Computer Concepts

Computer & Computer System

 A computer is an electronic machine that takes input from
the user, processes the given input and generates output
in the form of useful information
 Data refers to the raw details that need to be processed
to generate some useful information
 Computer has no intelligence and is referred to as
hardware, which means simply the physical equipment
 A computer cant be used until it is connected to other
parts
 A computer system is a combination of six elements
1)Hardware 2)Software
3) Data/ Information 4) Procedures
5) People 6) Communication
The Computer System
 Hardware
• Physical devices that make up the computer are called
Hardware
• Responsible for entering, sorting, and processing and
displaying the output to the users
• Keyboard , mouse, memory, monitor, CPU, printer are the
basic hardware units
 Software
• Term used to describe the instructions that tell the
hardware how to perform a task
• Without software hardware is useless
• Mainly two types of software
1) Application Software: Designed to perform specific
task ;Example: Word processor, Presentation Programs
etc.
2) System Software: Designed to control different
operations of the computer; Example: Operating Systems,
device drivers, etc.
The Computer System
 Data/ Information
• Data considered as the raw material- whether in
paper; electronic or other form that is processed
by the computers
• Information is summarized data or otherwise
processed data
• Data & information are often use synonymously
 Procedures
• Descriptions of how things are done, steps for
accomplishing a result
• Appear in a documentation manuals, contain
instructions, rules, to follow when using hardware
and software
The Computer System
 People
• Most important component of the computer
systems
• Design & Develop computer systems
• Operate the computer hardware and they create
the software
 Communication
• Becomes an element of computer system when
one computer system is set up to share data &
information electronically with another computer
• Manner in which the various individual systems
are connected ( by phone lines, satellite etc.) is
an element of computer systems
History of Modern Computers
 To date, computer technology has evolved through
five distinct generations
 Each generation computers became smaller, more
powerful, and less expensive
 History of computer development is often discussed
in terms of different generation of computers
1. First Generation Computers (1944-1958)
2. Second Generation Computers(1959-1963)
3. Third Generation Computers(1964-1970)
4. Fourth Generation Computers(1971- 1989)
5. Fifth Generation Computers (1990- Now)
First Generation Computers (1944-
1958)

• These are the earliest general purpose computers

• Most input & output media were punched cards
and magnetic tape
• Main memory was almost exclusively made up of
hundreds of vacuum tubes
• Slow & large and produce a tremendous amount
of heat
• Could run only one program at a time
• Example : ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC
First Generation Computers

Vacuum Tube
Second Generation Computers (1959-
1963)

• Transistors & some other solid-state devices that were

much smaller than the vacuum tubes were being used for
much of the computer circuitry.
• Tended to be smaller, more reliable, and significantly
faster than first generations computers
• Required very less power in caring out their operations
• Example: PDP-8, IBM 1401 & IBM 7090
 Limitations
• Input & output media were not improved to considerable
level
• Required to be placed in a air conditioned places
• Cost was very high
• Execute only specific application
Second Generation Computers

Transistors
Third Generation Computers (1964-
1970)
• The integrated circuit – a complete electronic circuit
on a silicon chip- replaced transistorized circuitry
• The use of magnetic disk become wide spread
• Computers began to support such capabilities as
multiprogramming ( Processing several programs at
a time) & timesharing ( people using the same
computer simultaneously)
• Size of the computers continued to decrease
• Example: NCR 395, IBM 370, PDP 11
 Limitations
• Storage capacity of these computers was still
very small
• Cost of these computers was very high
Third Generation Computers

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-
1989)

• First electronic computers were introduced that used

Large Scale Integrated ( LSI) and Very Large Scale
Integrated circuits (VLSI) – thousands to millions of
transistors on tiny chip for main memory and logic
circuitry
• Had a much larger capacity to support main memory
• The microprocessor introduced in 1971, combined all
the circuitry for the central processing unit on a single
chip of silicon
• Useful software applications pushed the
microcomputer into the mainstream
• Example: IBM PC, CRAY-1
• Limitation
• Required complicated technologies to bind LSI &
VLSI on the wiring board
Fourth Generation Computers

VLSI
Fifth Generation Computers (1990-
Now)

• Development of various portable computer, such

as laptop, pocket computer, Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA) etc.
• Use of ULSI – Ultra large Scale Integration, helps
in decreasing the size of these computers
• Can execute large number of application at a
very high speed
• Versatile for communications and resource
sharing
• Fastest & powerful computer till date
Fifth Generation Computers

ULSI
Computer
Hardware
Select this paragraph to edit
Computer Hardware
 Any machinery (most of which uses digital
circuits) that assists in the input, processing,
storage, and output activities of an information
system.
 Computer Hardware can be divided into five
categories
1) Input Hardware
2) Processing Hardware
3) Storage Hardware
4) Output Hardware
5) Communication Hardware
Computer Hardware
Input Hardware
 Used to collect data and input it into the computer
system in computer usable form
 Interface between the computer & user
 Means of communication between the computer &
outer world
 Task of an input device is to take input from the user,
translate it into machine readable form, present it to
the processing unit for execution
 Numeric data, text command , graphics, video, audio
are the different form of input
 Keyboard, Pointing devices, Scanning devices,
Optical recognition devices etc.
 Keyboard
 Most commonly used input device
 Use to type data, text and execute command
 Consists of following groups of key
• Alphanumeric Keys: Include the number keys &
alphabet keys
• Function Keys: Helps to perform specific tasks, such as
searching a file or refreshing a web page
• Central Key: Used for controlling the movement of
cursor & screen display, includes arrow keys & modifier
keys such as SHIFT, ALT, CTRL
• Numeric keypad: looks like a calculator’s keypad
located on the right side of the keyboard
• Special purpose key: Escape, Insert, Delete, Print
Screen, Tab, Spacebar various special purpose key
Keyboard
Pointing Devices
 Generally used for moving cursor to a particular
location to point an object on the screen
 Can easily select the icons, menus , windows, etc on
the GUI
 Can easily interact with a computer system by means
of pointing device
 Commonly used pointing devices are
1. Mouse
2. Trackball
3. Light pen
4. Joystick
5. Touchscreen
Mouse
 Small hand-held pointing device
 Helps in selecting a portion of the screen & copying
and pasting the text
 Common types of mouse are
 Mechanical Mouse
• Consists of three buttons: left, right & scroll button
• Ball, which is rolled over a flat surface corresponding
to which the cursor moves on the display device
 Optical Mouse
• Reflected light determines the movement of the
cursor
• Consists of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Optical
sensor, Digital Signal Processor( DSP)
Different Parts of Mouse

Optical Mouse
Trackball
 Consists of a socket containing the ball, which
rolled manually to move the cursor
 Socket contains a censor which detect the
movement of the ball
 Classified into two types: Small & large trackball
 Small trackballs are commonly used in portable
computer
 Large trackballs are used in the desktop systems,
which are used for computer- aided designing
 Can be placed on different surfaces, such as
desk, mouse pad, users hand
Trackball
Light Pen
 Light sensitive stylus or pen like device
 Generally connected to Visual Display Unit
(VDU)
 Can directly draw the objects on the screen by
holding it in our hand
 When the tip of the pen brought in contact with
the screen causes a pulse to be generated in
the pen which in turn cause the processor to
identify the position pointed to by the pen
 Provide all the capabilities of mouse
 Used by engineers, graphic designer,
illustrators
Light Pen
Joystick
 Consists of one or
more handle and a
stick which controls
the movement of the
cursor
 Used principally in
video games & in
some computer –
aided design systems

Joystick
Touchscreen
 Video display screen,
sensitized to receive
input from the touch of
a finger
 Screen is covered
with a plastic layer,
behind which are
invisible beams of
infrared
 Used in ATM’s PDA’s
Scanning Devices
 Devices that electronically captures the text & images
 Basic task is to convert an image or the textual data
into digital data
 Can be differentiated on the basis of the following
characteristic
• Resolution: Closeness of the pixels in the bit map
• Size : Some are big & some are small
• Scanning technologies:
 Charged Coupled Device ( CCD) consists of series of
light which are variant in the light frequency
 Photo Multiplier Tubes (PMT) consists of
photocathode , which is photo sensitive surface used
for generating the electrons
Optical Recognition Devices
 Used for recognizing the characters optically
 Basically make use of optical scanner for
inputting data
 Saves a lot of time to enter data than the
keyboard
 Commonly used optical recognition devices are
1. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
2. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
3. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
4. Bar Code Reader
OCR
 Scan a particular
document by
recognizing its
individual characters
and converting it into
enable form
 Distinguishes dark
area on the
documents from the
light areas for
recognising the
character
 Consists of Image
scanner, OCR
Software & hardware,
Output Interface
OMR
 Make use of marked
technology , which
helps in obtaining the
data from the marked
fields
 OMR devices are used
for scanning the
documents having
multiple choices
 OMR devices do not
scan the entire
documents, instead
they analyses the
darkened area only to
check whether it is
marked or not
MICR
 Special devices used
for recognizing the
characters written with
magnetic ink
consisting of iron
oxide particles
 Specially developed
for the banking
operations
Bar Code Reader
 Usually reads bar
code, which is used to
label the items in the
retail stores, books
numbering in library
 Scanner is used for
scanning the bar
code, which is later
converted into
numbers or letters
using decoder
 Decoded data is sent
to computer system
via cable for
processing
Processing Hardware
• Retrieve & execute instruction provided
to computer
• Most essential parts are the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) & main
memory(RAM)
• CPU is the brain of the computer &
referred to as processor
• Main memory is volatile, all contents are
lost when the computer power is off
 Central Processing Unit
 Follows the instruction of the software to manipulate data into
information
 CPU consists of three parts
• Arithmetic Unit:
- Performs arithmetic operations ( addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) on the data
- Output of AU contains the result of the operation & status of
the operation
• Logic Unit:
- Performs logical operations ( <,> =) & makes use of various
logic gates (AND,OR)
• Control Unit:
- Controls the flow of data & information
- Guides the AU & LU about the operation that are to be
performed and also suggests the I/O devices to which the
data to be communicated
Main Memory
 Internal or primary memory known as RAM ( Random
Access Memory) of the computer
 Temporary storage medium that holds the data only
for short period of time
 Is said to be volatile( When computer is switched off ,
the stored in RAM gets erased)
 Memory space available in RAM affects the speed of
the computer system
 Performs three tasks
1. Holds data for processing
2. Holds instructions
3. Holds data that has been processed & waiting to be
sent to an output or storage
RAM
Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
 Data stored till the  Retains the data for a
power of the very short period of
computer system is time, even after the
switched on power supply is
 Uses a number of switched off
transistors to store a  Consisting of a
single bit of computer transistor & a
capacitor
Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Primary memory that stores data permanently
i.e. retains data even when the power of the
computer is switched off
 Data can be easily read from this type of
memory but cannot be changed
 ROM does not allow the random access of
data rather it allows sequential access of
data
Types of ROM
1-PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM
is initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write data/program on it by
using special devices. However, once the program or data is written in
PROM chip, it cannot be changed. If there is an error in writing
instructions or data in PROM, the error cannot be erased. PROM chip
becomes unusable.

2-EPROM
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This
form of ROM is also initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write
program or data on it by using special devices. Unlike PROM, the data
written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and
ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM chip can be
changed and new data can also be added. When EPROM is in use, its
contents can only be read.

3-EEPROM
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory. This kind of ROM can be written or changed with the help of
electrical devices. So, data stored in this type of ROM chip can be easily
modified.
Cache & Registers Memory
Cache Memory:
 Small, fast and expensive memory that stores the
copies of data that needs to be accessed frequently
from the main memory
 The processor before reading data from or writing
data to the main memory checks the for the same
data in the cache memory
 Access much faster than the main memory
 Always placed between CPU & main memory
Registers:
 Special purpose, temporary storage units
 High speed memory locations used for holding
instructions , data & intermediate results that are
currently being processed
 Computer Organization
Main Memory
Unit
Stores & retrieves Data and
instruction
Central Processing Unit
Registers
Input
Sen
ds Receives Outp
Unit Results
ut
data Arithmetic Unit
Unit
Logic Unit

Control Unit

The block diagram of computer system

Storage Hardware
Storage Hardware
• Means of storing software and data in a form that
is relatively permanent ( non-volatile )
• Stores data as electromagnetic signals or laser-
etched spots, commonly on magnetic disk or
optical disk storage devices
• Involves two process
 Writing or recording data, so it can be found for
later use
 Reading the stored data then transferring it into
computer’ s memory
Select this paragraph to edit
 Read
Read means the data represented in the
magnetized spot on the disk or tape is converted to
electronic signals and transmitted to the primary
storage in the computer. That is, read means the
disk drive copies data from the disk.

 Write
Write means the electronic information processed
by the computer is recorded magnetically on to a
disk or tape. So write means the disk drive transfer
data on to the disk.
 Secondary Storage
Devices

Sequential Direct Access

Access devices
devices

Magnet Optical Memory

ic disks Disk storage
Magneti device
c tape

Floppy Hard
Disk Disk CD-
ROM WORM CD RW DVD

Zip Winch
Disk ester Flash Memory
disk Pack disk Drive Card
Storage Hardware
 Sequential access storage device is one in
which arrival at a desired storage location is
preceded by sequencing through other locations
so that access times varies according to location
 Sequential access is analogues to a music tape
cassette
 Direct access or random-access storage device is
one in which we can reach and access any
storage location at random, and approximately
equal access time required for accessing each
location
 Direct access is analogues to a music CD
 Hard Disk
 Main secondary storage device for most computer
systems
 Made of rigid metal platters and come in many
sizes ranging from 1 to 14 inch diameter
 Depending on the packaging, hard disk are
normally of three types
Zip Disk
• Consists of single hard disk platters encased in a
plastic cartridge
• Storage capacity varies from 8 GB to 500 GB
Zip or Bernoulli Disk
Hard DISK
 Disk Pack
• Consists of multiple ( two or more ) hard disk platters
mounted on a single central shaft
• All disks revolve together at same speed
• Its disk drive have separate read/right head for each
usable disk surface
• Storage capacity of single disk pack varies from few
hundred GB to several thousand GB
 Winchester disk
• Consists of multiple ( two or more ) hard disk platters
mounted on a single central shaft
• unlike a disk pack drive , a Winchester disk drive is of
fixed type
• Hard disk platters & disk drive are sealed together in a
contamination free container and cannot be separated
from each other
• Storage capacity ranges from a few GB to few terabytes
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
 Storage system consists of a metallic or plastic disk
coated with a highly reflective material
 Uses leaser beam technology for reading & writing of
data
 Modern computer system extensively use optical disk
as a random-access medium for high-capacity
secondary storage because of their capability to store
very large amount of data in a limited space
 Types of optical disk
 CD- ROM ( Compact Disk- Read –Only Memory)
 WORM ( CD-R) (Write Once Read Many)
 CD – RW
 DVD ( Digital Video ( or Versatile) Disk
Optical Disk
 CD- ROM
• Shiny, silver color metal disk usually of 12 cm
diameter
• Made of polycarbonate plastic having thin layer of
pure aluminum coating to make its surface
reflective
• Storage capacity of about 650 MB to 700 MB
 WORM/CD-R
• Allows users to create their own CD- ROM disks
by a CD- Recordable (CD-R) drive attached to a
computer as a regular peripheral device
• Can write data only once on a WORM disk but
can read many times
 Optical Disk
 CD- RW
• Similar to WORM disk with the expectation that we can
erase its previous content and write multiple times
• Use metallic alloy layer
• Leaser beam changes the chemical property during
writing (or burn process)
• Great cost saving because of their erase & re write
capability
 DVD
• Improved version of CD
• Two variants of DVD – single layer disk & double layer
disk
• Single layer storage capacity 4.7GB & double layer
storage capacity 8.5 GB
Memory Storage Devices
 Flash Drive ( Pen Drive )
 Compact device of the size of a pen
 Simply plugs it into a USB port of a computer
 Available storage capacity : 256MB, 512MB,
1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 16GB, 32GB, 64GB, several TB
 Memory Card
 Flash memory-based cards
 Various types of digital devices use these cards
 Storage capacity of these cards ranges from 8MB
to several TB
Storage Evaluation Criteria
 Access mode
• Used for accessing some specific data from the memory
 Access time
• Refers to the time taken by the processor in completely
the request made by the user completely
 Storage Capacity
• Refers to the storage space available in the computer
system for holding the data
 Storage Type
• Refers to the type of the memory used to store data
 Cost
• Cost of storage device used in computer system for
holding the data
Output Hardware
 Essential part of computer system
 Provide the user with means to view
information produced by the computer system
 Receive the processed data from the CPU &
present it to user in desired form
 Act as an interface between the computer &
and the user
 Main task is to convert the machine-readable
information into human readable form
 Output devices: Display Monitor, printers,
Projectors,
Types of output
 Output devices generates computer outputs that
are broadly of the following two types
 Soft-copy output:
• Temporary in nature because it does not appear
on a paper or some material that a user can carry
for showing to others
• Words spoken out by a voice response system
are soft copy display
 Hard copy output:
• Permanent in nature because it appears on a
paper or some material that a user can carry for
showing to others
• Out put produced on paper by printers are hard
copy output
Monitor
 Most popular soft copy output devices
 Displays an output on a television screen
 On the basis of technology used display monitors
may be classified into following categories
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
2. Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) Monitor
3. Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Monitor
4. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Monitor
CRT Monitor
 Contains a empty glass
tube with a phosphor
coated fluorescent
screen and a source of
electron called electron
gun
 High contrast ratio &
colour depth because
of which many graphic
designers prefers this
types of monitors
 Bulky, consumes lots of
power, generates large
amount of heat
LCD Monitor
 Uses liquid crystal
technology to display
images
 Small in size, light in
weight
 Fixed resolution due
to which the image on
LCD monitor become
blurred when the
resolution is changed
TFT Monitors
 Similar to LCD monitor,
but uses thin film
transistors technology
along with liquid crystal
technology
 For each pixel on the
screen , a small
transistor switch as well
as a capacitor is used
and each pixel is
controlled separately
 The transistor is
switched off as soon as
the capacitor gets
charged
LED Monitor
 LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a type of backlight
technology in which the pixels light up.
 An LED monitor is a type of LCD monitor, and
while both utilize liquid crystals for picture
formation, the difference lies in LEDs featuring a
backlight.
Printer
 Generates the hard copy of information
processed by a computer system
 Based on the features , such as colour ,
resolution, memory speed, possessed by the
printer they are classified into many types
 Some printers have a very high printing speed
whereas other have very slow speed
 On the basis of their working principles printers
can be classified into two major categories
namely impact & non- impact printers
Impact & Non-Impact Printers
 Impact Printer
• Exist a mechanical contact between print head &
paper
• Contains individual print head for each character
• Dot matrix printer, Daisy wheel , Drum printer
 Non- Impact Printer
• Exist no mechanical contact between print head &
paper
• Spray ink on the paper with the help of a nozzle
• Noise free & fast compared to impact printers
• Ink-Jet printers, Laser printers
Plotters
 Used to print high quality graphics & images
 Uses one or more pens to produce a high quality
drawings
 Used as a substitute to the coloured printers
 Provide cheap & efficient drawing
 Use four basic colours i.e., cyan, magenta, yellow,
black
 Divided into four basic categories on the basis of their
working
1. Drum plotters
2. Flat- bed plotters
3. Ink- Jet plotters
4. Electrostatic plotters
Plotter
Projector
 Video device for
projecting an image
from the computers or
video device on to big
screen
 Consists of an optic
system, a light source
& display which
contain the original
image
Communication Hardware
 Function is to facilitate
the connections
between the
computers and
between groups of
connected computers
 Modems, Cable, Fax
are some
communication
devices
Classification of Computer
 Classificatio
n of
Computer

Based on Based on
Based on
Operating Size &
Application
Principle Capability

Analog Digital Hybrid

Comput Compute Comput
er r er

Special General
Purpose Purpose

Mainfram Super
Micro Mini
e Comput
Compute Comput
Compute er
rs er
r
Based on Operating Principle
 On the basis of the operations
performed and methods used to store &
process data and information computer
can be classified into the following
categories
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
Analog Computer
 Represents data in the form of continuous
electronic signals having a specific magnitude
 Very fast in their operations & allow several other
operations to be carried out at the same time
 Results produced are not very accurate
 Circuit employed in modern analog computers is
generally an Operational Amplifier ( Op- Amp)
 Designed for very specific work – heavy -duty
math or flight component simulation
 Powerful tools to solve differential equations
Dornier DO-80 Analog Computer
Digital Computer
 Known as digital information processing system
 Stores & process data in the digital form (0s & 1s)
 Also capable of processing the analog data
 Generally faster & more reliable than the analog
computer
 Different hardware components of digital
computers are ALU,CU, memory unit & I/O
devices
 Computer used by home users is a typical
example of digital computers
Hybrid Computer
 Combination of analog & digital computer
 Encompasses the best features of both these
computers
 Hardware components are usually a mixture of
analog & digital components
 Very fast, efficient & reliable
 Data generally measured & processed in the form
of electrical signals & stored with the help of
digital components
 Cost effective in performing complex situations
 The computer used in hospital to measure the
heartbeat of patient is example of hybrid
computer
Based on Application
 On the basis of different applications or purpose
computer can be classified into two categories
 General Purpose Computers:
• Capable to work in work in environment
• Versatile & can store a number of programs
meant for performing distinct tasks
• Not efficient & consumes large amount of time
 Special Purpose Computers:
• Performs only a specified task
• Not versatile, their speed & memory size depends
on the task that is to be performed
Based on Size & Capability
 Computers differ from each other in their shape ,
size & weights
 These computers also differ in unique functions &
can be employed in the fields suited for them
 Also differ in terms of processing speed
 Classified into following categories
1) Microcomputers
2) Minicomputers
3) Mainframe Computers
4) Super Computers
Microcomputers
 Small & cheap digital computer designed to be
used by individuals
 Built around microprocessor, a storage unit and
I/O channel
 Also include several software programs such as
operating system, system software, & utility
software
 4th generation computers are microcomputer
Minicomputer
 First introduced in 1960 by Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC)
 Called mini computers because of their smaller
size than the other computer
 Handle more data & more input and output than
micro computers
 Referred to as midrange computer
 Able to cater to needs of multiple users at a single
instant time ( 4-200)
 PDP 11, IBM (8000)
Mini & Micro Computer
Mini Computer (PDP-11) Micro Computer
Mainframe Computers
 Very large computer that is employed by large
business organization for handling major
application
 Capable of handling almost millions of records in
a day
 These computers are termed as mainframe
because all the hardware units are arranged into
a frame
 IBM 3000, VAX 8000 & CDC 6600 are the
example of mainframe computer
 Known as super servers or database servers
 Large capacity of primary & secondary storage
compared with other features of computer
An IBM 704 Mainframe (1964)
Select this paragraph to edit
Super Computer
 Fastest type of computer that can perform
complex operations at a very high speed
 More expensive than the other categories of
computers & are specially designed for the
applications in which a large number of complex
calculations have to be carried
 Various application areas of supercomputers are
1. Weather forecasting
2. Animated graphics
3. Fluid mechanics
4. Nuclear energy research
5. Petroleum exploration
 Top supercomputers

1. Fugaku, Japan. Built by Fujitsu, installed at the RIKEN

Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan.
2. Summit, U.S.
3. Sierra, U.S.
4. Sunway TaihuLight, China.
5. Selene, U.S.
6. Tianhe-2A, China.
7. JUWELS Booster Module, Germany.
8. HPC5, Italy
9. Frontera, US
10. Dammam-7, Saudi Arabia
The National Center for Atmospheric
Research's Cray Super Computer
Characteristics & Capabilities of
Computer
 Volume of data
- suited to handling large volume of data
 Accuracy
- ensures high degree of accuracy and their
consistency is reliable
 Repetitiveness
- processing cycles that repeat time and time again are
ideally suited to computers
 Complexity
- computer can perform complex calculation
 Speed
- work at a very high speed & this enables to respond
quickly
Characteristics…
 Storage Capacity
- can store huge amount of data in its different
storage components in many different formats
 Versatility
- can perform many different task and can be used
for many different purpose
Limitations of Computer
Computer is a programmed
machine only
Computer cannot think/ has no
intelligence/emotions
Computers can not do anything
without human instruction
Computer cannot make any
adjustment as human being can
do
Operating System
Operating system
 Operating System is also known as system
software

 Heart/brain of the computer system

 Platform for application software

 Operating system consists of two types of

program:
1. Control program
2. Service program
Organization of operating system

Operating system

service
Control Program
program

Supervisor Interpreter
program program

Job control Utility

program program
System
I/O control
support
program
program
 Control Program
 Key to the operating system
 Functions:
- Input-output (I/O) control
- resolving interrupts
-error handing
-sending messages to the users
-user protection
-time allocation
-resource control
-job scheduling
- performing many programs at a time
-maintaining sequence of programs
 Control Program
Control program consists of three types of programs:
a) Supervisor program
-Establish connection between CPU and input output devices
-sending error messages to the users
b) Job control program
Job control program helps to perform specific task of the
users by establishing the connection between users and
CPU. Job Control Language (JCL) helps for this purpose. It
identifies the users, programs and necessary devices to
perform the specific task and interrupt the program when it is
completed.
c) Input output control program
It takes input through the input devices and after processing,
provides the output through the output devices.
 Service program
The service program can be three types:
a) Translator/Processor program: This program translate the
high level language (e.g. Human language) to machine
language that is understandable to the computer. Some
translator programs are
i) Compiler
ii) Assembler
iii) Interpreter
iv) Debugger
b) Utility Program: It provides utility to the users e.g. creating
file, sorting, merge program, disk format etc. some example of
utility programs are:
i) Sort-merge program
ii) library program
iii) Linker program
iv) file handler
c) System Support program: It support the whole functioning
of the computer. Sometimes, it is considered as the part of
control program.
Types of Operating System
 Batch Processing Operating System
 Time Sharing Operating System
 Real time Operating System
 Multiprogramming Operating System
 Multiprocessing Operating System
 Distributed Processing Operating System
Batch Processing
 Performs processing of tasks in a group known as
‘batch’
 operating system do not interact with the
computer directly as there is an operator
responsible for processing
 Operator identifies the similar jobs and
incorporates them under similar batch.
 Example: End of Day (EOD) reporting in a bank.
Batch Processing
 Batch Processing
Advantages:
 Processors of the batch systems knows how long the job
would be when it is in queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time in batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch
systems
Disadvantages:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch
systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometime costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if
any job fails
Time Sharing Operating System

 Multiple jobs can be executed under this system

 But at any point, only one job will be processed
 There is a pre-defined time allocated for each job
known as “TIME SLICE”
 After completing the time slice, processor moves
to another job
 Users share the CPU time among them
 Objective is to minimize response time
 Examples: Multics, Unix etc.
Time Sharing Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Advantages of Time Sharing OS:
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Less chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of security and integrity
of user programs and data
 Data communication problem
Real Time Operating System
 Priority based operating system
 serves real time applications without buffering
delays
 Time bound system which has well defined fixed
time constraints
 Processing must be done within the defined
constraints otherwise the system will fail
 Applications: missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots etc.
Real Time Operating System
 Real Time Operating System
Advantages of RTOS:
 Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more
output from all the resources
 Time assigned for shifting tasks is very less i.e. 3 micro
seconds. (10 Micro seconds for others)
 Focus on running applications and less importance to others
 These types of systems are error free.
 Memory allocation is best managed in these type of
systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
 Very few task run at the same time and less concentration
to other tasks
 Uses heavy system resources and very expensive as well.
 The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
 Needs specific device drivers and interrupt signals to
response earliest to interrupts.
Multiprogramming Operating System

 Process two or more programs or task at the

same time
 Has only one processor
 When one program(task/job) is waiting for I/O
transfer; there is another program ready to utilize
the CPU.
Multiprogramming Operating System
 Multiprogramming Operating System
Advantages
 CPU is used most of time and never become idle
 The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in parallel
 Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs
 supports multiply users
 Resources are used nicely
 Response time is shorter

Disadvantages
 It is difficult to program a system because of complicated
schedule handling
 Tracking all tasks/processes is sometimes difficult to handle
 Due to high load of tasks, long time jobs have to wait long
Multiprocessing Operating
System
 Has two or more CPU under a single computer
system
 Multiple CPUs are in a close communication
sharing the computer bus, memory and other
peripheral devices
Multiprocessing Operating
System
Multiprocessing Operating
System
 Advantages:
1. Increase throughput
2.Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability

 Disadvantages:
1) If one processor fails then it will affect in the
speed
2) multiprocessor systems are expensive
3) complex OS is required
4) large main memory required.
Distributed operating System

 Uses multiple central processors to serve

multiple real-time applications and multiple users.
 Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly.
 Processors are connected with the network (LAN
or WAN) and share the resources.
Distributed operating System
Distributed operating System
 Advantages:
1. Reduced load on the host computer.
2. Reduced delay in data processing.
3. Better service to the users.

 Disadvantages:
1. Network Security.
2. Network complexity.
3. Unpredictability.
Network Operating System
 Similar to distributed systems but they differ in the
way they access resources.
 NOS needs special functions/protocols to
facilitate connectivity & communication among the
systems.
 NOS employs a client-server model where a
DOS employs a master-slave model.
 In NOS, to process the data, it has to be
transferred to the server.
 Two types: i) Peer to peer ii) Client server.
Network Operating System
Network Operating System
 Advantages:
1. Stabilized Servers.
2. Provides file, print, web & back-up services.
3. Authorized access & automatic hardware
detection.
 Disadvantages:
1. Expensive as they need to run servers
continuously.
2. Need for regular maintenance & updates.
3. Depends on the cent location (server) even for
small operations.
Select this paragraph to edit

Thank you
For your kind patience