Derivatives

Submitted To: Ma’m Sapna Makhdoom

Submitted By:
•Irum GulBahar 02
•Hajrah Majeed 14
•Humera Yousaf 19
•Amna Ayub 21
Topic: Derivatives
Session: 2013-17
Department: Mathematics
Mirpur University Of Science & Technology
(MUST)
 • Dedication:
We dedicate this project named “ Derivatives”
to our parents and Family members.
 • Abstract
In this project we have discussed about
Derivatives such as Definition , History, Real
life applications, and Application of
derivatives in different sciences.
 • Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to thank Allah almighty
for making this project possible for us. Then
special thanks to Ma’m Sapna Makhdoom for
helping us in completing this project
Contents:

1. Definition of Derivative
2. History
3. Real life Applications
4. Applications in Sciences
Definition of Derivative:
1. The Derivative is the exact rate at
which one quantity changes with respect
to another.
2. Geometrically, the derivative is the
slope of curve at the point on the curve.
3. The derivative is often called the
“instantaneous “ rate of change.
4. The derivative of a function represents
an infinitely small change the function
with respect to one of its variables.
• The Process of finding the derivative is called
“differentiation.”
History:
• Modern differentiation and derivatives are usually cradited to “Isaac
Newton” and “Gottfried Leibniz”.
• They developed the fundamental theorem of calculus in the 17th
century. This related differentiation and integration in ways which
revolutionized the methods for computing areas and volumes.
• However , Newton’s work would not have been possible without the
efforts of Isaac Borrow who began early development of the derivative in
the 16th century.
Real life Applications of
Derivatives
Automobiles
• In an automobile there is always an odometer and a
speedometer. These two gauges work in tandem and
allow the driver to determine his speed and his
distance that he has traveled. Electronic versions of
these gauges simply use derivatives to transform the
data sent to the electronic motherboard from the tires
to miles per Hour(MPH) and distance(KM).
Radar Guns
• Keeping with the automobile theme from the previous slide ,
all police officers who use radar guns are actually taking
advantage of the easy use of derivatives. When a radar gun is
pointed and fired at your care on the highway. The gun is able
to determine the time and distance at which the radar was able
to hit a certain section of your vehicle. With the use of
derivative it is able to calculate the speed at which the car was
going and also report the distance that the car was from the
radar gun.
Business
• In the business world there are many applications for
derivatives. One of the most important application is
when the data has been charted on graph or data table
such as excel. Once it has been input, the data can be
graphed and with the applications of derivatives you
can estimate the profit and loss point for certain
ventures.
Graphs:
• The most common application of derivative is to analyze
graphs of data that can be calculated from many different
fields. Using derivative one is able to calculate the gradient at
any point of a graph.
Applications of Derivatives in Various
fields/Sciences:
Such as in:
– Physics
– Biology
– Economics
– Chemistry
– Mathematics
– Others(Psychology,
sociology & geology)
Derivatives in Physics
• In physics, the derivative of the
displacement of a moving body with
respect to time is the velocity of the
body, and the derivative of velocity
W.R.T time is acceleration.
• Newton’s second law of motion states
that the derivative of the momentum
of a body equals the force applied to
the body.
Derivatives in Biology
• Population growth is another instance of
the derivative used in the sciences.
• Suppose n=f(t) is the number of
individuals in some animal or plant
population at time t. the change in the
population size between time t1 and t2
∆n=f(t2)-f(t1).
• The average rate of growth is then is:
Average rate of growth is = (∆n/
∆t)=(f(t2)-f(t1))/(t2-t1)
• The instantaneous rate of growth is the
derivative of the function n with respect
to t, i.e.
growth rate=lim(∆t→0) (∆n/ ∆t)=(dn/dt)
Derivatives in Biology:
• The instantaneous rate of change does not make exact
sense in the previous example because the change in
population is not exactly a continuous process.
However, for large population we can approximate
the population function by a smooth(continuous)
curve.
– Example: Suppose that a population of bacteria doubles its
population , n, every hour. Denote by n0 the initial
population i.e. n(0)=n0. In general then,
n(t)=2t no
– Thus the rate of growth of the population at time t is
(dn/dt)=no2tln2
Derivatives in Economics:
• Use of derivatives in Economics is as follows:
• Let x represent the number of units of a certain commodity produced
by some company. Denote by C(x) the cost the company incurs in
producing x units. Then the derivative of C(x) is what’s called the
marginal cost:
Marginal cost =(dC/dx)
• Furthermore, suppose the company knows that if it produces x units,
they can expect the revenue to be R(x),i.e. the revenue is a function of
the number of units produced. Then the derivative of R(x) is what’s
called the marginal revenue.
Marginal revenue= (dR/dx)

• If x units are sold, then total profit is given by the formula:

P(x)=R(x)-C(x)

• The derivative of profit function is the marginal profit:

Marginal profit=(dP/dx)= (dR/dx)-(dC/dx).
Derivatives in Chemistry
• One use of derivatives in chemistry is
when you want to find the
concentration of an element in a
product.
• Derivative is used to calculate rate of
reaction and compressibility in
chemistry.
Derivatives in Mathematics:
The most common use of the derivatives
in Mathematics is to study functions
such as:
• Extreme values of function
• The Mean Value theorem
• Monotonic functions
• Concavity & curve sketching
• Newton’s Method etc.
Connecting Derivatives

Continuity

Estimating Inflection
Graphs Points

Derivatives
Implicit
Motion
Function
Problems
Theorem

Mean
Value Vectors
Theorem
Some other Applications of
Derivatives
• Derivatives are also use to
calculate:
1. Rate of heat flow in Geology.
2. Rate of improvement of
performance in psychology
3. Rate of the spread of a rumor in
sociology.
Conclusion:
• Derivatives are constantly used in
everyday life to help measure how
much something is changing. They're
used by the government in population
censuses, various types of sciences,
and even in economics. Knowing how
to use derivatives, when to use them,
and how to apply them in everyday
life can be a crucial part of any
profession, so learning early is always
a good thing.