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Notes - Introduction To Euclid's Geometry

This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in an introduction to Euclid's geometry class for 9th grade students. It will cover 1) Euclid's definitions of fundamental geometric concepts like points, lines, and planes, 2) the dimensions of Euclid's elements, and 3) Euclid's common notions or axioms, including seven axioms relating to equality, addition/subtraction of equals, coincidence, parts and wholes, and doubling/halving. Examples are provided for each axiom.

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124 views9 pages

Notes - Introduction To Euclid's Geometry

This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in an introduction to Euclid's geometry class for 9th grade students. It will cover 1) Euclid's definitions of fundamental geometric concepts like points, lines, and planes, 2) the dimensions of Euclid's elements, and 3) Euclid's common notions or axioms, including seven axioms relating to equality, addition/subtraction of equals, coincidence, parts and wholes, and doubling/halving. Examples are provided for each axiom.

Uploaded by

Vedant Tiware
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Notes

Introduction to Euclid’s
Geometry
Grade 09
Topics to be Covered

1. Euclid’s Elements

• 1.1 Euclid’s definitions


• 1.2 Dimensions of Euclid’s
Elements

2. Euclid’s Axioms

• 2.1 Axiom 1
• 2.2 Axiom 2
• 2.3 Axiom 3
• 2.4 Axiom 4
• 2.5 Axiom 5
• 2.6 Axiom 6
• 2.7 Axiom 7
Mind Map

Postulate 1 Postulate 2 Postulate 3 Postulate 4 Postulate 5

Euclid’s Postulates

Definition

Euclid’s
Euclid’s Elements
Geometry

Dimensions

Euclid’s Axioms

Axiom 1 Axiom 7

Axiom 2 Axiom 3 Axiom 4 Axiom 5 Axiom 6


1. Euclid’s Elements

1.1 Euclid’s definitions

Point

A point is that which has no part.

Line

• A line is breadthless length.


• The ends of a line are points.
• A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the
points on itself.

Plane/Surface

• A surface is that which has length and breadth only.


• The edges of a surface are curves or straight lines.
• A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the
straight lines on itself.
1. Euclid’s Elements

1.2 Dimensions of Euclid’s elements

• In going three steps from solids to points


(solids-surfaces-lines-points), we lose one extension,
also called a dimension.

• A point has no dimension.


• A line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one
coordinate is needed to specify a point on it.
• A surface such as a plane has a dimension of two (2D)
because two coordinates are needed to specify a
point on it.
• A solid is three-dimensional (3D) because three
coordinates are needed to locate a point within these
spaces.

Though Euclid defined a point, a line, and a plane,


the definitions are not accepted by mathematicians.
Therefore, these terms are now taken as undefined.
2. Euclid’s Axioms

• Euclid assumed certain properties, which were not to be


proved. These assumptions are actually ‘obvious
universal truths.’

• Common notions (often called axioms) are assumptions


used throughout mathematics which are not specifically
linked to geometry.

• A system of axioms is called consistent if it is impossible


to deduce from these axioms a statement that contradicts
any axiom or previously proved statement.

2.1 Axiom 1

Things which are equal to the same thing are equal


to one another.

Example:
If a = b and c = b
then a = c
2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.2 Axiom 2

If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

Example:
If a = b and c is added on both sides
then a + c = b + c

2.3 Axiom 3

If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are


equal.

Example:
If a = b and c is subtracted from both sides
then a − c = b − c
2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.4 Axiom 4

Things which coincide with one another are equal to


one another.

Example:
𝑎 = 𝑎

2.5 Axiom 5

The whole is greater than the part.

Example:
𝑎
𝑎 >
2
2. Euclid’s Axioms

2.6 Axiom 6

Things which are double of the same things are equal


to one another.

Example:
2𝑎 = 2𝑎

2.7 Axiom 7

Things which are halves of the same things are equal


to one another.

Example:
𝑎 𝑎
=
2 2

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