Module 13
Module 13
Module 13 B2
7 studiers today 4.5 (2 reviews)
3. Pushing the left rudder a) yaws the aircraft left and possibly the right wing
pedal will rise
a) yaws the aircraft left and
possibly the right wing will rise
b) yaws the aircraft left and
possibly the left wing will rise
c) yaws the aircraft left but has
no effect on the
Combine
4. What preventative c) Shielding of all sensitive equipment
Embed
maintenance can be carried
out in case
Report
of HIRF?
a) Check of aircraft structure..
b) Bonding and insulation tests
c) Shielding of all sensitive
equipment
9. What does a trim tab do? a) Eases control loading for pilot
a) Eases control loading for
pilot
b) Allows the C of G to be
outside the normal limit
c) Provides finer control
movements by the pilot
column
31. A full operational autopilot c) the aircraft will continue its automatic landing in
system will ensure that the event
a) the automatic pilot will of a single failure
automatically disengage
whenever
any failure is detected
b) the automatic pilot will
automatically cause the
aircraft to
overshoot if any failure is
detected
c) the aircraft will continue its
automatic landing in the event
of a single failure
38. The International Civil c) operation down to and along the surface of the
Aviation Organization weather runway
category with RVR of 200 meters
3A is
a) operation down to and
along the surface of the
runway
without external reference
b) operation down to sixty
meters and RVR of 800 meters
c) operation down to and
along the surface of the
runway
with RVR of 200 meters
39. Runway visual range in c) one set of instruments the threshold of the
(RVR) is obtained by runway
a) information obtained the
local Meteorological Office
b) three sets of instruments at
the side of the runway
c) one set of instruments the
threshold of the runway
42. In a triplex system, the b) the failed system and carry on with an auto land
detection of a failure of one
simplex
system will disconnect
a) all channels
b) the failed system and carry
on with an auto land
c) the failed system and
continue with a manual
approach
46. To carry out an autopilot b) ensure all control surfaces are unobstructed
check first
a) switch off all power
b) ensure all control surfaces
are unobstructed
c) switch on NAV receivers
47. FAIL PASSIVE means b) system self monitors, failure does affect system
a) system self monitors, failure
does not affect system
b) system self monitors, failure
does affect system
c) system is duplicated, failure
allows aircraft to continue
auto-land
49. VOR capture can be a) a predetermined level of the course error signal
determined by away
a) a predetermined level of from the selected radial
the course error signal away
from the selected radial
b) is computed from the
vectorial summation of the
course
error and radio deviation
signals
c) a predetermined level of
the VOR deviation signal away
from the selected radial
53. Synchronization circuits in b) that the autopilot control circuits are at zero
autopilots ensure demand
a) that the trim indicators will conditions engagement
read zero prior to
engagement
b) that the autopilot control
circuits are at zero demand
conditions engagement
c) that the aircraft will always
be returned to straight and
level flight when the autopilot
is engaged
57. To know the valid data b) call up the relevant page on the CDU
base on the FMS
a) perform a BITE check
b) call up the relevant page on
the CDU
c) call up the relevant current
status
60. A GCR will trip if what is c) Over current and over frequency
detected?
a) Under frequency and over
frequency
b) Over frequency and under
current
c) Over current and over
frequency
63. In a vibrator type voltage a) the resistor is in series with the field
regulator
a) the resistor is in series with
the field
b) parallel with the field
c) in series with the voltage
coil
65. If a section of the c) the aircraft is allowed to fly back to base where
emergency floor proximity the
lights are defect can be fixed
inoperative
a) the aircraft cannot fly i.e.
grounded until the defect
is fixed
b) the aircraft can fly but the
section with the problem is
not used/shut off
c) the aircraft is allowed to fly
back to base where the
defect can be fixed
67. When changing the a) with the generator fitted to the aircraft
brushes on a DC generator
the brushes
must be bedded first, this can
be done
a) with the generator fitted to
the aircraft
b) the generator taken off the
aircraft and bedding done on
the bench
c) at the manufacturers only
71. An elevator tab moves a) to counteract for the aircraft flying nose heavy
down
a) to counteract for the aircraft
flying nose heavy
b) to make the nose go down
c) to counteract for the aircraft
flying tail heavy
72. The electrolyte in a Ni-cad a) one cell at a time until all cells are completed
battery can be checked by
checking
a) one cell at a time until all
cells are completed
b) only the end cell as all the
others will be the same
c) any single cell as all the
others will be the same
74. In a fly by wire system, b) LVDTs for roll and pitch control surfaces
pitch and roll control positions
are
known by using
a) LVDTs for roll control
surfaces and RVDTs for pitch
control surfaces
b) LVDTs for roll and pitch
control surfaces
c) RVDTs for roll and pitch
control surfaces
75. In a CMC aircraft, flight c) the engine indicating and crew alert system
deck indications and warnings (EICAS)
are
managed and provided by
a) the central warning
computer (CWC)
b) the electronic interface
units (EIU)
c) the engine indicating and
crew alert system (EICAS)
77. What is the purpose of the b)To hold the stabilizers and tail rotor
tail cone in helicopters?
a) To provide a balance for C.
of G.
b)To hold the stabilizers and
tail rotor
c) To provide vibration
damping to the tail rotor
81. A full authority Digital b) electronic engine control unit and all its sensors
Engine Control System
(FADEC)
consists of
a) electronic engine control
unit only
b) electronic engine control
unit and all its sensors
c) electronic engine control
unit and throttle position
transmitter
82. A FADEC system does not c) Automatic control of engine fire extinguishers
have the following system?
a) An automatic starting
capability
b) Control of thrust reverser
operation
c) Automatic control of engine
fire extinguishers
83. Which is the correct b) Localizer capture, glide slope capture, attitude
sequence for an auto-land? hold
a) Glide slope capture, and flare
altitude hold and flare
b) Localizer capture, glide
slope capture, attitude hold
and flare
c) Localizer capture, glide
slope capture, flare and
attitude
hold
85. The ICAO weather c) operation down to and along the surface of the
category 3A is runway
a) operation down to and with RVR of 200m
along the surface of the
runway
without external reference
b) operation down to 60 m
and 800 m
c) operation down to and
along the surface of the
runway
with RVR of 200m
87. The facility performance a) where the aeroplane receives the first glide path
ILS intersect height is the point signal
a) where the aeroplane
receives the first glide path
signal
b) the localizer and glide path
signals cross each other
c) where the aeroplanes first
receives both the localizer
and
glide path signals
93. Overshoot or go-around b) at any time after auto-land has been engaged
mode can be initiated
a) only when the autopilot is
engaged
b) at any time after auto-land
has been engaged
c) at any time
99. Purpose of an auto-land c) point the aircraft down the runway at touch
de-crabbing maneuver is to down
a) assist with localizer tracking
b) assist with glide slope
tracking
c) point the aircraft down the
runway at touch down
100. An auto-land failure c) the aircraft will continue its automatic landing in
monitoring system must the
ensure that event of single failure
a) the automatic pilot will
automatically disengage
whenever any failure is
detected
b) the automatic pilot will
automatically cause the
aircraft
to overshoot if any failure is
detected
c) the aircraft will continue its
automatic landing in the
event of single failure
109. A fail passive system in the b) produce no significant out of trim condition
event of failure will
a) produce a significant out of
trim condition
b) produce no significant out
of trim condition
c) ensure the aircraft can still
land automatically
111. The two parameters used c) decision height and runway visual range
for category classification are
a) radio height/runway visual
range
b) localizer and glide slope
c) decision height and runway
visual range
114. The definition of fail b) continue to control after any first fault
operational is the ability of a
system to
a) disconnect and leave the
aircraft in trim
b) continue to control after
any first fault
c) disconnect but leave the
aircraft out of trim
123. In the ATA zoning where is b) at the lower section of the cabin up to the
section 100 in on an aircraft pressure
a) in the undercarriage bay bulkhead
including the doors
b) at the lower section of the
cabin up to the pressure
bulkhead
c) at the rear of the fuselage
behind the bulkhead
138. When downgrading an b) An entry in the log book and cockpit placarding
Auto-land system what needs
to be done?
a) Placards in the cockpit
b) An entry in the log book
and cockpit placarding
c) Crew retraining
139. If a drain trap in a pitot b) a leak test must be carried out even if nothing
static system is removed but found
nothing
was found
a) no leak test is required
unless the drain trap contains
water
b) a leak test must be carried
out even if nothing found
c) a leak test is never required
146. Stall warning will be given a) that are higher than stall speed
at speeds
a) that are higher than stall
speed
b) that are lower than stall
speed
c) at the actual stall speed
149. FADEC system gets its b) channel A and B from separate windings of a
power supply from dedicated
a) channel A and B from the Generator
same windings of a dedicated
Generator
b) channel A and B from
separate windings of a
dedicated
Generator
c) emergency Batt. bus
169. The Doppler VOR beacon a) amplitude modulates the carrier frequency
reference signal
a) amplitude modulates the
carrier frequency
b) amplitude modulates the
sub carrier frequency
c) frequency modulates the
sub carrier frequency
171. A CSD is monitored for b) high temperature and low oil pressure
a) low temperature and high
oil pressure
b) high temperature and low
oil pressure
c) high temperature and high
oil pressure
180. With engine stopped, EPR b) You would change the Tx as the datum is shifted
indicator reads slightly above
1.
a) This is normal
b) You would change the Tx as
the datum is shifted
c) You would adjust the Tx
186. When the captain calls a) a high/low chime and pink light comes on
attendant
a) a high/low chime and pink
light comes on
b) a low chime and blue light
comes on
c) a high chime and pink light
comes on
192. When moving the control a) sensors located under the control column
column produces
a) sensors located under the a signal
control column produces
a signal
b) sensor located along the
control run produces
a signal
c) sensor in the AFCS
computer produces a signal
196. What is the maximum limit a) 85 degrees in pitch and 360 degrees in roll
of the artificial horizon?
a) 85 degrees in pitch and 360
degrees in roll
b) 360 degrees in pitch and
roll
c) 85 degrees pitch and 110
degrees in roll
203. Align light flashes during a) A fault has occurred and system needs to be
alignment turned off
a) A fault has occurred and
system needs to be turned off
b) It is attracting operators
attention
c) It is indicating progress of
alignment
204. During decent with b) lift, drag, thrust and weight are acting on the
power on in a helicopter helicopter
a) lift, drag and thrust are
acting on the helicopter
b) lift, drag, thrust and weight
are acting on the helicopter
c) lift, weight and thrust are
acting on the helicopter
221. What is the minimum c) 0.5 Megohm or 100,000 ohm/sq.ft. surface area
resistance between all isolated which ever
electrostatic conducting parts is less
which may be subjected to
appreciable charge and main
earth system
a) 0.5 ohm
b) 1 ohm
c) 0.5 Megohm or 100,000
ohm/sq.ft. surface area which
ever
is less
232. If two aircraft decide to a) The one with the higher address
issue the same RA for a
potential
conflict, which aircraft
changes the decision?
a) The one with the higher
address
b) The one with the smaller
address
c) Neither changes the
decision
239. In an FDS, the attitude a) to protect the attitude gyro in case of failure of
gyro is coupled with the FD FD computer
computer
by means of transformer
coupling. The purpose of this
arrangement is
a) to protect the attitude gyro
in case of failure of FD
computer
b) to protect FD computer in
case of attitude gyro failure
c) to minimize power losses
243. Helicopter derives its lift a) the blade of the helicopter creates a low
from pressure above it
a) the blade of the helicopter
creates a low pressure above
it
b) rotor acts as a airscrew
c) air is pushed downward
246. If the 'Q' feel in a c) the pilot feels air loads lower than normal
powered control system fails
a) the failed system stops and
it remains in this position
b) the pilot feels air loads
higher than normal
c) the pilot feels air loads
lower than normal
248. When the bank angle limit b) the max roll angle that can be demanded by the
is applied to the autopilot , it autopilot
means
a) the max aileron angle that
can be commanded
b) the max roll angle that can
be demanded by the autopilot
c) maximum rudder deflection
249. Servo tabs b) move in such a way as to help move the control
a) enable the pilot to bring the surface
control surface back to
neutral
b) move in such a way as to
help move the control surface
c) provide artificial feel
250. Spring Tabs b) move in such a way as to help move the control
a) enable the pilot to bring the surface
control surface back to
neutral
b) move in such a way as to
help move the control surface
c) provide artificial feel
261. A helicopter autopilot a) radio altitude for height hold and barometric
uses altitude
a) radio altitude for height for altitude
hold and barometric altitude hold
for altitude
hold
b) barometric altitude for
height hold and radio altitude
for altitude hold
c) barometric altitude for both
height and altitude hold
265. Once the G/S has been a) No other pitch modes are available
captured what other pitch
modes are
available?
a) No other pitch modes are
available
b) Only when the aircraft is
above the glide slope beam
c) All are continuously
available
266. A spring balance control a) can move the control surface on the ground
system you
a) can move the control
surface on the ground
b) can move the control
surface only by moving the
tab
c) cannot move the control
surface on the ground
273. What controls are used in a) Nose wheel steering or rudder pedals
response to PVD display?
a) Nose wheel steering or
rudder pedals
b) Control wheel
c) PVD control unit
278. The audio select panel b) transmit on one channel, listen on multiple other
allows the crew to
a) transmit on one channel,
listen on one
b) transmit on one channel,
listen on multiple other
c) receive on one channel,
transmit on multiple others
280. When substituting the b) the speed of propagation of rad. alt signal
radio altimeter antenna cables,
you should consider
a) power requirements
b) the speed of propagation
of rad. alt signal
c) the diameter of cables
282. Audio select panel voice b) cuts "beeps" from DME signal
switch
a) allows voice ident. of DME
b) cuts "beeps" from DME
signal
c) disables DME voice ident.
288. Fluorescent tubes for the c) high voltage produced by transformer ballast
cabin lighting are powered units
from
a) 115 volts from ac bus
b) 200 volts from ac bus
c) high voltage produced by
transformer ballast units
290. Back beam is captured a) by manually selecting the back beam mode
a) by manually selecting the
back beam mode
b) this automatically trips the L
NAV mode
c) by manually selecting the L
NAV mode
291. With a bonding meter a) the long lead is attached to the aircraft airframe
a) the long lead is attached to and
the aircraft airframe and short lead to item
short lead to item
b) the short lead to the aircraft
airframe and long lead to the
item
c) it does not matter which
lead goes where
305. In MLS, the 12 bit c) 7 bits function and 5 bits time reference and
preamble consists of carrier
a) carrier and 5 bits time
reference and 7 bits
information
b) 5 bits time function and
carrier and 7 bits function
c) 7 bits function and 5 bits
time reference and carrier
308. On localizer approach b) aircraft flies off centre line on pre-set heading
the radio deviation signal is
lost
a) the aircraft flies in a circle
b) aircraft flies off centre line
on pre-set heading
c) aircraft flies heading with
increasing drift angle
313. A triplex system loses one a) pilot can continue with auto-land
channel
a) pilot can continue with
auto-land
b) pilot can use auto approach
c) pilot must make a full
manual approach and land
317. A differential relay in a c) the generator voltages are nearly equal before
twin generator system will they are
cause paralleled
a) only one generator can
supply a bus bar at a time
b) one generator always
comes on line before the
other
c) the generator voltages are
nearly equal before they are
paralleled
322. When paralleling two AC b) it is important that they are in phase, and can be
generators brought on
a) it is important that they are in either ABC or CBA
in phase, and should be
brought
on in sequence ABC
b) it is important that they are
in phase, and can be brought
on
in either ABC or CBA
c) they do not need to be in
phase
323. The neutral shift sensor a) after an auto trim, the elevator is moved to align
ensures that with the
a) after an auto trim, the stabilizer
elevator is moved to align with
the
stabilizer
b) after a mach trim, the
stabilizer is moved to align
with the
elevator
c) after an auto trim, the
stabilizer is moved to align
with the
elevator
341. A DME is in auto stand by b) the DME receives 200 - 300 pulses a second
when
a) the ATC transponder is
transmitting
b) the DME receives 200 - 300
pulses a second
c) the TCAS is transmitting
342. Cat-2 auto-land DH limits a) below 200 feet but not less than 100 ft
are
a) below 200 feet but not less
than 100 ft
b) below 500 feet but not less
than 400 ft.
c) below 300 feet and not less
than 200 ft.
346. During auto-land failure b) all channels will disconnect in dulpex system.
of one channel is detected
a) all channels will disconnect
in triplex system.
b) all channels will disconnect
in dulpex system.
c) all channels will disconnect
in dual-dual system.
352. In series rudder system b) the pilot can input to the system
a) the pilot cannot input to the
system
b) the pilot can input to the
system
c) yaw damping is only
possible signal input
354. In parallel rudder system, b) The rudder pedals move in response to rudder
a) The pilot can input on movement
rudder pedals
b) The rudder pedals move in
response to rudder
movement
c) The rudder pedals are
disconnected
357. If one FMS fails in a duel c) FMS display transfers automatically from
system serviceable
a) system operation will not be computer
affected
b) FMS CDU on fail side goes
blank
c) FMS display transfers
automatically from serviceable
computer
363. A helicopter autopilot a) radio altitude for height hold and barometric
uses altitude
a) radio altitude for height for altitude hold
hold and barometric altitude
for altitude hold
b) barometric altitude for
height hold and radio altitude
for altitude hold
c) barometric altitude for both
height and altitude hold
366. Once the G/S has been a) No other pitch modes are available
captured what other pitch
modes
are available?
a) No other pitch modes are
available
b) Only when the aircraft is
above the glide slope beam
c) All are continuously
available
368. What is the primary a) Provide a structure for mounting the stabilizer
purpose of a helicopter tail and
arm? anti torque rotor
a) Provide a structure for
mounting the stabilizer and
anti torque rotor
b) Acts to help balance the
centre of gravity of the
helicopter
c) Provide directional control
369. With a spring balance a) move the control surface on the ground
control system you can
a) move the control surface on
the ground
b) move the control surface
only by moving the tab
c) not move the control
surface on the ground
377. On a coupled approach a) It will fly straight down the original course but
what happens to the aircraft if will drift
it
looses the localizer signal?
a) It will fly straight down the
original course but will drift
b) It will fly in circles
c) It will fly on the heading the
aircraft was on
382. On a full time Fly-by-wire a) the two elevator surfaces on each side of the
system a nose up command stabilizer to
causes move up
a) the two elevator surfaces
on each side of the stabilizer
to
move up
b) all the elevators on each
wing to move up
c) the two Ailerons on each
wing to move up
386. If a bonding lead is found a) replace with a self manufactured cable of the
to be broken and a spare is same type
unavailable you must but larger
a) replace with a self
manufactured cable of the
same type
but larger
b) defer the defect until
correct spares are available
c) splice the broken lead
395. What is the purpose of a) The voltage activity in the servo amp
the autopilot trim indication?
a) The voltage activity in the
servo amp
b) Trim tab position
c) Control surface position
409. What is jitter used for in a a) To make an installation recognize it's own
DME transmission? transmission
a) To make an installation
recognize it's own transmission
b) To make sure only strong
signals are replied to in a
dense area
c) To make an aircraft
recognize a DME in a quiet
area
414. If a QFE is set at an c) it will probably not need resetting and will read
airfield and flown to another zero
airfield
at the same level above sea
level then
a) it will not need resetting
and will read zero
b) it will display the airfield
height above sea level
c) it will probably not need
resetting and will read zero
444. A 'q' feel system supplies b) The pilot with ever increasing awareness of
a) aerodynamic damping speed
b) The pilot with ever
increasing awareness of speed
c) control movement effort
relief
457. With no.1 HF. system c) does not allow no.2 to transmit or receive
transmitting the interlock
circuit
a) allows no.2 H.F. to receive
only
b) allows no.2 H.F. to transmit
and receive
c) does not allow no.2 to
transmit or receive
474. Battery trays are b) metal with PVC coating and anti corrosive paint
a) metal for earthling
purposes
b) metal with PVC coating and
anti corrosive paint
c) absorbent to soak up
electrolyte
478. In a carbon pile regulator b) in series with the field and changes resistance
the resistive element is with surface
a) in series with the field and area contact
changes resistance with
changing
length
b) in series with the field and
changes resistance with
surface
area contact
c) in parallel with the field and
changes resistance with
changing
length
482. Increasing the real load c) increases output voltage and increases
primarily frequency
a) decreases frequency
b) decreases output voltage
c) increases output voltage
and increases frequency
484. The power factor of an c) real power from the generator that does work
AC generator identifies the
proportion of
a) apparent power from the
generator that does work
b) reactive power from the
generator that does work
c) real power from the
generator that does work
498. The mode S squatter a) trigger the TCAS mode S all call interrogation
pulse will
a) trigger the TCAS mode S all
call interrogation
b) contain the aircraft identity
c) contain the aircraft range
and altitude in
499. When using the GPS b) once the database card has expired the system
a) database card must be will
replaced every 28 days continue to operate with a warning message
b) once the database card has
expired the system will
continue to operate with a
warning message
c) once the database expires
the system will not operate
501. In a CVR system hot mics a) are as selected by the boom/mic switches
a) are as selected by the
boom/mic switches
b) is a term applied to all the
aircrafts mics
c) get their power supply from
the selected Tx via the r/t
switch
503. A laser dither mechanism a) optical backscatter does not cause the contra
ensures that rotating beams to lock together
a) optical backscatter does
not cause the contra
rotating beams to lock
together
b) the contra rotating beams
are synchronized together
c) that the two contra rotating
beams are each at different
frequencies
509. When a compass is in the c) the azimuth gyro is slaved to the annunciator or
slave mode synchronizer
a) the azimuth gyro will circuit
wander uncompensated
b) azimuth gyro will be
corrected by long term
monitoring
of the flux valve
c) the azimuth gyro is slaved
to the annunciator or
synchronizer
circuit
510. Dome lights on the flight b) battery bus bar or ground services
deck are powered by the
a) battery bus bar
b) battery bus bar or ground
services
c) ground services
512. A flux valve becomes c) Remote compass will indicate in one direction
permanently magnetized. only
What will be the
effect?
a) More deviation
b) More variation
c) Remote compass will
indicate in one direction only
515. What are the shapes of b) White squares, red diamonds and amber circles
traffic shown on a TCAS
display ?
a) White diamonds, red
squares and amber circles
b) White squares, red
diamonds and amber circles
c) White circles, red diamonds
and amber squares
517. If voltage and frequency a) Phase sequence detection circuit has operated
of the generator drop to zero
in flight,
it would be an indication that
the
a) Phase sequence detection
circuit has operated
b) CSD drive shaft has sheared
c) bus tie interlock is
inoperative
519. The power factor of an c) real power from the generator that does work
AC generator identifies the
proportion of
a) reactive power from the
generator that does work
b) apparent power from the
generator that does work
c) real power from the
generator that does work
521. Aircraft generators are b) series to the bus-bar, series to the load and the
connected in loads
a) series to the bus-bar, parallel to each other
parallel to the load and the
loads
parallel to each other
b) series to the bus-bar, series
to the load and the loads
parallel to each other
c) parallel to the bus-bar,
series to the load and the
loads
parallel to each other
524. TCAS will issue a traffic c) a collision is within 35-40 seconds of occurring
advisory if
a) aircraft are within 6 nautical
miles laterally and
1200 feet vertically of each
other
b) a collision is within 25-35
seconds of occurring
c) a collision is within 35-40
seconds of occurring
531. A plain flap b) When stowed makes up part of the wing trailing
a) When stowed makes up edge
part of the wing trailing edge upper surface
lower surface
b) When stowed makes up
part of the wing trailing edge
upper surface
c) when deployed increases
the camber of the wing
540. What does a current b) Allow high current to flow for 5 seconds
limiter fuse do?
a) Limit current to a
predetermined level to
prevent circuit
damage
b) Allow high current to flow
for 5 seconds
c) React when the circuit gets
warm
541. When terminating an b) Apply a mixture of 50% petroleum jelly and zinc
aluminum cable, what oxide
preparations would be
carried out before crimping?
a) Just terminate
b) Apply a mixture of 50%
petroleum jelly and zinc oxide
c) Degrease stripped cable
549. When can, the FMS be c) Only with the autopilot engaged
engaged with the auto-
throttle?
a) Before takeoff
b) After takeoff
c) Only with the autopilot
engaged
562. Signals used during the c) Rad. alt and integrated pitch
flare are
a) GS and rad. alt
b) GS and integrated pitch
c) Rad. alt and integrated pitch
563. A single side band c) One half of the high level modulation
transmission is equal to
a) High level modulation
b) Low level modulation
c) One half of the high level
modulation
564. Glide slope gain b) altitude above MSL and radio altitude
programming is based on
a) pressure altitude
b) altitude above MSL and
radio altitude
c) radio altitude
568. What is Track angle? a) The angle, measured clockwise, between true
a) The angle, measured north
clockwise, between true north and the aircraft ground track
and the aircraft ground track
b) The angle, measured
clockwise, between true north
and the aircraft longitudinal
axis
c) The angle between true
heading (HGD) and ground
track