Homework: Enthalpy

Review Questions Page 291 #1-13

1. When a system consisting of solid calcium chloride. CaCl 2(s), is dissolved in a beaker containing 100mL of water,
the temperature of the solution increases. Is the system gaining or losing thermal energy?
The system is the calcium chloride dissolving. The CaCl 2 loses energy which is transferred to the surroundings (the
water) which is why the temperature increases.

2. How much thermal energy is required to warm 350.0 g of ethanol, C2H5OH(l), from -6.4 ⁰C to 21.7 ⁰C?
Q = mcΔT
Q = (350.0 g)(2.44 J/g ⁰C)(21.7 ⁰C – (6.4 ⁰C))
Q = (350.0 g)(2.44 J/g ⁰C)(28.1 ⁰C)
Q = 23997.4 J
Q = 24 kJ

3. Recall that in the symbol X, A is the mass number, Z is the atomic number, and X is the chemical symbol. Balance
the nuclear equations below with the appropriate nuclear particles (n, e, p)

a. 14 14 0
C He + e
6 7 -1

b. 1 1 0
n p + e
0 1 -1

c. 55 0 55
Fe + e Mn + energy
26 -1 25
4. Ethoxyethane C2H5OC2H5(l), is a solvent that is slightly polar. Table salt, NaCl (s), is an ionic solid. Ethanol, C2H5OH(l),
is moderately polar. Compare the mixing of table salt and ethanol with ethoxyethane. In which compound would
you predict the solute-solvent attractions to be greater? How would this affect the enthalpy of solutions, ΔH
solution? Explain your answers in a few sentences.

Ethoxy Ethane This molecule is only slightly polar so there will

only be a slight attraction between it and the Na +
and Cl- ions. As a result very little energy will be
released from the formation of the ion-dipole
forces

This will be an endothermic reaction

Ethanol The hydroxy group (OH) of ethanol is extremely

polar so there will be a strong attraction between
it and the Na+ and Cl- ions. As a result, more
energy will be released due to the formation of
the ion-dipole forces

This will have a smaller ΔH value (may even be

negative or exothermic)
5. The melting point of O2(s) is -219 ⁰C. Determine the amount of thermal energy that must be removed to
completely freeze 15.0 mol of O2(l) at this temperature.
O2(l) O2(s) + 0.44 kJ * use the table on page 286 to find the ΔH⁰ melt for O2
or
O2(l) O2(s) ΔH = -0.44 kJ

15.0 mol O2 -0.44 kJ Therefore 6.6 kJ of energy must be removed ot

ΔH = x =6.6 kJ
1 mol O2 completely freeze 15 mol of O2

6. A piece of gold having a mass of 15.55 g is warmed to 14.7 ⁰C by the addition of 164.7 J of thermal energy. What
was the initial temperature of the gold?
Q = mcΔt ΔT = Tf - Ti
164.7 J = (15.55 g)(0.129J/g ⁰C) ΔT (82.1⁰C) = (14.7⁰C) - Ti
Δt = 82.1 ⁰C Ti = -67.4

Therefore, the initial temperature of the gold was -67.4 ⁰C.

7. By how much will the temperature of 2.00 kg of air change if it absorbs all of the heat given up when 1.00 kg of
water cools from 40.0 ⁰C to 20.0 ⁰C?

Heat released by the water Heat absorbed by air

Q = mcΔT Q = mcΔT
Q = (1000 g)(4.19 J/g ⁰C)(20.00 ⁰C – 40.00 ⁰C) 83 800 J = (2000 g)(1.01 J/g ⁰C)Δt
Q = - 83 800 J ΔT = 41.5 ⁰C

Therefore, the temperature of the air would increase by 41.5 ⁰C.

8. State the first law of thermodynamics and express the law as an equation.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form.
Esystem = -Esurroundings

10. For each of the processes listed, define a system and state the sign of the enthalpy change for the system. Explain
your reasoning for each answer.
a. Natural gas burning in a furnace
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = -890.8 kJ
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + 890.8 kJ

b. Water boiling
H2O(l) H2O(g) ΔH = 40.7 kJ
H2O(l) + 40.7 kJ H2O(g)

c. Moving from a seated position to a standing position

Seated + energy Standing (ΔH would be positive)

d. Melted wax solidifying

Wax(l) wax(s) + energy (ΔH would be negative)
 e. Hydrogen atoms undergoing nuclear fusion in the Sun
See page 289 in textbook

11. Frost forms on the windshield of a car on a cold winter morning. This frost disappears with no evidence that
liquid water forms. Draw an enthalpy diagram to illustrate the change

H2O(g)

ΔH sub = 7.26 kJ (ΔH⁰melt = ΔH⁰vap)

H2O(s)

12. Refer to Figure 5.8. Explain the significance of the difference in the region between B and C compared with that
between D and E. Use diagrams to support your explanation.
Between B and C all of the energy is being used to break the intermolecular forces (bonds) between water molecules
Notice that ΔH⁰melt = 6.01kJ, so 6.01 kJ of energy is needed to melt 1 mole of water.

Between C and D the heat gained by the water increases the temperature of the water from 0⁰C to 100⁰C.
You can calculate the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 mole of water from 0⁰C to 100⁰C
Q = mcΔt
Q = (18.02 g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(100 ⁰C)
Q = 7.55 kJ
Learning Check Questions Page 295 #7-12

7. The standard molar enthalpy of combustion, ΔH⁰comb, of a hydrocarbon is always a negative value. Is the enthalpy
term included as a reactant or a product in thermochemical equations representing combustion reactions? How
do you know?
The energy term is included as a product, heat is produced during a combustion reaction.

8. For the reaction shown below, which has more potential energy: the reactant or the products? State a reason for
your choice.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 802.5 kJ

The reactants have more potential energy, some of the potential energy is released as heat and light during the
reaction, this released energy is shown in the products

9. When ethane, C2H6(g), undergoes complete combustions to form carbon dioxide and water, the standard molar
enthalpy of combustions, ΔH⁰comb, is -1560.7 kJ/mol. Write the thermochemical equation for the combustion of
ethane.
C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + 1560.7 kJ

or

C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH = -1560.7 kJ

10. Sketch a potential energy diagram for the combustion of cyclopropane, C3H3(g),
C3H3(g) + 9/2 O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH⁰comb = -2091.3 kJ/mol

C 3H3(g) + 9/2 O2(g)

ΔH r = -2091.3 kJ

3CO 2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Notice: There is no x-axis and the y-axis doesn’t have a 0 point. Explain why.

11. The complete combustions of benzoic acid, C7H6O2(s), is represented by the equation shown below
2C7H6O2(s) + 15O2(g → 14CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 6456 kJ
What is the standard molar enthalpy of combustion, ΔH⁰ comb, per mole of benzoic acid?
C7H6O2(s) + 15/2 O2(g → 7CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + 3228 kJ
C7H6O2(s) + 15/2 O2(g → 7CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH = -3228 kJ

Therefore ΔH⁰comb = -3238kJ/mole benzoic acid

12. The equations representing complete combustions of the esters methyl methanoate, C 2H4O2(l), and methyl
ethanoate, C3H6O2(l) , are as follows

C2H4O2(l) + 2O2(g → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 972.6 kJ

2C3H6O2(l) + 7O2(g → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 3184.4 kJ

What is the standard molar enthalpy of combustion, ΔH⁰ comb, for the ester having the greater value for this
property?

methyl methanoate (C2H4O2(l))

C2H4O2(l) + 2O2(g → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -972.6 kJ

methyl ethanoate (C3H6O2(l))

2C3H6O2(l) + 7O2(g → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ΔH = -3184.4 kJ
C3H6O2(l) + 7/2 O2(g → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH = -1592.2 kJ

Methyl ethanoate gives off more heat during combustion then methyl methanoate, ΔH⁰ comb = -1592.2kJ