏 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⇒ 𝑏 𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 < 2𝑏 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 1
⇒ 𝑏 < (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 )𝑛 < 2𝑛 . 𝑏, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1
⇒ 𝑏 < 𝑥𝑛 < 2𝑛 . 𝑏, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1 1
Now lim 𝑏 = 𝑏 and lim 2𝑛 . 𝑏 = 𝑏. lim 2𝑛 = 𝑏. 1 = 𝑏
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
By Sandwich Theorem, lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 (Proved).
𝑛→∞

(25) Define monotone increasing sequence with examples.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called monotone increasing if 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 𝑥3 ≤ − − −
i.e., 𝑥𝑛+1 ≥ 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Example: -
(i) If 𝑥𝑛 = 2, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone increasing sequence.
(ii) if 𝑥𝑛 = 2𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone increasing sequence.

(26) Define strictly monotone increasing sequence with examples.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called strictly monotone increasing if
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 < 𝑥3 < − − − − 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 −−−−−−

Example:- (i) If 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a strictly monotone increasing sequence.

(27) Define monotone decreasing sequence with examples.

Answer: - A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called monotone decreasing if
𝑥1 ≥ 𝑥2 ≥ 𝑥3 ≥ − − − − 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥𝑛+1 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1
Example:- (i) If 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone decreasing sequence.
(ii) If 𝑥𝑛 = 3, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone decreasing sequence.

(28) Define strictly monotone decreasing sequence with example.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a strictly monotone decreasing sequence if
𝑥1 > 𝑥2 > 𝑥3 > − − − − 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥𝑛+1 < 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
−−−−−− 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥1
 1
Example: If 𝑥𝑛 = 2𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a strictly monotone decreasing sequence.

(29) Define monotone sequence.

Answer: - A sequence is called monotone if it is either monotone increasing or monotone
decreasing.
A sequence is called strictly monotone if it is either strictly monotone increasing or strictly
monotone decreasing.

(30) Define Arithmetic sequence with example.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called arithmetic sequence if all the terms of {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 are in
arithmetic progression, i.e., 𝑥1 = 𝑎, for some 𝑎 ∈ ℝ and for some 𝑑 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛−1 +
𝑑, ∀𝑛 ≥ 2.
Example:- {2,9,16,23,30, − − − − −} = {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 where 𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛−1 + 7, , ∀𝑛 ≥ 2 is
the arithmetic sequence.

(31) Define Geometric sequence with example.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called geometric sequence if all the terms of {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 are in
geometric progression.
For some 𝑎, 𝑟 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
3 3 3
Example:- {2 , 22 , 23 , − − − −} = {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is the geometric sequence, where 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 , ∀𝑛 ∈
3 1
ℕ with 𝑎 = 2 , 𝑟 = 2.

(32) Define Fibonacci sequence.

Answer:- A sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called Fibonacci sequence if 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 1 and 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛−1 +
𝑥𝑛, ∀𝑛 ≥ 2.
Then the Fibonacci sequence is {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, − − − − − − −}

(33) Define Harmonic Sequence.

Answer: - The sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is called harmonic sequence
1 1 1 1
if 𝑥𝑛 = {𝑛} i.e., {1, 2 , 3 , − − − − −, 𝑛 , − − − − −} is called the harmonic sequence.
𝑛

(34) Prove that every monotone increasing sequence if bounded above then it is
convergent and converges to least upper bound. [C.U. – 2000, 04]
Proof:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a monotone increasing sequence, bounded above and let M be its least
upper bound.
To show: ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑀| < 𝜀
 i.e., 𝑀 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑀 + 𝜀
𝑥𝐾
Now since 𝑀 = 𝑆𝑢𝑝{𝑥𝑛 }𝑛
𝑀−𝜀 𝑀
Then (i) ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑀
(ii) ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑥𝐾 > 𝑀 − 𝜀
Since, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone increasing sequence
Then for any 𝜀 > 0, 𝑀 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝐾 ≤ 𝑥𝐾+1 ≤ 𝑥𝐾+2 ≤ − − −−≤ 𝑀 < 𝑀 + 𝜀
i.e., ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑀 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑀 + 𝜀
So, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑀 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑀 + 𝜀, as required.

(35) Prove that every monotone decreasing sequence if bounded below then it is
converged and converges to the greatest lower bound.
Proof:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be a monotone decreasing sequence, bounded below and let m be its greatest
lower bound.
To show, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑚| < 𝜀
⟹ 𝑚 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑚 + 𝜀
Since 𝑚 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓{𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 𝑥𝐾
Then (i) ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 𝑚
(ii) ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑥𝐾 < 𝑚 + 𝜀 𝑚 𝑚+𝜀
Since {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone decreasing sequence
Then for any 𝜀 > 0, 𝑚 ≤ − − − − −≤ 𝑥𝐾+2 ≤ 𝑥𝐾+1 ≤ 𝑥𝐾 < 𝑚 + 𝜀
i.e., 𝑚 − 𝜀 < 𝑚 ≤ − − −−< 𝑥𝐾+2 ≤ 𝑥𝐾+1 ≤ 𝑥𝐾 < 𝑚 + 𝜀
i.e., ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑚 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑚 + 𝜀
So, ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝑚 − 𝜀 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑚 + 𝜀, as required.
Note: These two above theorems are known as monotone convergence Theorem.

(36) State and prove Cantor Intersection Theorem or Nested Interval theorem.
[C.U. 97, 03, 09, 11]
Answer: -
Statement- Let {𝐼𝑛 }𝑛 be a sequence of closed and bounded intervals where 𝐼𝑛 = [𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ] such
that (i) 𝐼𝑛+1 ⊆ 𝐼𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
And (ii) lim 𝛿𝑛 = 0 , where 𝛿𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞
∞
Then ⋂𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 contains only one point.
st
Proof: 1 part - To show: ∃𝑙 ∈ ℝ, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 .
Since 𝐼𝑛+1 ⊆ 𝐼𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
i.e., [𝑎𝑛+1 , 𝑏𝑛+1 ] ⊆ [𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ], ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ − − − − −⊆ [𝑎3 , 𝑏3 ] ⊆ [𝑎2 , 𝑏2 ] ⊆ [𝑎1 , 𝑏1 ]
 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛+1 𝑏𝑛+1 𝑏𝑛 𝑏2 𝑏1

Therefore, 𝑎1 ≤ 𝑎2 ≤ − − − − − ≤ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ − − −−≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ − − − − −≤ 𝑏2 ≤ 𝑏1
This shows that the sequence {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing, bounded above by 𝑏1 and the
sequence {𝑏𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone decreasing, bounded below by 𝑎1 .
By monotone Convergence Theorem, both the sequences are convergent.
Let lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙1 , lim 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Since lim (𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 ) = 0 ⟹ lim 𝑏𝑛 = lim 𝑎𝑛 ⟹ 𝑙2 = 𝑙1 = 𝑙 (Say)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
∴ 𝑙 is the least upper bound of {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛 as well as the greatest lower bound {𝑏𝑛 }𝑛 .
So, 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 and 𝑏𝑛 ≥ 𝑙, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ⟹ 𝑙 ∈ [𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ], ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑙 ∈ ⋂∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛
2nd Part: -
To show 𝑙 is the only one point in ⋂∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛
If possible, we let 𝑙′ be another point in ⋂∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 other than 𝑙, where 𝑙 < 𝑙′

𝑎𝑛 𝑙 𝑙′ 𝑏𝑛
′
Thus, 𝑙, 𝑙 ∈ [𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ], ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
So, 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑙 < 𝑙 ′ ≤ 𝑏𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑙 ′ − 𝑙 > 0
A contradiction, ∵ 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞
This proves the theorem.

(37) State the Nested Interval Theorem regarding a sequence of closed and bounded
intervals in ℝ . Is the result true if the sequence of bounded closed intervals is
replaced by a sequence of bounded open intervals?
Also is the result true if the sequence of bounded closed intervals is replaced by a
sequence of unbounded closed intervals?
Answer: - 1st Part: From (36)
2nd Part: A nested sequence of open and bounded intervals {𝐼𝑛 }𝑛 may not be non-empty.
1
For example, let 𝐼𝑛 = (0, 𝑛) , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝐼𝑛 }𝑛 is a nested sequence of bounded open
intervals, since 𝐼𝑛+1 ⊆ 𝐼𝑛 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Here ⋂∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 = ∅
3rd Part: A nested sequence of unbounded closed intervals {𝐼𝑛 } also may not be non-empty.
For example, let 𝐼𝑛 = [𝑛, ∞), ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ . Then {𝐼𝑛 }𝑛 is a nested sequence of unbounded closed
intervals, since 𝐼𝑛+1 ⊆ 𝐼𝑛 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Here ⋂∞
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 = ∅.

(38) State and prove Cauchy’s First Limit Theorem.

Statement:- Let {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 be a sequence and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒍 ∈ ℝ. Then prove that
𝒏→∞
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 +−−− +𝒙𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍.
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
Proof: -
Case 1:- Let 𝑙 = 0
Given that lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
i.e., , ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾1 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 , |𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀⁄2 …………….(1)
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +−−− +𝑥𝑛
Let 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛
To show: lim 𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
i.e., , ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑚 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, |𝑦𝑛 | < 𝜀
Since {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent and every convergent sequence is bounded. Then ∃𝑀 > 0 such that
∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, |𝑥𝑛 | ≤ 𝑀 …………….(2)
|𝑥1 +𝑥2 +−−− +𝑥𝑛 |
Now, |𝑦𝑛 | = 𝑛
|𝑥1 +𝑥2 +−−− +𝑥𝐾1 −1 | |𝑥𝐾1 +𝑥𝐾1 +1 +−−− +𝑥𝑛 |
≤ +
𝑛 𝑛
|𝑥1 |+|𝑥2 |+−−−−− +|𝑥𝐾1 −1 | |𝑥𝐾1 |+|𝑥𝐾1 +1 |+−−−−− +|𝑥𝑛 |
≤ +
𝑛 𝑛
(𝐾1 −1)𝑀 (𝑛−𝐾1 +1)𝜀
< + , ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 from (1) and (2)
𝑛 2𝑛
𝑀𝐾1 𝜀
< + 2 , ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾1 ..……………(3)
𝑛
1 𝑀𝐾1 𝜀
Since lim = 0; ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾2 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝐾2 , <2 …………….(4)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
Take any 𝜀 > 0 ,
∃𝑚 = max{𝐾1 , 𝐾2 } > 0,
𝑀𝐾1 𝜀
∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, |𝑦𝑛 | < +2 from (3)
𝑛
𝜀 𝜀
<2+2 from (4)
= 𝜀 , as required.
Case 2 – let 𝑙 ≠ 0 and 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑙
Since lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙. Then lim 𝑦𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑦1 +𝑦2 + −−−−+𝑦𝑛
By case 1, lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
(𝑥1 −𝑙)+(𝑥2 −𝑙)+ −−−− +(𝑥𝑛 −𝑙)
⟹ lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑥1 +𝑥2 + −−−− +𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑙
⟹ lim ( − 𝑛) = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
 𝑥1 +𝑥2 + −−−− +𝑥𝑛
⟹ lim = 𝑙 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
(39) Let {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 be a real sequence such that 𝒙𝒏 > 𝟎 for all 𝒏 ∈ ℕ and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍(≠ 𝟎).
𝒏→∞ 𝒙𝒏
𝟏
Then prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒍. (Cauchy’s 2nd limit theorem)
𝒏
𝒏→∞
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥𝑛
Proof:- Let 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥 , 𝑦3 = 𝑥3 , − − −−, 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 ,− − −
1 2 𝑛−1

Then 𝑦𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and lim 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑙 > 0.

𝑛→∞
By Cauchy’s First Limit Theorem,
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑦1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦2 + − − − − +𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑛
lim = log 𝑒 𝑙
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1
⟹ lim log(𝑦1 𝑦2 − − − −𝑦𝑛 ) = log 𝑒 𝑙
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1
⟹ lim (𝑦1 𝑦2 − − − −𝑦𝑛 )𝑛 = 𝑙
𝑛→∞
1
⟹ lim 𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙 (Proved)
𝑛→∞

𝟏
(40) Show that 𝒏𝒏 converges to 1. [C. U. – 04, 08]
1 1
𝑛
Answer: - Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 ⟹ 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑥𝑛+1 𝑛+1
and lim = lim =1>0
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 1
𝑥𝑛+1
By Cauchy’s 2 Limit Theorem, lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim
nd 𝑛
i.e. lim 𝑛𝑛 = 1 (Proved).
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞
Alternative Method: -
1
Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 − 1, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ …………..(1)
To show: lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
Here 𝑥𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 > 1.
1
So from (1), 𝑛𝑛 = 1 + 𝑥𝑛
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)
⟹ 𝑛 = (1𝑥𝑛 ) = 1 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥𝑛2 + − − − − +𝑥𝑛2 > 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥𝑛2 = 𝑥𝑛2
2
𝑛−1 2
⟹1> 𝑥𝑛2 ⟹ 𝑥𝑛2 < 𝑛−1 , for all 𝑛 > 1
2
2
Since 𝑛−1 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞ .
Then 𝑥𝑛2 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞ i.e., 𝑥𝑛 → 0 as n→ ∞
So, lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0 , as required.
𝑛→∞
𝟏
(𝒏!)𝒏 𝟏
(41) Prove that =𝒆
𝒏
 1 1
𝑛 (𝑛!)𝑛 𝑛!
Answer:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = . Then 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 (𝑛+1)! 𝑛𝑛 (𝑛+1)∙𝑛! 𝑛𝑛 1 1
And lim = lim (𝑛+1)𝑛+1
∙ = lim = lim 𝑛 =𝑒>0
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛! 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+1)𝑛 𝑛! 𝑛→∞ (1+ 1 )
𝑛
1
𝑥𝑛+1 1
By Cauchy’s 2nd Limit Theorem, lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim 𝑛
=𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛
1
(𝑛!)𝑛 1
∴ lim = 𝑒 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝟏
[(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)−−−−(𝟐𝒏)]𝒏 𝟒
(42) Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝒆
𝒏→∞ 𝒏
1 1
𝑛 [(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)−−−−(2𝑛)]𝑛
Answer:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)−−−−(2𝑛)
Then 𝑥𝑛 = > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 (𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)−−−−(2𝑛+2).𝑛𝑛
∴ lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)𝑛+1 .(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)−−−−(2𝑛)
1
(2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2).𝑛𝑛 2(2+ )
𝑛 2.2 4
= lim = lim 𝑛 = =𝑒>0
𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+1)𝑛 (𝑛+1) 𝑛→∞ (1+ 1 )(1+ 1 ) 1.𝑒
𝑛 𝑛

Then by Cauchy’s 2nd limit theorem,

1
𝑥𝑛+1 4
lim 𝑥𝑛𝑛 = lim = 𝑒 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛

𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝟕
(43) Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 [(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐) − − − − − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝒏)]𝒏 = 𝟒𝒆
𝒏→∞
1 1
𝑛 [(2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)−−−−−(2𝑛+𝑛)]𝑛
Proof:- Let 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛
(2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)−−−−−(2𝑛+𝑛)
Then 𝑥𝑛 = > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑛 +1 [2(𝑛+1)+1][2(𝑛+1)+2]−−−−[3(𝑛+1)].𝑛𝑛
Then lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)𝑛+1 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)−−−−−−(3𝑛)
(2𝑛+3)(2𝑛+4)−−−−3𝑛(3𝑛+1)(3𝑛+2)(3𝑛+3).𝑛𝑛
= lim
𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+1)𝑛+1 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)−−−−−−(3𝑛)
(3𝑛+1)(3𝑛+2)3(𝑛+1).𝑛𝑛
= lim
𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)(𝑛+1)𝑛+1 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)
1 2
3(3+ )(3+ )
𝑛 𝑛
= lim 𝑛
𝑛→∞ (1+ 1 ) (2+ 1 )(2+ 2 )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
3.3.3 27
= 𝑒.2.2 = 4𝑒 > 0
Then by Cauchy’s 2nd limit theorem,
1
𝑛 𝑥𝑛+1 27
lim 𝑥𝑛 = lim = 4𝑒 (Proved)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(44) Prove that the sequence {𝐱 𝐧 }𝐧 where 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝟏! + 𝟐! + − − − + 𝒏! is convergent.
 1 1 1
Answer:- Here 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 1! + 2! + − − − + 𝑛!
1 1 1 1 1 1
Then 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 = (1 + 1! + − − − + 𝑛! + (𝑛+1)!) − (1 + 1! + 2! + − − − + 𝑛!)
1
= (𝑛+1)! > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {xn }n is a monotone increasing sequence.
1 1 1
Again 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 1! + 2! + − − − + 𝑛!
1 1 1
< 1 + (1 + 2 + 22 − − − + 2𝑛−1 ), since 𝑛! > 2𝑛−1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 3
1 𝑛
1−( ) 1
2
=1+ 1 , In the above bracket it is a G. P. With 1 its first term and its common
1− 2
2

ratio.
1 1 𝑛−1
Thus 𝑥𝑛 < 1 + 2[1 − (2)𝑛 ] < 3 − (2) < 3, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {xn }n is bounded above by 3.
Also, {xn }n is convergent, by monotone convergence theorem.

𝟏
(45) Show that the sequence {𝐱 𝐧 }𝐧 defined by 𝒙𝒏 = (𝟏 + 𝒏)𝒏 is convergent.
1
Answer:- Here 𝑥𝑛 = (1 + 𝑛)𝑛
By the Binomial Theorem,
1 1 1 1
𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛2 + 𝑛𝐶3 𝑛3 + − − − − +𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛 1 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 1 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 1 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 2.1 1
= 1+ . + . 2+ . 3+− −− + . 𝑛
1! 𝑛 2! 𝑛 3! 𝑛 𝑛! 𝑛
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
= 1 + 1 + 2! (1 − 𝑛) + 3! (1 − 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛) + − − − − − + 𝑛! (1 − 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ (1 −
𝑛−1
) ………………..(1)
𝑛
Replacing n by (n+1) in (1), we get
1 1 1 1 2 1
𝑥𝑛+1 = 1 + 1 + 2! (1 − 𝑛+1) + 3! (1 − 𝑛+1) (1 − 𝑛+1) + − − − − − + (𝑛+1)! (1 −
1 2 𝑛
) (1 − 𝑛+1) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ (1 − 𝑛+1) …………………(2)
𝑛+1
Now, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 + 1 > 𝑛
1 1 1 1
⟹ < ⟹− >−
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑖 𝑖
⟹ − 𝑛+1 > − 𝑛 , for any 𝑖 ∈ ℕ
𝑖 𝑖
⟹ 1 − 𝑛+1 > 1 − 𝑛 , for any 𝑖 ∈ ℕ …………........(3)
From (1), (2) and (3), we see that
𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing
To show: {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded above
1 1 1 1 2 𝑛−1
Again 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 1 + 2! (1 − 𝑛) + − − − − − + 𝑛! (1 − 𝑛) (1 − 𝑛) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ (1 − )
𝑛
1 1 1
≤ 1 + 1 + 2! + 3! + − − − − − + 𝑛!
1 1 1
≤ 1 + (1 + 2 + 22 + − − − − − + 2𝑛−1 ), since 𝑛! > 2𝑛−1 , ∀𝑛 ≥ 3
1
which is a G. P. with 1 its first term and 2 its common ratio.
1 𝑛
1−( )
2 1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
=1+ 1 = 1 + 2 [1 − (2) ] = 3 − (2) < 3, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1−
2

∴ 𝑥𝑛 < 3, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded above by 3
By Monotone Convergence theorem, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent.

(46) Show that a monotone increasing sequence of real numbers is convergent if the
sequence is bounded above. Hence prove that the sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 where 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟏 +
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝟑𝟐 + − − − − + 𝒏𝟐 .
𝟐𝟐
Answer: - 1st Part – See question no. 34.
2nd Part –
1 1 1
Here 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 22 + 32 + − − − − + 𝑛2
To show:- {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing.
1 1 1 1
Now 𝑥𝑛+1 = 1 + 22 + 32 + − − − − + 𝑛2 + (𝑛+1)2
1
So, 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 = (𝑛+1)2 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing.
To show: {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded above
Take any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, let m be the least positive integer such that 2𝑚 ≥ 𝑛.
1 1 1 1
Then 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + 22 + 32 + 42 + − − − − − + 𝑛2
1 1 1 1 1
≤ 1 + 22 + 32 + 42 + − − − − − + 𝑛2 + − − − − + (2𝑚 )2
1 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 22 + (32 + 42 ) + − − − − − + [(2𝑚−1 +1)2 + − − − − + (2𝑚 )2 ]
1 1 1 1 1
< 1 + 22 + (22 + 22 ) + − − − − − + [(2𝑚−1 )2 + − − − − + (2𝑚−1 )2 ]
1 2 4 2𝑚−1
= 1 + 22 + 22 + 42 + − − − − + (2𝑚−1 )2
5 1 1 1
= 4 + (2 + 22 + − − − − + 2𝑚−1 )
 1 𝑚−1
5 1 1−(2) 5 1 𝑚−1 9
=4+2 1 = 4 + 1 − (2) ≤4
1−
2
9
∴ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛 < 4
9
{𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded above by .
4
By Monotone Convergence Theorem, the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent.

(47) If 𝒙𝟏 = √𝟔 , 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = √𝒙𝒏 + 𝟔, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ . Show that {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 is monotone increasing

and convergent. [C. U. – 04]
Answer:- Shall show by induction on n that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 .
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑥2 = √𝑥1 + 6 = √√6 + 6 > √6 = 𝑥1
Assume the result is true for 𝑛 = 1,2, − − − − − , 𝑚 − 1 ……………..(1)
To show: the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚
Now from (1)
𝑥𝑚 > 𝑥𝑚−1 ⟹ 𝑥𝑚 + 6 > 𝑥𝑚−1 + 6
⟹ √𝑥𝑚 + 6 > √𝑥𝑚−1 + 6
⟹ 𝑥𝑚+1 > 𝑥𝑚 it is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚
By principle of mathematical induction, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛
So, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone increasing sequence.
2
Again, 𝑥𝑛2 < 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + 6, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑥𝑛2 − 𝑥𝑛 − 6 < 0
⟹ (𝑥𝑛 − 3)(𝑥𝑛 + 2) < 0
⟹ 𝑥𝑛 − 3 < 0, [∵ 𝑥𝑛 > 0 , 𝑥𝑛 + 2 > 0]
⟹ 𝑥𝑛 < 3, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded by above 3.
Then {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent, by Monotone Convergence Theorem.
2
Let lim 𝑥𝑛+1 = lim (𝑥𝑛 + 6)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
2 2
⟹ 𝑙 = 𝑙 + 6 ⟹ 𝑙 − 𝑙 − 6 = 0 ⟹ (𝑙 − 3)(𝑙 + 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑙 = −2 𝑜𝑟 3
Now {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is increasing sequence with 𝑥1 > 0.
Then 𝑙 ≮ 0. Hence the required limit is 3.

(48) Let the sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 of real numbers be defined by the recurrence relation
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 (𝟐 − 𝒙𝒏 ), ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ and 𝟎 < 𝒙𝟏 < 𝟏. Show that the sequence is
convergent. Find the limit of the sequence. [C.U. – 96, 09]
Answer: - Shall show by induction on n that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 0 < 𝑥𝑛 < 1 .
For 𝑛 = 1, it is given.
We assume that the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚.
i.e., 0 < 𝑥𝑚 < 1
To show: 0 < 𝑥𝑚+1 < 1
Now applying 𝐴. 𝑀 > 𝐺. 𝑀 on two distinct positive real numbers 𝑥𝑚 , 2 − 𝑥𝑚 .
𝑥𝑚 +(2−𝑥𝑚 )
Then > √𝑥𝑚 (2 − 𝑥𝑚 ) > 0 ⟹ 0 < √𝑥𝑚 (2 − 𝑥𝑚 ) < 1 ⟹ 0 < 𝑥𝑚+1 < 1
2
So, the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 1 .
∴ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 0 < 𝑥𝑛 < 1 , by Principle of Mathematical Induction.
Also 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 (2 − 𝑥𝑛 ) − 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛2 = 𝑥𝑛 (1 − 𝑥𝑛 ) > 0, since 0 < 𝑥𝑛 < 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
⟹ 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ .
This shows that {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is a monotone increasing sequence bounded above by 1.
So, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent, by Monotone Convergence Theorem.
Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
Taking limit of both sides of the recurrence relation, we have
lim 𝑥𝑛+1 = lim 𝑥𝑛 (2 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
⟹ 𝑙 = 𝑙(2 − 𝑙) ⟹ 𝑙 2 − 𝑙 = 0 ⟹ 𝑙(𝑙 − 1) ⟹ 𝑙 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
Now {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is an increasing sequence with 𝑥1 > 0 .
So, 𝑙 ≠ 0. Hence the required limit is 1.

(49) A sequence {𝒂𝒏 }𝒏 is defined as follows: 𝟎 < 𝒂𝟏 < 𝟏 and (𝟐 − 𝒂𝒏 )𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟏, ∀𝒏 ∈

ℕ. Show that {𝒂𝒏 }𝒏 converges to 1.
1 1−2𝑎1 +𝑎12 (1−𝑎1 )2
Answer: - Here 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 2−𝑎 − 𝑎1 = = > 0, since 0 < 𝑎1 < 1
1 2−𝑎1 2−𝑎1

⟹ 1 < 2 − 𝑎1 < 2
⟹ 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 > 0
⟹ 𝑎2 > 𝑎1
1 1−2+𝑎1 1 𝑎 −1
Also 𝑎2 − 1 = −1= = 2−𝑎 < 0 since 0 < 𝑎1 < 1 ⟹ 1 < 2 − 𝑎1 < 2
2−𝑎1 2−𝑎1 1

⟹ 𝑎2 − 1 < 0 ⟹ 𝑎2 < 1
Let for some 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑎𝑚 < 1 and 𝑎𝑚+1 > 𝑎𝑚
1 1−2+𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚 −1
So, 𝑎𝑚+1 − 1 = −1= = < 0, since 𝑎𝑚 < 1 ⟹ 2 − 𝑎𝑚 > 1
2−𝑎𝑚 2−𝑎𝑚 2−𝑎𝑚

⟹ 𝑎𝑚+1 − 1 < 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑚+1 < 1

So the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 1
Again, 𝑎𝑚+2 − 𝑎𝑚+1
1 2
1−2𝑎𝑚+1 +𝑎𝑚+1 (1−𝑎𝑚+1 )2
= 2−𝑎 − 𝑎𝑚+1 = = > 0, since 0 < 𝑎𝑚+1 < 1
𝑚+1 2−𝑎𝑚+1 2−𝑎𝑚+1

⟹ 𝑎𝑚+2 − 𝑎𝑚+1 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑚+2 > 𝑎𝑚+1

By principle of induction, {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing bounded above by 1.
Then the sequence is convergent, by Monotone Convergence Theorem.
Let lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
Taking limit of both sides of the recurrence relation,
We get
lim (2 − 𝑎𝑛 )𝑎𝑛+1 = lim (1)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
2
⟹ (2 − 𝑙)𝑙 = 1 ⟹ 𝑙 − 2𝑙 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑙 = 1,1
Then {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛 converges to 1.

(50) 𝒙𝟏 ≥ 𝟐 and 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏 = √𝒙𝒏 − 𝟏, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Prove that the sequence {𝒙}𝒏 is

monotone decreasing sequence and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟐.
𝒏→∞
Answer: - Here 𝑥1 ≥ 2
Then 𝑥2 − 1 = √𝑥1 − 1 ≥ √2 − 1 = 1 [∵ 𝑥1 ≥ 2]
⟹ 𝑥2 ≥ 2
Let 𝑥𝐾 ≥ 2 for some 𝐾 ∈ ℕ
Then 𝑥𝐾+1 − 1 = √𝑥𝑘 − 1 ≥ √2 − 1 = 1[∵ 𝑥1 ≥ 2]
⟹ 𝑥𝐾+1 ≥ 2
So, by the principle of mathematical induction; 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 2, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Put 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, − − − in the given condition 𝑥𝑛+1 − 1 = √𝑥𝑛 − 1
Then 𝑥2 − 1 = √𝑥1 − 1 ≤ 𝑥1 − 1, since 𝑥1 − 1 ≥ 1 [From given conditions]
⟹ 𝑥2 ≤ 𝑥1
And 𝑥3 − 1 = √𝑥2 − 1 ≤ 𝑥2 − 1, since 𝑥2 − 1 ≥ 1
⟹ 𝑥3 ≤ 𝑥2 and so on.
Therefore − − − − − − −≤ 𝑥3 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 𝑥1
So, the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone decreasing bounded below by 2. Hence the sequence {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛
is convergent, by Monotone Convergence theorem.
Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
Taking limit of both sides of the recurrence relation,
Let lim (𝑥𝑛+1 − 1) = lim √𝑥𝑛 − 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

⟹ 𝑙 − 1 = √𝑙 − 1 ⟹ (𝑙 − 1)2 = 𝑙 − 1 ⟹ (𝑙 − 1)(𝑙 − 1 − 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑙 = 2 [∵ 𝑙 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 2, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ]
∴ lim 𝑥𝑛 = 2 (Proved)
𝑛→∞

(51) Prove that the sequence √𝟕, √𝟕 + √𝟕, √𝟕 + √𝟕 + √𝟕, − − − − − converges to the
positive root of the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 . [C. U. – 93,04]
Answer:- Let {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 be the sequence, where 𝑥1 = √7 and 𝑥𝑛+1 = √7 + 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
Shall show by mathematical induction on n that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑥2 = √𝑥1 + 7 = √7 + √7 > √7 = 𝑥1
Assume the result is true for 𝑛 = 1, 2, − − − − −, 𝑚
Now, 𝑥𝑚+1 > 𝑥𝑚
⟹ 𝑥𝑚+1 + 7 > 𝑥𝑚 + 7
⟹ √𝑥𝑚+1 + 7 > √𝑥𝑚 + 7
⟹ 𝑥𝑚+2 > 𝑥𝑚+1
∴ the results is true for 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 1
∴ by principle of mathematical induction:∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛
So, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing.
2
Again, 𝑥𝑛2 < 𝑥𝑛+1 = 7 + 𝑥𝑛
⟹ 𝑥𝑛2 − 𝑥 2 − 7 < 0
⟹ (𝑥𝑛 − 𝛼)(𝑥𝑛 − 𝛽) < 0 [Here 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 0, since 𝛼𝛽 =
−7, Then one root is positive, another is negative let 𝛼 > 0, 𝛽 < 0 ]
⟹ 𝑥𝑛 − 𝛼 < 0; [Since 𝛽 < 0 ⟹ −𝛽 > 0 ⟹ 𝑥𝑛 − 𝛽 > 0, ∵ 𝑥𝑛 > 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ]
So 𝑥𝑛 < 𝛼, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is bounded above by 𝛼.
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent, by Monotone Convergence theorem.
Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
Taking limit of both sides of the recurrence relation
2
We have lim 𝑥𝑛+1 = lim (𝑥𝑛 + 7)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
2 2
⟹𝑙 =𝑙+7⟹𝑙 −𝑙−7=0
⟹ (𝑙−∝)(𝑙 − 𝛽) = 0 [Since 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 0]
⟹ 𝑙 =∝, 𝛽 where ∝> 0, 𝛽 < 0
Since {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing with 𝑥1 > 0
Then 𝑙 ≮ 0. Hence the required limit is ∝.
∴ The given sequence converges to the positive root of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 0. (Proved)
(52) Discuss the convergence of the sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 ,
𝒂𝒃𝟐 +𝒙𝟐𝒏
where 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = √ , 𝒃 > 𝒂 > 𝟎, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒂. [C. U. – 2010]
𝒂+𝟏
𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥12 𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥12 −𝑎𝑥12 −𝑥12 𝑎(𝑏 2 −𝑥12 )
Answer:- Here 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 = − 𝑥12 = = > 0.
𝑎+1 𝑎+1 𝑎+1
[Since 𝑏 > 𝑎 = 𝑥1 > 0]
⟹ 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 >0
⟹ 𝑥2 > 𝑥1
𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥12 𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥12 −𝑎𝑏 2 −𝑏2 𝑥12 −𝑏2
And 𝑥22 − 𝑏 2 = − 𝑏2 = = < 0, since 𝑎 = 𝑥1 < 𝑏
𝑎+1 𝑎+1 𝑎+1
⟹ 𝑥2 < 𝑏
We assume that for some 𝑚 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥𝑚 < 𝑏 and 𝑥𝑚+1 > 𝑥𝑚
 2 𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥𝑚
2 𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥𝑚
2 −𝑎𝑏 2 −𝑏2 2 −𝑏 2
𝑥𝑚
Now, 𝑥𝑚+1 − 𝑏2 = − 𝑏2 = = < 0, since 𝑥𝑚 < 𝑏
𝑎+1 𝑎+1 𝑎+1
⟹ 𝑥𝑚+1 < 𝑏
2
𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥𝑚+1
2 2 2
Also, 𝑥𝑚+2 − 𝑥𝑚+1 = − 𝑥𝑚+1
𝑎+1
2
𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑥𝑚+1 2
−𝑎𝑥𝑚+1 2
−𝑥𝑚+1 2
𝑎(𝑏 2 −𝑥𝑚+1 )
= = > 0 , since 𝑥𝑚+1 < 𝑏.
𝑎+1 𝑎+1
By principle of Mathematical Induction, 𝑥𝑛+1 > 𝑥𝑛 , ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑏, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
So, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing bounded above by b.
By Monotone Convergence Theorem, {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is convergent.
Let lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑙 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞
Taking limit of both sides of the recurrence relation, we get
2
𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑥𝑛2
lim 𝑥𝑛+1 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑎 + 1
𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑙2
⟹ 𝑙2 = ⟹ 𝑎𝑙 2 + 𝑙 2 = 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑙 2 ⟹ 𝑎(𝑙 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0 ⟹ 𝑙 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0, since 𝑎 > 0
𝑎+1
∴ 𝑙 = −𝑏, 𝑏
Since {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 is monotone increasing with 𝑥1 = 𝑎 > 0.
Then 𝑙 ≠ −𝑏, so 𝑙 = 𝑏
∴ {𝑥𝑛 }𝑛 converges to b.

(53) Some properties: Let {𝒂𝒏 }𝒏 and {𝒃𝒏 }𝒏 be two convergent sequences where
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 ∈ ℝ and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒏 = 𝒃 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
(i) lim (𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑎 ± 𝑏, (ii) if 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, lim (𝑐𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑐𝑎
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(iii) lim (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑎𝑏, (iv) lim √𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎 , provided 𝑎 ≥ 0 and 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑎𝑛 𝑎
(v) lim ( 𝑏 ) = 𝑏 , provided 𝑏𝑛 ≠ 0, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑏 ≠ 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
 SEQUENCE-I
Exercise-
𝟏
(1) Let {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 be a sequence in ℝ such that |𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 | < 𝒏𝟐 , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ . Show that the
sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 is convergent. [JAM-2012]
(2) A sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 is defined by 𝒙𝒏 = √𝟐𝒙𝒏−𝟏 , 𝒏 > 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟏 = √𝟐 . Show that the
sequence is monotonically increasing and bounded above. Find the limit of {𝒙𝒏 } .
[C. U. – 99]
𝟏 ∝
(3) Prove that the sequence {𝒙𝒏 }𝒏 defined by 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟐 (𝒙𝒏 + 𝒙 ), ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 with ∝> 𝟎 and
𝒏

𝒙𝟏 ≥ √∝ is a convergent sequence. Find the limit.

𝟑 𝟏
(4) Let {𝒂𝒏 } be a sequence defined as 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐 , 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟐 − 𝒂 , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 . Show that {𝒂𝒏 } is
𝒏

monotonic, bounded and converges to 1.

𝒂 𝟏
(5) Let 𝟎 < 𝒂 ≤ 𝟏, 𝑺𝟏 = 𝟐 and for 𝒏 ∈ ℕ , let 𝑺𝒏+𝟏 = 𝟐 (𝑺𝟐𝒏 + 𝒂). Show that the sequence
{𝑺𝒏 } is convergent and find its limit. [JAM - 2013]
𝟏
(6) For a fixed 𝜷 ∈ (𝟎, 𝟏) , defined 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏 [𝒏𝜷] + 𝒏𝟐 𝜷𝒏 for all 𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Show that the
sequence {𝒂𝒏 } converges to 𝜷. [JAM – 2012]

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

𝒏
(1) Let 𝒂𝒏 = ∑𝒏𝑲=𝟏 𝒏𝟐 +𝑲 for 𝒏 ∈ ℕ . Then the sequence {𝒂𝒏 } is: [JAM-2011]
(a) Convergent (b) Bounded but not convergent
(c) Neither bounded nor diverges to ∞ . (d) Diverges to ∞.

(2) Let {𝒙𝒏 } be the sequence {√𝟏, −√𝟏, √𝟐, −√𝟐, √𝟑, −√𝟑, − − − −}.
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 + −− +𝒙𝒏
If 𝒚𝒏 = for all 𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Then the sequence {𝒚𝒏 } is :
𝒏
(a) monotonic, (b) not bounded,
(c) bounded but not convergent, (d) convergent
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
(3) Let 𝒙𝒏 = [(𝟏 − 𝟑) (𝟏 − 𝟔) (𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎) − − − − (𝟏 − 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)] , ∀𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 . Then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒏 is:
𝒏→∞
1 1 1
(a) 3, (b) 9, (c) 81, (d) 0 [JAM-2013]
𝟏
(4) Let 𝒙𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝒏 )) , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ . Then the sequence {𝒙𝒏 } : [JAM-2014]
(a) does not converge, (b) Converges to 0,
1 1
(c) converges to 2, (d) converges to 4.
𝟏 𝟏
(5) Let 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏 and 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒏!)𝒏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 be two sequences of real numbers:
(a) {𝑥𝑛 } converges, but {𝑦𝑛 } does not converge, (b) both {𝑥𝑛 }, {𝑦𝑛 } converge
 (c) {𝑦𝑛 } converges, but {𝑥𝑛 } does not converge, (d) neither {𝑥𝑛 } nor {𝑦𝑛 } converges
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(6) The sequence 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐 + (𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 + − − − − + (𝟐𝒏)𝟐 :
1
(a) converges to 0 (b) converges to 2
1
(c) converges to 4 (d) does not converge.
(7) Let {𝒙𝒏 } be a sequence of real numbers such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒄, where c is a
𝒏→∞
𝒙
positive real number. Then the sequence { 𝒏𝒏 }: [JAM-2014]
(a) is not bounded, (b) is bounded but not convergent,
(c) converges to c, (d) converges to 0
𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
(8) The sequence {𝐜𝐨𝐬 [𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (− 𝟐) ]} is: [JAM-2015]
(a) monotone and convergent, (b) monotone but not convergent,
(c) convergent but not monotone, (d) neither monotone nor convergent
(9) Let {𝒂𝒏 }𝒏 be a sequence of positive real numbers satisfying
𝟒 𝟑 𝒂𝟑
= 𝒂 + 𝟖𝟏𝒏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏. Then all the terms of the sequence lie in: [JAM-2016]
𝒂𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
1 3
(a) [2 , 2], (b) [0, 1] (c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 3]
∝⁄
(10) Let {𝒃𝒏 } be a sequence of real numbers, where 𝒃𝑲 = 𝑲 𝑲, 𝑲 ≥ 𝟏, ∝> 𝟎.
𝟏
Then, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − − − − − 𝒃𝒏 )𝒏 is:
𝒏→∞
1
(a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 2, (d) -1
𝒃𝒏+𝟏
(11) Let 𝒂𝒏 = , where 𝒃𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒃𝒏+𝟐 = 𝒃𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 , ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ. [JAM-2018]
𝒃𝒏

Then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒏 is :
𝒏→∞
1−√5 1−√3 1+√3 1+√5
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d)
𝑛2 2 2 2
(−𝟏)𝒏
(12) Let 𝑺𝒏 = 𝟏 + , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ. The sequence {𝑺𝒏 } is: [JAM-2020]
𝒏
(a) Monotonically increasing and is convergent to 1.
(b) Monotonically decreasing and is convergent to 1.
(c) Neither monotonically increasing nor decreasing but is convergent to 1.
(d) Divergent
𝒂𝒏+𝟏
(13) Let {𝒂𝒏 } be a sequence of positive real numbers. Suppose that 𝒍 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 . Which of
𝒏→∞ 𝒂𝒏
the following is true?
(a) if 𝑙 = 1 , then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1 (b) if 𝑙 = 1 , then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(c) if 𝑙 < 1 , then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1 (d) if 𝑙 < 1 , then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(14) Let {𝒙𝒏 } be a convergent sequence of real numbers. If 𝒙𝟏 > 𝝅 + √𝟐 and

 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝝅 + √𝒙𝒏 − 𝝅 for 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏. Then which one of the following is the limit of the
sequence? [JAM-2015]
(a) 𝜋 + 1 (b) 𝜋 + √2 (c) 𝜋 (d) 𝜋 + √𝜋
𝒂𝒏 +𝒃𝒏
(15) Let 𝟎 < 𝒂𝟏 < 𝒃𝟏 . For 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, define 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = √𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏 and 𝒃𝒏+𝟏 = . Then which one
𝟐
of the following is not TRUE? [JAM-2017]
(a) Both {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } converge, but the limits are not equal
(b) Both {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } converge and the limits are equal
(c) {𝑏𝑛 } is a decreasing sequence,
(d) {𝑎𝑛 } is an increasing sequence.
(16) If {𝒙𝒏 } is a convergent sequence in ℝ and {𝒚𝒏 } is a bounded sequence in ℝ, then we
can conclude that [NET – 2018(June)]
(a) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } is convergent
(b) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } is bounded
(c) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } has no convergent subsequence
(d) {𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 } has no bounded subsequence
𝟏
(17) The sequence {𝒂𝒏 } of real numbers, where 𝟎 < 𝒂𝒏 < 𝟏 and 𝒂𝒏 (+𝒂𝒏+𝟏 ) > 𝟒 for all
𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, − − − − converges to
1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTIONS (MSQ)

𝟑
(1) Let {𝒙𝒏 } be a sequence of positive real numbers satisfying 𝟐𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐𝒏 + 𝟒 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏 . If
𝟑
∝ and 𝜷 are the roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 and ∝< 𝒙𝟏 < 𝜷. Then which
of the following statement(s) is(are) TRUE? – [JAM-2016]
(a) {𝑥𝑛 } is monotonically decreasing, (b) {𝑥𝑛 } is monotonically increasing,
(c) lim 𝑥𝑛 =∝ (d) lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝛽
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(2) Let {𝐱 𝐧 } be a real sequence such that 𝟕𝐱 𝐧+𝟏 = 𝐱 𝐧𝟑 + 𝟔 for 𝐧 ≥ 𝟏. Then which of the
following statements are true? [JAM-2017]
1 1
(a) If 𝑥1 = 2, then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to 1 (b) If 𝑥1 = 2, then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to 1
3 3
(c) If 𝑥1 = 2, then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to 1 (d) If 𝑥1 = 2, then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to -3

𝒙𝒏−𝟏 +𝒙𝒏+𝟐
(3) Let 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏 for 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑 and define 𝒙𝒏 = . Which of the following is/are
𝟐
TRUE? [NET-2016(June)]
1
(a) {𝑥𝑛 } is a monotone sequence, (b) lim 𝑥𝑛 = 2
𝑛→∞
2
(c) {𝑥𝑛 } is a Cauchy sequence, (d) lim 𝑥𝑛 = 3
𝑛→∞
(4) Let {𝒂𝒏 } be the sequence of real numbers such that 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏 and 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒂𝟐𝒏 for
all 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏. Then [JAM – 2019]
1
(a) 𝑎4 = 𝑎1 (1 + 𝑎1 )(1 + 𝑎2 )(1 + 𝑎3 ) (b) lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
1
(c) lim = 1, (d) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞

𝟏+𝑺𝟐
(5) Define 𝑺𝟏 =∝> 𝟎 and 𝑺𝒏+𝟏 = √ 𝟏+∝𝒏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏. Which of the following is TRUE?
[JAM – 2020]
1 1
(a) If 𝑆𝑛2 < ∝, then 𝑆𝑛 is monotonically increasing and lim 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛→∞ √∝
1 1
(b) If 𝑆𝑛2 < ∝, then 𝑆𝑛 is monotonically decreasing and lim 𝑆𝑛 = ∝
𝑛→∞
1 1
(c) If 𝑆𝑛2 < ∝, then 𝑆𝑛 is monotonically decreasing and lim 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛→∞ √∝
1 1
(d) If 𝑆𝑛2 < ∝, then 𝑆𝑛 is monotonically increasing and lim 𝑆𝑛 = ∝
𝑛→∞
(6) Which of the following condition(s) implies (imply) the convergence of a sequence
{𝒙𝒏 } of real numbers – [JAM-2015]
(a) Given 𝜀 > 0, there exists an 𝑛0 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 , |𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀
1
(b) Given 𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑛0 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 , (𝑛+1)2 |𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀
(c) Given 𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑛0 ∈ ℕ such that ∀𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 , (𝑛 + 1)2 |𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀
(d) Given 𝜀 > 0, ∃𝑛0 ∈ ℕ such that ∀ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ with 𝑚 > 𝑛 ≥ 𝑛0 , |𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑛 | < 𝜀
(𝒏 )
(7) For 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ ℕ, consider the sequence 𝒅𝒏 = (𝒏𝒂) for 𝒏 > 𝒂, 𝒃. Which of the following
𝒃

statements are TRUE? [NET – 2017 (June)]

(a) {𝑑𝑛 } converges, ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ (b) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 < 𝑏
(c) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 = 𝑏 (d) {𝑑𝑛 } converges if 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝟏 𝟏
(8) Given that 𝒂(𝒏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝒏 , 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏) , 𝒄(𝒏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒏𝟐 , which of the following
statements are TRUE? [NET – 2018(June)]
(a) 𝑎(𝑛) > 𝑐(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
(b) 𝑏(𝑛) > 𝑐(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
(c) 𝑏(𝑛) > 𝑛 for all sufficiently large 𝑛
(d) 𝑎(𝑛) > 𝑏(𝑛) for all sufficiently large 𝑛
𝒙
(9) Suppose that {𝒙𝒏 } is a sequence of positive reals. Let 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟏+𝒙𝒏 . Then which of the
𝒏

following are TRUE? [NET – 2019(June)]

(a) {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent if {𝑦𝑛 } is convergent
(b) {𝑦𝑛 } is convergent if {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent
(c) {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded if {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded
(d) {𝑥𝑛 } is bounded if {𝑦𝑛 } is bounded
(10) Which of the following is true about sequences?
 𝑥
(a) If {𝑥𝑛 } is convergent and {𝑦𝑛 } is divergent, then {𝑦𝑛} is convergent and converges to
𝑛

non-zero number.
(b) If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are null sequences and {𝑏𝑛 } is strictly monotone decreasing sequence,
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛+1 −𝑎𝑛
then lim = lim only when the limit on the R.H.S exists finitely.
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛+1 −𝑏𝑛
(c) If {𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛 } is null sequence, then either both {𝑥𝑛 } and {𝑦𝑛 } diverge or both converge
to the same limit
(d) None of these