NAME- MOHIT KUMAR LAL

USN - 1AY18ME043

Q1) Differentiate between automation and robotics

Ans

automation robotics

Automation is the creation and application of Robotics is an applied engineering science that is
technologies to produce and deliver goods and combination of machine tool technology and
services with minimal human intervention. computer science .

Predetermined sequence of instructions are These are physical robots that substitute human
followed by encoded command actions

Automation are software based as it helps in Robotics are generally physical which helps in
commanding a particular action. doing movement task .

Automation is used widely everywhere from Industrial robots are generally used in assembly
automated triggered mail to auto pilots in task or physical workstation without any
airplanes . human /labour efforts.
Q2) With neat sketches, explain different automated production line.
Ans

In line APL :

 This configuration uses workstations in a straight line arrangement

 Common for operation /machining big parts .
 Can accommodate many workstation
 Checking or inspection becomes a challenge.

 L shaped APL:
 This configuration uses workstations that are mutually perpendicular
  Plant space reorientation can be done easily
Checking or inspection of machine becomes a challenge

U shaped APL:

 This configuration uses workstations that are mutually perpendicular

 Entry and exit of the raw materials and finished product are same
 There is a chance of reduction in number of logistic vehicles that can load and unload
the components.

Rectangular APL:

 This configuration uses workstations that are arranged in a rectangular loop.

 Rejected /to be inspected parts return to mainline through feedback carriers .

Rotary APL:

 This configuration uses circular workstation

 It consists of a circular worktable
 The worktable rotates to move each workpiece
 The worktable is often called a dial
 They require less floor space
 They are less expensive
Q3)write short notes on

1.)Bar Codes:

A bar code technology uses an optical scanner for the reading of high contrast
graphical symbol,multi dimensional barcodes called QR codes are used in all
transactions and other travel websites .These codes can be used in robotic
applications to guide the robots vehicles to guide according to applications in every
automated industry . bar codes are of two types

 One dimensional
 Two dimensional
One dimensional
In linear width modulation bar code technology ,the symbol consists of sequence of
wide and narrow bars separated by wide and narrow spaces. The pattern of bars and
spaces is coded to represent numeric alphanumeric characters .those bar codes are
considered a printed version of morse code ,where narrow bands represents dots
and wide bands represent dashes.
Two dimensional
More than a dozen of 2D symbol schemes have been developed and the no. is expected to
increase.The capacity to to store is much higher amounts of data.these are of two types one
is stacked and other is matrix

2.)Types of sensors
There are multiple sensors used in robotics
Light sensor
A light sensor is a transducer used for detecting light and creates voltage difference
equivalent to light intensity fall on light sensor .the two main light sensors used in robotics
are photovoltaic cells and photo resistors.

Proximity sensor
A proximity sensor can detect the presence of an nearby object without any physical
contact.Infrared transreciever and ultrasonic sensors are used

Sound sensor
A sound sensor is generally a microphone used to detect sound and return a voltage
equivalent to the sound level
Temperature sensor
Temp sensors are used for sensing the change in temperature of the surrounding. It is based
on the principle of change in voltage difference .

3.)Types of actuators
Linear actuator
These are devices that produces movement within a straight path .they can either be
mechanical or electrical and are mostly seen in hydraulic or pneumatic devices .any machine
equipment or gadget that requires some form of straight motion typically has a linear
actuator. In a simple linear actuator ,there is a nut ,cover and a sliding tube . this sliding
tube provides the space for the motion ,whereas the nut and cover provide the interlocking
movement that keeps the actuator in straight line .

Rotary actuator
In contrast to linear actuators ,rotary actuators create a circular motion .from the term
rotary . most machines uses these rotating parts to complete a turning movement .they are
often used in conjuction with linear actuator if a machine requires moving
forward ,backward,up,down.Many rotary actuator are electrically powered using hydraulic
or pneumatic system.
Pneumatic actuators
They use pressurized gases to create mechanical movement.Many companies prefer
pneumatic powered actuators because they can make very precise motions, examples: bus
brakes ,pressure sensors

4.)Machine vision
It is a technology and method used to provide imaging based automatic inspection and
analysis for such applications as automatic inspection , process control ,and robot guidance
usually in industry.machine vision is based on imaging processing that can be extracted from
complex set of data such as identity ,position and orientation of each object in an image.

5.) ADC
It works to convert analog signals to digital signal .an adc converts an analog input,such as
amicrophone collecting sound,into a digital signal.adc performs this by conversion by some
form of quantizations , mapping the continuous set of values ,often by rounding, as aresult ,
the analog to digital process will always involve a certain amounts of noise or
error ,however small.

Q4) with a neat sketch ,explain working of RFID

Radio frequency identification represents the biggest challenge to the dominance of bar
codes.in radio frequency identification an identification taf contains electronically encoded
data , identification tags are enclosed in a plastic container. This is attached to a part,
product , or container . the tag is designed to satisfy the electronic product code

RFID technology contains an RFID reader and an RFID tag .the reader can be portable or
stationary . it includes non contact and non direct identification, which is super easy to
operate . each tag has certain amount of internal memory where informtatiom about the
object is stored ,such as its unique id no., or in some cases more detailed data including the
date of manufacture ,product composition etc.

Working
The tag communicates the encoded data to a reader as the item is brought near it
It decodes and confirms the RF signal before transmitting the associated data toa computer
Rf signal are similar to wireless radio transmission . but there is difference in how rf
technology is used in product identification.

Q5) mentions the level of programming.Also explains the different requirnment of robot
programming

 teach by showing teach pendant

The robot is taught to perform the required task by using the pendant .position
where the robot is moved to are recorded using pendant and stored in the computer
The stored position will be used for writing computer program for robot to perform
the task. This method is also referred as teach and play back method .

 robotic programming language

c/c++
java
python
linux
VAL
RAPID by ABB Robotics
AML by IBM

 task level programming language

 only basic coding is done
if an instruction to grasp a robot is given, the system must plan a path of the
manipulator that avoids collision with any surrounding obstacle must automatically
choose a good grasp location on bolt.

 Off line programming

Robot program is created independent from the actual robot cell .the robot program
is then uploaded to the real industrial exexcution.
In offline programming ,the robot cell is represented through a graphical 3D model in
a simulator

Requirements of robot programming

Geometry/types/sizes
Surface
Volume
Masses
Other properties

Motion specification
Frames vectors ,and rotation matrices
Velocity and orientation

Flow of execution
Testing and branching
Looping
Calls to subroutines

Q6) explain essential elements of automated system with a flow chart

1) Power to accomplish the process and to operate the system

 An automated system is operated when power is given to the system
 Hence,the principle source of power in automated system is electricity
 Electrical power is widely available

2) Program of instructions to direct the process

 A set of instructions is given to a controller that can process the information into
various operations called as work cycles
 3) A control system to actuate the instructions
 A set of instructions is given to a controller that can process the informationinto
various operations called a work cycle program
 The control systems are of two types
 Open loop and closed loop

Q7)Differentiate between open loop and closed loop system

Open loop control system Closed loop control system

Without feed back unit With feedback unit
Output is dependent on input Input is dependent on output
Less accurate More accurate
Less expensive and easy to build Expensive and complex to build
Slow in response to change in demand High is response to change in demand
Stability can be ensured May be unstable at times
Control adjustment is dependent on the human Control adjustment is dependent upon
judgement and estimation output and feed back element

Q8) Mention 20 new applications of robot

Ans 1) HMI based robotic arm

2) smart robot for face recognition

3)Hector slam mapping and indoor positioning robot with ROS and Lidar
4)radar and ROS powered indoor home mapping and positioning robot
5) artificial intelligence based chatbot for appliance control
6)virtual telepresence robot
7)Arduino based smartphone controlled robot car
8) colour sensing robot with MATLAB
9)RF controlled robot
10) android controlled robot
11) fire extinguishing robot
12) wireless gesture controlled robot
13)soccer robot
14)robocar with wireless steering
15)remote operated spy robot circuit
16)human detection robot
17)metal detector robot
18)stair climbing robot
19)robots used in space exploration
20)robots for ocean exploration

Q9) mention ten advantages of robotics . explain any one of them briefly

Ans

 It increases production

 It is more accurate than humans

 It makes fewer mistakes

 It reduces wastages

 It is more reliable than humans

 It can work 24/7

 It saves a lot of time

 It does not complain

  It is more safer to use

 It has greater speed of work- robots can work all the time ,and this speeds up the
production .it keeps the employees away from overwork themselves to meet high
pressure deadlines or seemingly impossible standards.

Q10) mention 10 disadvantages of robotics .explain any one disadvantage briefly

Ans

 It needs constant power

 It is restricted to its programming- they cannot think on their own and therefore has
very restricted movement and task which is assigned to it.they cant think outside the
box and needs continuous instructions or commands for its functioning

 It performs relatively few tasks

 It impacts human interaction

 It requires expertise to set them up

 It is expensive to install and run

 It suffers from expensive faults and repairs

 It causes cybersecurity issues

 It poses potential physical danger from malfunction

 It makes human more reliant or over reliant on robotic assistance

Q11)Write short notes on
1) Accuracy
2) Precision
3) End effectors

Accuracy

Accuracy is a robots ability to position its wrist end st the desired target point within
the work volume.accuracy depends on robot technology and joints motion. The final
accuracy of robotic system resolution .the mechanical inaccuracies ,the computer
control algorithms and the system resolution. The mechanical accuracies are caused
mainly by backlash in the manipulators joints and bending links.

Precision
Three terms are used to define precision in robotics
1) Control resolution-the capability of robot positioning system to divide the motion
range of each joint into closely spaced point.
2) Accuracy-the capability to position the robot’s wrist at a desired target in the
workspace , given the limits of robot control resolution
3) Repeatability-the capability to position the wrist at a previously taught point in
the workspace.

End effectors
An end effector is usually attached to the robot’s wrist and it allows the robots to
accomplish a specific task. Grippers grasp and manipulate the objects during the work cycle
Typically objects to be grasped are the work parts that need to be loaded or unloaded from
one station to another . the robot end effector may also use specific tools .tools are used to
perform processing operation on the workpiece.
Robots are the tools relative to stationary or slowly moving object.tools can also be
mounted at the robotic manipulator spindle to carry out machining work such as drilling
etc.