TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.

Dzati (PPKEE)

FIRST ORDER ODE

Solve the following equations.

I. Separating the variables

𝑑𝑦
1. y𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 sin 𝑥

𝑦 1 1
Answer: − 2 𝑒 −2𝑦 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
4

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 −1
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
( Ans: y −1= 𝐴𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 1) )

𝑑𝑦
3. (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 = 0 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶(1 + 𝑥 2 )−3 )

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑒 2
4. 𝑒 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥(1 + 𝑒 𝑦 ) = 0 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: =𝐶)
1+𝑥 2

1 1
5. (𝑥 3 − 2)𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶 3 (𝑥 3 − 2)2 )

II. Homogeneous equations

𝑦

1. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥

𝑦 2
= 𝐴𝑥 )
1−( )
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦
2. = ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑥 ) (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥𝐴 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑐
3. (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 2 ) )

III. Non-Homogeneous equations

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥+1
1. = 𝑦+𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥

2. (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ( 𝐴𝑛𝑠: |𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9|5 = 𝐶|𝑦 − 𝑥 + 1|)

 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)

IV. Exact equations

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 4 −2𝑦−3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦3 3 𝑥5
1. = 2𝑥+𝑦 2 +3𝑥 2 𝑦+6 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2𝑥𝑦 + + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 3 5

2. (𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2𝑦 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 𝐶)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥−1 1
3. = 2𝑦−𝑥+2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥𝑦 − 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑦

V. Non-exact equations

1. 𝑦 = (𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑦 ′ (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (−𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 2) = 𝐶)

𝑦 𝑦2
2. (2𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + = 𝐶)
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥4 1
3. (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶)
4

VI. Linear equations

1
𝑑𝑦
1. (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = 1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑒 2 )2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐))

tan 𝑥 𝐴
2. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 + sec 𝐴)

3
3. 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
2
 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)

VII. Bernoulli’s equation

1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1
1. + 1−𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥√𝑦 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: √𝑦 = − 3 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐴(1 − 𝑥 2 )4 )
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑥3 𝑥2
2. 𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)𝑦 3 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 = 2(3 + ) + 𝐴)
𝑦 2

2
3. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 2 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 )

SECOND ORDER ODE

Solve the following differential equations by the method of

A. Undetermined coefficients

6 3
1. 𝑦 ′′ − 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = 30𝑥 + 3 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 5)
1 7
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2)
4

3. 𝑦 ′′ − 8𝑦 ′ + 20𝑦 = 100𝑥 2 − 26𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥) + 5𝑥 2 +

11 12
4𝑥 + 10 + (−2𝑥 − 13) 𝑒 𝑥 )
1 9
4. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 2𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 − 25 −
12
cos 2𝑥 + 25 sin 2𝑥)
2 1
5. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 24𝑦 = 16 − (𝑥 + 2)𝑒 4𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −6𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 4𝑥 − 3 − (20 𝑥 2 +
19
𝑥) 𝑒 4𝑥 )
100

6. 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 35𝑒 −4𝑥 , 𝑦(0) = −3, 𝑦 , (0) = 1

(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−10 cos 𝑥 + 9 sin 𝑥 + 7𝑒 −4𝑥 ))
 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)

B. Variation of Parameters

1
1. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

9𝑥 1
2. 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 4 𝑥𝑒 −3𝑥 (1 − 3𝑥))

1
3. 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 1+𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ))

𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 1 1 1
4. 4𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 2 + 4 𝑒 2 + 8 𝑥 2 𝑒 2 − 4 𝑥𝑒 2 )

5. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 8𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1 1 25 4
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶1 = , 𝐶2 = )
4 9 36 9

C. Operator D

𝑒 5𝑥
1. 𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥) + )
64

1
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 20 (3 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥))

𝑒 2𝑥
3. 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 30
(cos 3𝑥 − 2 sin 3𝑥))

𝑒 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥
4. 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + (3 − + 2))
2 2

𝑥𝑒 4𝑥
5. 𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 4𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝐶1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 + )
8
 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)

D. Solve the given differential equations:

1. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(2 ln 𝑥))

2. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2−√6 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2+√6 )

1 1
3. 25𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos (5 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 (5 ln 𝑥))

1
4. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 10𝑥𝑦 ′ + 8𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −8𝑡 + 30 𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑥 −1 +

1
𝐶2 𝑥 −8 + 30 𝑥 2 )

1 5
5. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑡 + 3 𝑡 + 18 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 +

1 5
𝐶𝑥 𝑥 2 + 3 ln 𝑥 + 18)

4 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑡) + 13 + 10 𝑒 𝑡
6. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 ( 4 3 )
= 𝑥 2 [𝐶1 cos(3 ln 𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(3 ln 𝑥)] + 13 + 10 𝑥
 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)

SOLVING ODE USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM

A. Use the definition of Laplace to find £{𝑓(𝑡)}

4
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = {4,
0,
0≤𝑡<2
𝑡≥2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑠 (𝑒 −2𝑠 − 1), 𝑠 > 0)

1 2
2. 𝑓(𝑡) = {2𝑡+1,
0, 𝑡 ≤1
0 ≤ 𝑡 <1
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑠 (1 − 3𝑒 −𝑠 ) + 𝑠2 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 ), 𝑠 > 0)

𝑒7
3. 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡+7 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: , 𝑠 > 1)
𝑠−1

B. Use table of Laplace to find £{𝑓(𝑡)}

2 16 9
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = −4𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 9 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 4 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 )

1 2 1
2. 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 𝑠 + 𝑠+2)
𝑠−2

2 3
3. 𝑓(𝑡) = 4𝑡 2 − 5 sin 3𝑡 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 𝑠3 − 5 𝑠2 +9)

𝑠 2
4. 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 5𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: + 𝑠2 +4)
𝑠3 +25

2
5. 𝑓(𝑡) = sin 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: )
𝑠2 +16

C. Find £−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} when 𝐹(𝑠) is given by

1 1
1. (𝑠+3)(𝑠+7)
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 (𝑒 −3𝑡 − 𝑒 −7𝑡 ))

𝑠−1 4 1 4
2. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 3 𝑡 − 9 𝑒 −3𝑡 )
𝑠2 (𝑠+3) 9

2𝑠+6
3. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2 cos 2𝑡 + 3 sin 2𝑡)
𝑠2 +4

1 1
4. (64 (4𝑡 − sin 4𝑡))
𝑠2 (𝑠2 +16)

𝑠+8
5. (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑒 −2𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + 6 sin 𝑡))
𝑠2 +4𝑠+5

3𝑠2 −7𝑠+5 1 11
6. (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡 )
2
 TUTORIAL: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Dr.Dzati (PPKEE)
5𝑠−7 1
7. (𝑠+3)(𝑠2 +2)
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: −2𝑒 −3𝑡 + 2 cos(√2 𝑡) − √2 sin(√2 𝑡))

𝑠−1 1 3
8. (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)(𝑠−4)
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑒 3𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −4𝑡 )

3𝑠 3 1
9. (𝑠−1)(𝑠2 −4)
(𝐴𝑛𝑠: −𝑒 𝑡 + 2 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 )

D. Use the Laplace transform to solve the given initial value problem

𝑑𝑦
1. − 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦(0) = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = −1 + 𝑒 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

1 19
2. 𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 10 𝑒 4𝑡 + 10 𝑒 −6𝑡 )

4 1
3. 𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 3 𝑒 −𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −4𝑡 )

5 3
4. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ = 6𝑒 3𝑡 − 3𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 , (0) = −1 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑒 3𝑡 − 5 𝑒 −𝑡 +

11
𝑒 4𝑡 )
10

5. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = √2 sin √2 𝑡 𝑦(0) = 10, 𝑦 ′ = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠 𝑦 = 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡 −

√2 sin √2 𝑡)

1
6. 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 4 cos 2𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 , (0) = 2, (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 25 (12𝑒 −𝑡 + 30𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 −

12 cos 2𝑡 − 16 sin 2𝑡))

7 4
7. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 −4𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1, (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = − 5 𝑒 𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 +

1
𝑒 −4𝑡 )
15

13 1
8. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 5𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 12 𝑒 𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 +

1
𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 2𝑡 − 3 sin 2𝑡))
4