Topic 6 :

PRESENTATION ON
SOLID MODELLING
MADE BY:

JAY BHARARIA (2020UMP4306)

UJJWAL CHAUDHARY (2020UMP4362)

DIVYANSHU BHATI (2020UMP4367)

WHAT IS SOLID MODELLING?

• It is the process of digitally creating a 3d design using

CAD software. There are 2 primary forms of 3d
modelling, solid and surface. Surface usually for visual
purposes and solid for real world fabrication and
computer simulations.
SOLID MODELLING DEFINITION

• A solid model is a more complete representation of a surface

(or wireframe model). A solid model communicates both
geometric and topological information, this represents a solid
unambiguously. Geometric information addresses shapes, sizes
and positioning in a 3d environment or coordinate system
GEOMETRY VS TOPOLOGY

GEOMETRY TOPOLOGY
SOLID ENTITIES

• The entities we use to create solid models depend on the approach we

use.
• The primitives approach uses primitives and the features approach uses
sketches.
• Many CAD systems provide both approaches to increase their modeling
domain, the entities required for sketches are curves and surfaces.
Primitives are considered building blocks.
SOLID ENTITIES

• Primitives are simple, basic shapes which can be combined by a

mathematical set of Boolean operations to create the solid. The user
usually positions primitives as required before applying Boolean
operations to construct the final solid.
• There is a wide variety of primitives available commercially to users.
However, the four most commonly used ones are the block, cylinder, cone,
and sphere. These are based on the four natural quadrics: planes, cylinders,
cones, and spheres.
Following are descriptions of the most commonly used
primitives:

1. Block: This is a box or cube whose geometrical data is its width, height, and depth. Its local
coordinate system XLYLZL is shown in Figure. Point P defines the origin of the XLYLZL
system. The signs of W, H, and D determine the position of the block relative to its
coordinate system. For example, a block with a negative value of W is displayed as if the
block shown in Figure is mirrored about the YLZL plane.
2. Cylinder: This primitive is a right circular cylinder whose geometry is defined by its radius R
(or diameter D) and length H. The length H is usually taken along the direction of the ZL
axis. H can be positive or negative.
3. Cone: This is a right circular cone or a frustum of a right circular cone whose base diameter
R, top diameter (for truncated cone), and height H are user-defined.
4. Sphere: This is defined by its radius R or diameter D and is centered about
the origin of its local coordinate system.

5. Wedge: This is a right angled wedge whose height H, width W, and base depth
D form its geometric data.

6. Torus: This primitive is generated by the revolution of a circle about an axis

lying in its plane ZL axis in Figure. The torus geometry can be defined by the
radius (or diameter) of its body R1 and the radius (or diameter) of the
centerline of the torus body R2, or the geometry can be defined by the inner
radius (or diameter) R1 and outer radius R0.
COMMON FEATURES OF MODELLING SCHEMES

▪ Domain :
While no representation can describe all possible solids, a representation should be able to
represent a useful set of geometric objects.
▪ Unambiguity :
When you see a representation of a solid, you will know what is being represented without any
doubt. An unambiguous representation is usually referred to as a complete one.
▪ Uniqueness :
That is, there is only one way to represent a particular solid. If a representation is unique, then
it is easy to determine if two solids are identical since one can just compare their
representations.
▪ Accuracy :
A representation is said accurate if no approximation is required.

▪ Validness :
This means a representation should not create any invalid or impossible solids. More precisely, a
representation will not represent an object that does not correspond to a solid.

▪ Closure :
Solids will be transformed and used with other operations such as union and intersection. "Closure"
means that transforming a valid solid always yields a valid solid.

▪ Compactness and Efficiency :

A good representation should be compact enough for saving space and allow for efficient algorithms to
determine desired physical characteristics.
BOUNDARY REPRESENTATION (B-REP)

• Objects are represented in this scheme by their enclosing surfaces or boundaries. In a

boundary representation (B-rep) modeler , a solid is represented by an evaluated data
structure containing the elements which describe its boundary. These elements are
divided into two categories: topological and geometric. The topological elements are
linked together in a network or graph which represents their interconnections or
connectivity in terms of vertices, edges and faces. This face-edge-vertex graph contains no
geometric information about an object — the geometric elements (points, curves and
surfaces) which give form and fix it in space are separate.
• B-Rep is very compatible with wire In a B-Rep system, a solid is defined by five views — plan,
front, two ends and the reverse plan. Rubber banding
frame models, but modifications are
lines are used to inter-relate corresponding features in
more difficult to make than when using the various views. B-Rep stores a description of the
CSG. B-Rep is a useful technique for object in terms of its surfaces, edges and vertices. Since
the boundary information is kept at all times as an
non-standard shapes, e.g. aircraft, fuselage
explicit definition, it is quicker to build the model than
and wing shapes and for car body styling. using CSG, but the data base that must be stored is larger
Boundary Representation
CONSTRUCTIVE SOLID GEOMETRY

• Constructive Solid Geometry, or CSG for short, is yet another way of

representing solids. A CSG solid is constructed from a
few primitives with Boolean operators (i.e., set union, intersection and
difference). Thus, a CSG solid can be written as a set equations and can
also be considered a design methodology.
 CSG PRIMITIVES

The standard CSG primitives consist of the block (i.e., cube), triangular prism, sphere, cylinder, cone and torus.
These six primitives are in some normal or generic form and must be instantiated by the user to be used in
his/her design. Moreover, the instantiated primitive may require transformations such as scaling, translation and
rotation to be positioned at the desired place.
Suppose the block primitive is defined by its "lower left" corner < -1, -1, -1 > and "upper right" corner < 1, 1, 1
>. To produce a rectangular box with center at < 3, 2, 3 > and height and width 3 and length 5, a user may first
scale the block primitive 1.5 times in the y- and z-direction and 2.5 times in the x-direction, and then translate the
result to < 3, 2, 3 >. If the block primitive is called Block in a CSG system, the result may be obtained as
follows:
translate(scale(Block, < 2.5, 1.5, 1.5 >), < 3, 2, 3 >)
In the above, the object to be transformed and the transformation data are the first and second arguments,
respectively.
BOOLEAN OPERATORS

• We can combined two instantiated and perhaps transformed primitives into one with set
union, set intersection and set difference operators. However, simple set operators may
create problems, modifications are required.
• Given two sets, A and B, its union consists of all points from either A or B; its intersection
consists of all points in both sets; and its difference, written as A - B (resp., B - A),
consists of all points in A but not in B (resp., in B but not in A). In the following, A is the
vertical cylinder and B is the horizontal cylinder. From left to right, the four solids are the
union and intersection of A and B, A - B and B - A.
Therefore, a solid can be considered as the result of applying Boolean operators to a set of instantiated and transformed CSG
primitives.
Let us take a look at a simple example. We want to design a bracket-like shape with a hole shown on the right-most figure
below. We start with two instantiations of blocks and one instantiation of a cylinder (the left-most figure). Then, the two
blocks are scaled and one of them is rotated to a vertical position. The cylinder is also scaled so that its radius matches that of
the hole. These three instantiations are than transformed to their desired positions. The final product is obtained by
computing the union of the two blocks and then subtracting from it the cylinder.

Please note that the design of the above solid is not unique. For example, the L shape can be constructed from subtracting a
cube from another one.
 CSG EXPRESSIONS

The design procedure of the above bracket can be written

as an expression:
diff(union(trans(Block1), trans(Block2)),
trans(Cylinder))
where union(A,B) and diff(A,B) are the union and
difference of A and B, and trans() indicates appropriate
transformations. Or, if we use +, ^ and - for set union,
intersection and difference, the above function calls can
be rewritten as a set expression as follows:
(trans(Block1) + trans(Block2)) - trans(Cylinder)
This expression can be converted to an expression tree,
the CSG Expression, of the design:
In fact, every solid constructed using the CSG technique has a corresponding CSG
expression which in turn has an associated CSG tree. The expression of the CSG tree is a
representation of the final design. Recall that the same solid may have different CSG
expressions/trees. For example, one might punch a hole from Block1 first and then
compute the union of this result with Block2. As a result, CSG representations are not
unique.
SOLID MANIPULATION
A brief Introduction
Solid manipulation involves manipulation both geometry and
topology to make resulting solid valid. The manipulations on solid
are shown below :
• Displaying.
• Evaluation of points, curves and surface on solids.
• Trimming and intersection.
• Segmentation.
• Transformation.
• Editing.
 Displaying

• Solid model can be displayed in two forms : wire

frame display and shaded image display.
• The wire frame display is used to produce line
drawings of solid models. It uses the boundary
representation data of solid model.
• The shaded image display of solid model uses
constructive solid geometry of models. It provides
realistic image of solids.
Evaluation of points, curves and surfaces:

• Evaluation of points, curves and surface on solid can be done by

considering intersection problems. The intersection of plane and solid gives
cross- section of solid model.
• The intersection of curves and solid generates points and intersection of
surface and solid generates curves.
• The surfaces on the solid model can be bounded by the
edges of the solid.
Trimming and Intersection:

• Trimming of solid model can be done by intersecting the solid models with
trimming boundaries .
• The trimming boundaries are the surfaces which divides solid into two
sub-solids.
• The solid outside or inside the boundary can be
trimmed.
Segmentation and Transformation:

Segmentation: Transformation:
• Segmentation means splitting
• Transformation can be done either
the solid into 2 or 4 sub-
on the primitives or
solids.
on the final solid model.
• The resulting sub solids will
• Transformation may be
have its own geometry
translation, rotation or scaling.
and topology.
Editing:

• Editing is used to change the geometry or topology of

the solid model.

• The CSG tree is used to edit solid efficiently.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://pages.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs3621/NOTES/model/csg.html
• http://archive.nitjsr.ac.in/course_assignment/ME28ME4607Solid%20Modelling%20Fundam
entals.pdf
• https://pages.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs3621/NOTES/model/resp.html
• https://transport.itu.edu.tr/docs/librariesprovider99/dersnotlari/dersnotlarires112e/not/ca
dd-
6.pdf?sfvrsn=4#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,extruded%20in%20a%20give
n%20direction
THANK YOU