Chapter 5

5.1 Introduction

Both the amount of NaOH solution and its pH were measured with a pH metre. The data
was analysed afterward. To test this hypothesis, we will add 0.1 M NaOH solution in
millilitre (mL) increments and measure the resulting pH changes. In order to determine the
pH value, we need to know how many millilitres of NaOH solution were used. The data
for two of the variables were documented as having been gathered in a batch fashion.
Results were gathered in a chemistry lab because the experiment was performed on a tiny
scale there.

5.2 Objectives

5.2.1 Determine which variables are independent and which are dependent based on the
background statement.

5.2.2 Determine the slope and intercept of the regression line drawn between the amount of
0.1 M NaOH solution added in milliliters (mL) and the pH reading using excel and Minitab.
5.3 Data Analysis

Volume of NaOH, mL pH
0 0.36
1 0.36
2 0.38
3 0.40
4 0.43
5 0.46
6 0.49
7 0.52
8 0.55
9 0.58
10 0.62
11 0.67
12 0.72
13 0.77
14 0.83
15 0.91
16 1.01
17 1.14
18 1.34
19 1.73
20 8.89
21 11.08
22 12

The independent variable in regression analysis is controllable. It's also a modelling or

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

5.2.1 Microsoft Excel

The set of data have been imported into Microsoft excel.

Click data analysis in data tab, select ‘Regression’ and click OK.
To proceed, choose all instances of 'Volume of 0.1M NaOH (mL)' as the X-axis and 'pH' as
the Y-axis, then set the level of confidence to 95% and click OK.

The Regression of the data is shown as picture below.

The independent variable in regression analysis is something that can be altered. It can also
be used for modelling and forecasting. In this data experiment, the volume of the 0.1 M
NaOH solution in milliliters is the independent variable. In regression analysis, the researcher
cannot change the variable that is being studied. It consists of things that can be anticipated or
modelled. This experiment will depend on the results of the pH meter.

S, also known as the standard error of the estimate, is the average difference between the
measured values and the regression line. It provides a straightforward estimate of the average
error in the regression model in terms of the response variable's units. When the values are
close to zero, the observations correspond more closely to the fitted line. The sample standard
error is 2.6935 points.

The regression formula which can set up a relation between volume of NaOH (mL) and pH is as
follows:
y = β0 + β1 x + error

• Here the dependent factor is Y. Y represents the pH , whereas the independent factor is X,
which determines the volume of NaOH (mL).
 • Parameters β0 and β1 are parameters that are not known and will be estimated by the
equation.
• β0 is a constant that defines the linear trend line and intercepts the Y-axis.
• β1 is a constant that demonstrates the magnitude of change in the value of the dependent
variable as a related function of the change implied to the independent variables.
• It is called the slope of the equation. When the slope is linear, there is a proportional
relationship between Volume of NaOH and pH, and where the slope is inverse, it means the
relationship is indirectly proportional.

The error can be defined as the noise or variation in the target variable and is random.