In qualitative research, the researcher acts as the main research instrument, unlike in quantitative research. Qualitative research aims for trustworthiness rather than reliability and validity. Lincoln and Guba proposed criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel quantitative criteria. Dependability involves showing data changes over time and is addressed through triangulation, stepwise replication, and code-recode procedures. Confirmability means findings are based on participants' responses rather than researcher bias, and is achieved through inquiry audits and maintaining an audit trail with raw data, notes, transcripts and journals.
In qualitative research, the researcher acts as the main research instrument, unlike in quantitative research. Qualitative research aims for trustworthiness rather than reliability and validity. Lincoln and Guba proposed criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel quantitative criteria. Dependability involves showing data changes over time and is addressed through triangulation, stepwise replication, and code-recode procedures. Confirmability means findings are based on participants' responses rather than researcher bias, and is achieved through inquiry audits and maintaining an audit trail with raw data, notes, transcripts and journals.
In qualitative research, the researcher acts as the main research instrument, unlike in quantitative research. Qualitative research aims for trustworthiness rather than reliability and validity. Lincoln and Guba proposed criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel quantitative criteria. Dependability involves showing data changes over time and is addressed through triangulation, stepwise replication, and code-recode procedures. Confirmability means findings are based on participants' responses rather than researcher bias, and is achieved through inquiry audits and maintaining an audit trail with raw data, notes, transcripts and journals.
In qualitative research, the researcher acts as the main research instrument, unlike in quantitative research. Qualitative research aims for trustworthiness rather than reliability and validity. Lincoln and Guba proposed criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel quantitative criteria. Dependability involves showing data changes over time and is addressed through triangulation, stepwise replication, and code-recode procedures. Confirmability means findings are based on participants' responses rather than researcher bias, and is achieved through inquiry audits and maintaining an audit trail with raw data, notes, transcripts and journals.
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Slide 1-2: In qualitative research, the researcher is the main research instrument. This is different in quantitative research.
No common vocabulary exists.
-Goodness
-Truth Value
-Validity and rigor
Trustworthiness and Integrity (Qualitative) Reliability and Validity (Quantitative)
Slide 3-5:
The issues of quality in qualitative research cannot be addressed by a single or constant
method. It, however, may be judged through various perspectives such as “credibility,” “dependability,” “confirmability,” “ethics” and so forth. In a qualitative research, researchers often engage with flexible realities where the subjective views of respondents may shape the research frame and the whole process of an inquiry.
As a result, creation and recreation of multiple realities may be frequent based on the field situations where researchers may not come up with a quality research outcome by only using a single, predetermined way.
Slide 6-7:
Lincoln and Guba (1985) refined the concept of trust- worthiness by introducing the criteria of credibility, transfer- ability, dependability, and confirmability to parallel the conventional quantitative assessment criteria of validity and reliability.
-Often considered the “gold standard” and are widely cited.
Slide 7-9:
A third perspective on trustworthiness offered by Lincoln and Guba (1985)
is dependability, or the trust in trustworthy.
Slide 8:
Dependability (Reliability)
Confirmability (Neutrality)
Slide 9:
Dependability
Slide 10:
Definition of Dependability
Slide 11:
Caution
Slide 12-13:
Strategies
Triangulation Dependability could also be improved by means of triangulation to make sure that the weak points of one approach to data collection are reimbursed by the use of alternate data-gathering methods. You can improve stability over time by repetitive observation of the same event and re-questioning people about key issues. Norman Denzin identified four basic types of triangulation:
(1) data triangulation: the use of multiple data sources in a single study;
(2) investigator triangulation: the use of multiple investigators/researchers to study a particular
phenomenon;
(3) theory triangulation: the use of multiple perspectives to interpret the results of a study; and
(4) methodological triangulation: the use of multiple methods to conduct a study.
Step wise Replication Approach
This approach should be included in the design of a qualitative research to improve dependability. Two research teams deal individually with data which have been split, and the results are contrasted. Stepwise replication entails a number of researchers who can be divided into a pair of teams to carry out separate inquiries with a view to comparing data in addition to findings.
A crucial factor in undertaking stepwise replication is that communication among teams and team members is vital. There should be a provision for communication on a regular basis and at preset points in the research process. Code-recode Procedure A researcher should conduct a code-recode procedure on his data throughout the analysis phase of the study. After coding a section of data, the investigator needs to wait at least two weeks and then return and recode the same data and evaluate the results. Slide 14:
Confirmability-Objectivity
-Neutrality
Slide 15:
Definition of Confirmability
Confirmability involves establishing that the findings are based on participants’ responses instead the researcher’s own preconceptions and biases.
Slide 16:
How to achieve?
There must be a way to confirm the data gathered.
Slide 17:
Inquiry audit
An inquiry audit involves having a researcher outside of the data collection and data analysis examine the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the results of the research study. This is done to confirm the accuracy of the findings and to ensure the findings are supported by the data collected.
Audit Trail
An audit trail is a qualitative strategy to establish the confirmability of a research study’s findings. Audit trails are an in-depth approach to illustrating that the findings are based on the participants’ narratives and involve describing how you collected and analyzed the data in a transparent manner. Parts of an audit trail may include examples of the coding process (presented in a table), descriptions of how you worked from individual codes to themes, and rationale for what codes were clustered together to form the basis of a theme.
An audit trail provides readers with evidence of the decisions made by the researcher regarding theoretical and methodological issues throughout the study, which requires a clear rationale for such decisions. Study and findings are auditable when another researcher can clearly follow the decision trail.
Keeping records of the raw data, field notes, transcripts and reflexive journal can help researchers systematize, relate, and cross reference data, as well as reporting of the research process are all means of creating a clear audit trail.
