Introduction to Python3

Redes Software
Grados familia Ing. Telecomunicación

Curso 2022-23

Departamento de Ingeniería Telemática

Pedro A. Aranda Gutiérrez

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
[email protected]

Materials taken from the SDN/NFV Master @ UC3M

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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Objective
• Python is well established in almost any field you may dare to think of
▶ Network-related application field
Mininet network emulation scenarios
control programs for the Ryu SDN controller
scapy: an environment to generate, manipulate and dissect IP packets
...
▶ Applications outside the network world
Python is well-established in most fields you can think of
Use Python to program statistics or numerical analysis
Interact with general purpose tools like Excel, Word, Powerpoint, etc.
...
• Resources to start with Python:
▶ There are plenty
▶ You can find a long list in the Python Beginner’s Wiki page [1]

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So. . . how are we going to do this?

• We have three main blocks
1. Language basics
2. Object orientation
Classes
3. Libraries
Both internal and external
• Everything you see can be checked live

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Before we start

• The editor question

▶ The right configuration is critical
▶ Avoid problems, stick to these basis rules:
1. Never use tabs, always use spaces
2. An indentation level is equivalent to four (4) spaces
3. Line termination is ’line feed’ only (No CR added)
• Quick tests can be done from the Command Line Interface (CLI)
▶ Nicest feature in Python is that we don’t have a compile step in the development cycle
▶ But his is also the nastiest feature: you don’t see errors until you execute the code
Errors may sit there latent for quite some time (!)

• To IDLE or nor to IDLE . . .

▶ IDLE can be a nice way for not-so-quick tests
▶ However, get used to the edit-execute cycle directly

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More things about the editor

Nice things to make your life easy

• The editor should recognize Python files and configure itself automatically
• The editor should be able to check the things we write
▶ Alert when things are not right
▶ Fix indentation
• The next step: Language Server Protocol (LSP)
▶ LSP is a server-client model
▶ The server analyses the Python code
Flags when code doesn’t comply with PEP-8 [6]
Provides code Autocompletion hints
Provides information about variables, functions, etc.
▶ The client is part of your editor
Interacts with the server
Shows hints, marks errors
Uses the server to reformat code, rename variables, etc.

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PEP-8?

• PEP-8 is a set of guide-lines to help you write code

• Why?
▶ “Readability counts”. [3]
• There are established conventions in the Python community
▶ Write well from the beginning and avoid grief further on
• It also explains why certain things need to be done the way you are told to do them.
• What are Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)?
▶ As Python evolves, new features are discussed and eventually introduced
▶ The process is documented in Python Enhancement Proposals
• Other interesting PEPs:
▶ A PEP is a PEP is a PEP: PEP-0 or the PEP index [5]
▶ PEP-484: Type Hints [2] as a way of ’typifying’ Python

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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My first Python program
Or how to prepare your file
• Open the text editor
▶ Most allow you to open an empty file without name
Activate the Python editing mode
▶ or open a new file with a file with ’.py’ as extension to automatically activate the Python editing mode
• Start by adding the Python header, which will always be:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
• If your editor supports code snippets, this should be your first Python snippet
• Some Operating Systems will load the Python interpreter to execute the program
▶ Linux, macOS
▶ You need to set the executable mode bit on the created file
chmod a+x <file.py>

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My first Python program

How to prepare your file - II
• Once you have created the header, leave an empty line and start editing your code
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

print('Hello world!')
Hello world!
• Linux or macOS: (Optionally) make it executable and execute it directly:
$ chmod +x hola.py
$ ./hola.py
Hello world

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Python3 types
Basic types
• Numbers
▶ There is no difference between integers and floating point numbers
• Objects
▶ Strings
▶ Lists
▶ Dictionaries
▶ Tuples
▶ etc.
▶ None: the empty object
Normally flags errors
May raise exceptions and terminate the program

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Python3 types
Numbers: basics operations
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
▶ CAVEAT: use int() to get an integer division result
n=3
print(n/3)
print(int(n/3))
1.0
1

• modulo operation to get the rest of an integer division

print(6 % 4)
2
• Power
x=3
print(x**2)
9

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Python3 types
Numbers - II
• Bit-wise logic operations:
flag = 7
print ('AND: {:4b} & {:4b} = {:4b}'.format(flag, 14, flag & 14))
print ('OR: {:4b} | {:4b} = {:4b}'.format(flag, 8, flag | 8))
print ('XOR: {:4b} ^ {:4b} = {:4b}'.format(flag, 4, flag ^ 4))
AND: 111 & 1110 = 110
OR: 111 | 1000 = 1111
XOR: 111 ^ 100 = 11
• Mathematical functions are in the math module
import math
print(math.sqrt(2))
print(math.pi)
1.4142135623730951
3.141592653589793

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Python3 types
Numbers - III
• Uniform auto-increment and auto-decrement
▶ No short form like ++ or -- in C(++)
▶ You don’t have to worry about pre/post auto-in/de-crement
n = 3
print(n)
n += 4
print(n)
n -= 1
print(n)
3
7
6

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Python3 types
Strings

• It is strongly recommended to use single quote (’)

mensaje = 'Hello world'
▶ Although you may use double quotes (") like in C, Emacs Lisp et.al.
• Prefixes used to mark special kinds of strings
▶ Regular expressions (with the re module) use the r (raw) prefix:
busca_numero = r'[0-9]+'
▶ Formatting: use the f prefix to generate formatted strings
value = 5
print(f'value is {value}')
print(f'value is {value:02d}')
value is 5
value is 05

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Python3 types
Strings: formatted strings
• The generalised way to include a variable is {<index>:<format specifier>}
▶ For the .format() method:
Omitting <index> consumes variables to .format() sequentially
Flags errors (for example: format string expects 2 variables and you only pass 1)
from math import sqrt, pi

print(f'{" ".join(["-----"]*4)}')
print('{0:<5s} {0:5s} {0:^5s}'.format('asi'))
print(f'{1:<5d} {2:5d} {3:^5d} {4:05d}')
print('{:5.1f} {:.2f} {:f}'.format(sqrt(2), sqrt(30), pi))
----- ----- ----- -----
asi asi asi
1 2 3 00004
1.4 5.48 3.141593

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Python3 types
Lists and tuples
• To create an empty list or an empty tuple
empty_list = []
empty_tuple = ()

• Lists are equivalent to arrays in other languages

▶ Lists can be multi-dimensional
• Tuples share some common features:
▶ To access single elements, the indices are integers and start by 0
mydemo = ( 3, 4, 5 , 7 )
# mydemo = [ 3, 4, 5 , 7 ]
print(mydemo[0])
3

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Python3 types
Strings are lists

• Strings are lists and substrings are extracted as index ranges

message = 'The value is 3'
print(f'message="{message}"')
print(f'The first character is message[0]={message[0]}')
print(f'A word: message[4:9]="{message[4:9]}"')
print(f'The first 5 characters: message[:5]="{message[:5]}"')
print(f'Starting from the 8th character: message[9:]="{message[9:]}"')
message="The value is 3"
The first character is message[0]=T
A word: message[4:9]="value"
The first 5 characters: message[:5]="The v"
Starting from the 8th character: message[9:]=" is 3"

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Python3 types
Dictionaries
• Can be understood as lists, but indices can have any type
• The index is a key to access a value
• To create an empty dictionary:
newdict = dict()
• A dictionary with keys and values:
healthy = {
'green' : 'apple',
'yellow': 'banana',
'red' : 'strawberry'
}
colour = 'red'
fruit = healthy[colour]
print(f'A {colour} fruit: {fruit}')
A red fruit: strawberry
• We will see more. . .

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Python3 types
Tuples
• Functions can return any number of values
• When two or more values are returned, the function returns a tuple
▶ Which basically works as a list
def check():
return 1, 2, 3
tuple = check()
print(tuple, ' ', tuple[0], tuple[1], tuple[2])
(1, 2, 3) 1 2 3

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Python3 types
Tuples - II
• With the extra convenience that you may ignore some of the values returned
import os
fname = 'test.py'
print(os.path.splitext(fname))
_,ext = os.path.splitext(fname)
print (f'The file extension is {{{ext}}}')
('test', '.py')
The file extension is {.py}

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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Logical expressions
Taking decisions: if elif else
• Flow control allows to execute parts of the code depending on specific conditions
value = 1
if value ==1 :
print ('Number 1')
else:
print ('This was NOT number 1')
Number 1
• We can check more than one condition
▶ But making sure they are mutually exclusive
▶ There is no case construct as such
value = 1
if value == 1:
print ('Number 1')
elif value is None:
print ('Why is value None?')
else:
print ('Neither None nor 1')
Number 1

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Flow control: loops

for and while
• Python has two loop forms
for var in list_of_values:
body

while condition:
body
• A for loop:
for i in [2,3,4]: #list(range(2,5)):
print(i, end=' ')
2 3 4
• while loops are similar
i=0
while i < 2:
print(i,end=' ')
i += 1
0 1
• To avoid infinite loops, make sure the condition is met
▶ i.e. with an autoincrement

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Flow control: loops - II
continue and break
• You can finish the execution of a loop prematurely with break:
for i in list(range(10)):
print(i,end=' ')
if i == 5:
break
0 1 2 3 4 5
• You can finish the execution of an iteration prematurely with continue:
for i in list(range(10)):
if i < 5:
continue
print(i,end=' ')
5 6 7 8 9

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Flow control: loops - III

Taking control of a loop exit: else

• Use else to check that the loop did not exit prematurely
for i in list(range(5)):
if i < 3:
continue
print (i, end=' ')
else:
print('\nWonderful, you reached the end of the loop!')
3 4
Wonderful, you reached the end of the loop!
• And now for a while:
i=0
while i < 10:
print (i,end=' ')
i += 1
if i == 3:
break
else:
print('\nCool, we have finished!')
0 1 2

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Flow control: loops - IV
The range
• range() is a collection you need to transform into a list with list()
• range(n) is the collection of integers between 0 and n-1
• range(m,n) is the collection of integers between m and n-1
• range(m,n,k) is the collections of integers m, m+k, m+2k,. . . which are less than n
print(range(8))
print(list(range(8)))
print(list(range(3,8)))
print(list(range(3,8,2)))
range(0, 8)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[3, 5, 7]

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More on lists
Questions from the audience
• Loop counters
▶ You can use elements from any list, as long as you know what to do with them
for msg in ['hello','world']:
print(msg)
healthy = {
'green' : 'apple',
'yellow': 'banana',
'red' : 'strawberry'
}
for colour in healthy.keys():
print (f'A healthy {colour} fruit: {healthy[colour]}')
hello
world
A healthy green fruit: apple
A healthy yellow fruit: banana
A healthy red fruit: strawberry

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Functions (methods)
• Python doesn’t distinguish between function and procedure. Everything is a function.
▶ A function exported by an object is a method
• If you don’t return anything explicitly, it is assumed that None is returned
• Additionally, you can have unnamed and named parameters
▶ You always start with the unnamed parameters
▶ named parameters are assigned a default value in the function declaration
▶ You must include all unnamed parameters in your call
• Example:
def my_fun(var1, var2, nvar=None):
print ('In my_fun():',var1, var2, nvar)
return nvar

print('my_fun returns ',my_fun(3,4))

print('my_fun returns ',my_fun(1,2,nvar="car"))
In my_fun(): 3 4 None
my_fun returns None
In my_fun(): 1 2 car
my_fun returns car

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Exceptions
Error treatment in your program
• Python3 will stop the execution and exit the program on errors
▶ However, you can capture and treat the errors internally
try:
myval = 0
result = 1/myval
print (f'Result: {result}')
except Exception as e:
print(f'Caught exception `{str(e)}`')
finally:
print('And we continue')
Caught exception `division by zero`
And we continue
• Code between try and except is executed
▶ If an Exception is raised
the code in the try block is exited and
the except code block is executed
▶ Exception is them most general exception type
You may include different except code blocks for different exception types
Then you may have an except Exception: at the end to handle all Exceptions you didn’t specify explicitly before

• finally is optional and will always be executed if present

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Useful constructs
File handling: with
• Files have a specific handling procedure:
▶ Open (or create), read (or write) and close
▶ If you forget to close a file, it may have nasty consequences
▶ If you open too many files, the OS may not like it
• with
1. Allows you to concentrate all file operations in a code block
2. And close the file automatically when the code block is exited
• For example:
with open('fichero','r') as fichero:
for line in fichero:
for palabra in linea.split(' '):
print(palabra)
print (f'Last line {line}')

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Useful constructs
with and try:
• And putting try and with together, we can have highly expressive code:
try:
with open('fichero','r') as fichero:
for line in fichero:
print(line)
except FileNotFoundError as fnfe:
print(f'Error: {str(fnfe)}')
except:
print('Other error')
Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'fichero'

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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Introduction

• In Python3 almost everything is an object

• You work with instances of a class
• Classes have methods and attributes:
▶ methods are functions
▶ attributes are variables exposed to other parts of the program

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Classes
Introduction - An example: points in a 2-D space
import math
y
class Point:
x = 0
y = 0

def distance(self): ()
nce
return math.sqrt(self.x**2 + self.y**2)
dista
p1 = Point()
p1.x = 4
p1.y = 3
print(f'Distance from p1 to the origin: {p1.distance()}') x
Distance from p1 to the origin: 5.0

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Classes - II
The __init__() method
• We can initialise the instance when we instantiate the class
▶ Using the __init__() method
import math

class Point:
x = 0
y = 0

def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):

self.x = x
self.y = y

def distance(self):
return math.sqrt(self.x**2 + self.y**2)

p1 = Point(x=3, y=4)
print(f'Distance from (0,0) to ({p1.x},{p1.y}) is {p1.distance()}')
Distance from (0,0) to (3,4) is 5.0

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Classes - III
The __repr__() method
• You can define the way you represent (i.e. print) the instance
▶ Overriding the __repr__() method
import math

class Point(object):
x = 0
y = 0

def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):

self.x = x
self.y = y

def __repr__(self):
return f'({self.x},{self.y})'

def distance(self):
return math.sqrt(self.x**2 + self.y**2)

p1 = Point(x=3, y=4)
origin = Point()
print(f'The distance from {origin} to {p1} is {p1.distance()}')
The distance from (0,0) to (3,4) is 5.0

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Inheritance, extending classes - Ia

Let’s go 3-D

• Now let’s extend the Point class from 2D to 3D:

class Point3D(Point):
z = 0
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0, z=0):
super().__init__(x=x, y=y)
self.z = z

def __repr__(self):
return f'({self.x},{self.y},{self.z})'

def distance(self):
return math.sqrt(super().distance()**2 + self.z**2)

p2 = Point3D(x=3,y=4,z=9)
origin=Point3D()
print(f'Point {p2} is {p2.distance():.3f} away from {origin}')
Point (3,4,9) is 10.296 away from (0,0,0)

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Inheritance, extending classes - Ib
Explanation
• We defined the base object (i.e. the 2D point)
Class Point:
...

• We extended it to a 3D point
class Point3D(Point):
...

• And every time we needed or wanted to reuse things we had already defined in Point, we used
super()

• super from Latin: above

class Point:

class Point3D(Point):

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Inheritance, extending classes - II

Looking inside the class
• We have introduced (implicit) methods that are present in classes:
▶ __init__(), __repr__()
▶ and seen that we can override them to adjust them to our needs
▶ These are the implicit methods of any class derived from object
class P:
pass
__class__, __delattr__, __dict__, __dir__, __doc__, __eq__, __format__,
__ge__, __getattribute__, __gt__, __hash__, __init__, __init_subclass__, __le__,
__lt__, __module__, __ne__, __new__, __reduce__, __reduce_ex__, __repr__,
__setattr__, __sizeof__, __str__, __subclasshook__, __weakref__,

• And this is what happens when you create an object with attributes or methods
class P2:
p = None
def distance(self):
return 1
__class__, __delattr__, __dict__, __dir__, __doc__, __eq__, __format__,
__ge__, __getattribute__, __gt__, __hash__, __init__, __init_subclass__, __le__,
__lt__, __module__, __ne__, __new__, __reduce__, __reduce_ex__, __repr__,
__setattr__, __sizeof__, __str__, __subclasshook__, __weakref__, distance, p,

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Decorators
Decorators: making code more readable

• A decorator is a Python construct to enrich the language syntax

• Python3 has some default decorators
▶ including @property
• But they can also be user-defined
▶ Mininet has some, so remember during the labs

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Decorators
An example. . .
• Let’s revisit the 2D Point class and define the distance to the origin as a property:
class Point:
_x = 0
_y = 0
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self._x = x
self._y = y

def __repr__(self):
return f'({self._x},{self._y})'

def distance(self):
from math import sqrt
return sqrt(self._x**2 + self._y**2)

@property
def r(self):
return self.distance()

p = Point(x=3,y=4)
print(f'{p} distance from origin is {p.distance()}')
print(f'{p} distance from origin is {p.r}')
(3,4) distance from origin is 5.0
(3,4) distance from origin is 5.0

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Decorators
Or shorter. . .
class Point:
_x = 0
_y = 0
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self._x = x
self._y = y
def __repr__(self):
return f'({self._x},{self._y})'
@property
def r(self):
from math import sqrt
return sqrt(self._x**2 + self._y**2)

p = Point(x=3,y=4)
print(f'{p} r={p.r}')
(3,4) r=5.0
• In this case we are referring to a class method as if it were an attribute

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Other decorators you will meet in the labs - I

@property and @setter together

• @<>.setter is the complementary decorator to @property:

import math
class Point():
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self.x,self.y = x,y
def __repr__(self):
return f'({self.x},{self.y})'
@property
def x(self):
return self._x
@x.setter
def x(self,x):
self._x = x
@property
def y(self):
return self._y
@y.setter
def y(self,y):
self._y = y
p = Point(3,4)
print(f'p = {p}', end = ' ... ')
p.x = 10
print(f'p = {p}')
p = (3,4) ... p = (10,4)

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Other decorators you will meet in the labs - II
@staticmethod
• Some classes add static methods, i.e. invariant methods that do not depend on the instance
• You can signal them with the @staticmethod decorator
• And omit self in the method declaration
class Point():
def __init__(self, x=0, y=0):
self._x = x
self._y = y

def __repr__(self):
return f'({self._x},{self._y})'

@property
def r(self):
return Point.distance(self._x, self._y, 0.0)

@staticmethod
def distance(x, y, z):
import math
return math.sqrt(x**2 + y**2 + z**2)

p = Point(10,15)
print(f'{p} --> {p.r:.4f}')
(10,15) --> 18.0278

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Lists and dictionaries the OO-way

Methods to manipulate lists
• Lists and their append() method
▶ A way to add an object (and just 1) at the end of a list
lista = [ 0, 1, 2 ]
print (lista)
lista.append(3)
print (lista)
lista.append('What the ... ???')
print (lista)
lista.append([4,5,6])
print (lista)
[0, 1, 2]
[0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 'What the ... ???']
[0, 1, 2, 3, 'What the ... ???', [4, 5, 6]]

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Lists and dictionaries the OO-way - II
• How can we join two lists?
▶ i.e. put one list at the end of another
▶ with the .extend() method
▶ Caveat: you may see examples with the + operator
lista = [ 0, 1, 2 ]
lista.extend([ 3, 4, 5 ])
print (lista)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
• And what about strings?
lista.extend('Hello')
print (lista)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
• So better use .append() if you need to append a string to a list

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Lists and dictionaries the OO-way - III

Putting objects in a list and removing them

• You can put an object in a specific point in a list

lista.insert(index, value)
• You can remove an object from a list
lista.remove(value) # remove first object with value <value>
lista.pop() # remove last object of the list
lista.pop(index) # remove object at position <index>
• Example
lista = [ 1, 2, 3 , 2 ]
lista.remove(2)
print (lista)
print (lista.pop(),lista)
lista.insert(1,2)
print (lista)
print (lista.pop(2),lista)
print (lista)
[1, 3, 2]
2 [1, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
3 [1, 2]
[1, 2]

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Lists and dictionaries the OO-way - IV
Otra forma de borrar elementos de una lista
• You can pop() elements from a list or use the Python keyword
▶ del
▶ With lists, use it like this
del lista[index] # to delete an element
del lista[range] # to delete a range of elements

• An example
lista = list(range(10))
del lista[3]
print (lista)
lista = list(range(10))
del lista[3:5]
print (lista)
print (list(range[3:5]))
[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
▶ CAVEAT del lista kills the whole list

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Dictionaries
Avoiding exceptions

• Dictionaries are managed in a similar way

• Method .get() allows you to avoid ’Key error’ exceptions for non-existent keys
▶ It will result None for non-existent keys
fruit = {
'yellow': 'banana',
'green': 'kiwi',
'red': 'cherry',
}
try:
colour = 'blue'
cake = fruit.get(colour,'??')
if cake == '??':
print (f'{cake} No {colour} fruit to make a cake, sorry')
else:
print (f'Do you want {cake} cake?')
cake = fruit[colour]
except Exception as e:
print(f'Exception : {str(e)}')
?? No blue fruit to make a cake, sorry
Exception : 'blue'

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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Stock modules included in Python3

• We have already seen an example of a module included in the Python distribution

import math
...
def distance(self):
return math.sqrt(self.x**2 + self.y**2)
• You can import the whole module or specific objects or methods
from math import sqrt as root

print('{:6.4f}'.format(root(3.0)))
1.7321
▶ In the example, we have created an alias (root) for sqrt
• The Python reference guide [4] includes all available modules

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Stock modules included in Python3
A (hopefully) useful example
• You have a ZIP file and want to list all files included in it
from zipfile import ZipFile

with ZipFile('../python3.zip', mode='r') as fzip:

for elem in fzip.namelist():
print(elem)
python3/Makefile
python3/packages.tex
python3/acronyms.tex
python3/python3.pdf
python3/python3.org
python3/logos/uc3m-2021.jpg
python3/logos/uc3m-2021.png
python3/logos/fondo-2021.png
python3/logos/fondo-2021.jpg
python3/python3-handout.pdf
python3/python3.bib
python3/beamerthemeUC3M2022.sty
python3/figures/nglinks.png
python3/figures/ag-notebook.png

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Other examples of external libraries

To infinity and . . .
• Networking:
▶ scapy
Network traffic analysis and generation
▶ Mininet and Ryu
This is your lab
• Maths
▶ Pandas https://pandas.pydata.org
Numerical and statistical processing
▶ SciKIT: https://scikit-image.org
Image analysis and processing
• Other things:
▶ OpenPXYL: https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Read and generate Excel files with Python
▶ BLEAK https://github.com/hbldh/bleak
Bluetooth stack to communicate with bluetooth devices
• etc.

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Installing libraries
using pip3 to enrich our Python environment

• The recommended way to install external Python libraries is using pip3

• Should be installed in your system with your Python3 distribution
▶ Notable exception is Linux (Debian derivatives like Ubuntu)
sudo apt install python3-pip
• There is a directory Web page with modules that you can use
▶ https://pypi.org
• Check your OS to see whether it distinguishes user and system-wide installation
• How to use pip3
pip3 install lxml
# or
python3 -m pip install lxml
• CAVEAT: It is not recommended that you install pip modules with administrator privileges!

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 First steps in Python world: basic types

3 Functions and flow control

4 Object-oriented Programming

5 Modules, libraries, etc.

6 Practising with the Jupyter Notebook

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Installing the Jupyter Notebook in the VM

• Make sure that the docker group exists and the user is in it
sudo addgroup --system docker
sudo usermod -aG docker $(whoami)
newgrp docker
▶ You only need to do this if the docker group does not exist
• Install Docker
▶ You can use the Docker snap, because you are not using system resources like files in the /etc directory, etc.
sudo snap install docker
• Install Jupyter notebooks Docker
▶ Using --network=host is useful if you want to install this in a Virtual Machine and access the notebook from your
host.
mkdir workbook
docker run -d -P --network=host --name notebook \
-v "$(pwd)/workbook":/home/jovyan/work jupyter/base-notebook

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Using Jupyter notebooks inside the Virtual Machine

• Get the URL of the Jupyter server:

docker logs --tail 3 notebook
▶ Right-click on it to open the Jupyter UI in the Virtual Machine (VM)

• Inside the VM
▶ Download and decompress the workbook from Aula Global
▶ Upload it to Jupyter (using the Jupyter UI)

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Uninstalling Jupyter and Docker
• In order to clean up the VM for the next laboratories, you should kill and remove the container
▶ You can use docker without sudo, because your user is in the sudo group
docker ps -aq | xargs docker kill
docker ps -aq | xargs docker rm
• You can then remove the image or completely uninstall Docker until you need it again:
sudo snap remove --purge docker

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Bibliography

[1] "eriky", ed. Python for Programmers. Nov. 2022. URL:

https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/Programmers.
[2] Łukasz Langa Guido van Rossum Jukka Leftosalo. PEP 484 - Type hints. Sept. 2014. URL:
https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/.
[3] Tim Peter. The Zen of Python. 2004. URL: https://peps.python.org/pep-0020/.
[4] Python reference guide. 2023. URL: https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html.
[5] python-dev. PEP 0 - Index of Python Enhancement Proposals. July 2000. URL: https://peps.python.org/.
[6] Kenneth Reitz. PEP 8 — the Style Guide for Python Code. Aug. 2019. URL: https://pep8.org/.

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