Constitution of

Pakistan

The Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: ‫آئین‬

‫)پاکستان‬, also known as the 1973
Constitution, is the supreme law of
Pakistan.[1] Drafted by the government of
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, with additional
assistance from the country's opposition
parties, it was approved by the Parliament
on 10 April and ratified on 14 August
1973.[2] The Constitution is intended to
guide Pakistan's law, political culture, and
system. It sets out the state's outline, the
fundamental rights of the population, the
state's law and orders, and also the
structure and establishment of the
institutions and the armed forces.[3] The
first three chapters establish the rules,
mandate, and separate powers of the three
branches of the government: a bicameral
legislature; an executive branch governed by
the Prime Minister as chief executive; and an
apex federal judiciary headed by Supreme
Court.[3] The Constitution designates the
President of Pakistan as a ceremonial Head
of State who is to represent the unity of
the state.[4] The first six articles of the
constitution outline the political system as
federal parliamentary republic system; as well
as Islam as its state religion.[5] The
Constitution also encapsulates provisions
stipulating the legal system's compliance
with Islamic injunctions contained in the
Quran and Sunnah.[6]
 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan

Overview

Jurisdiction  Pakistan

Created 20 October 1972

Ratified 12 April 1973

Date effective 14 August 1973

System Constitutional federal

parliamentary republic

Government structure

Branches 3
Chambers Bicameral (Senate and
National Assembly)

Executive Prime Minister

Judiciary Supreme court, high

courts and district
courts

Federalism Federation

Electoral college Yes, for Presidential

elections

History

Amendments 26

Last amended 31 May 2018

Location Parliament Building,

Islamabad, Pakistan

Commissioned by Parliament of Pakistan

Signatories 12th Parliament
(unanimous)

Supersedes Constitution of
Pakistan, 1962
Legal Framework Order,
1970

This article contains Urdu text. Without

proper rendering support, you may see
unjoined letters running left to right or
other symbols instead of Urdu script.

The Parliament cannot make any laws which

may be repugnant or contrary to the
Constitution, however the Constitution
itself may be amended by a two-thirds
majority in both the houses of the bicameral
Parliament, unlike the previous legal
documents of 1956 and 1962.[7] It has been
amended over time, and most recent impulses
for political upgrades and reforms has been
amended. Although enforced in 1973,
Pakistan, however, celebrates the adoption
of the constitution on 23 March—when the
first set was promulgated in 1956—each and
every year as Republic Day.[8] Technically
there are 26 amendments but 23
amendments were made in constitution and
three were not passed by the parliament as
the three amendments collapsed.
Origins and historical
background
In a radio talk addressed to the people of
Pakistan, broadcast in February 1948,
Jinnah expressed his views regarding
Pakistan's constitution-to-be in the
following way:

The Constitution of Pakistan is

yet to be framed by the Pakistan
Constituent Assembly, I do not
know what the ultimate shape
of the constitution is going to be,
but I am sure that it will be of a
democratic type, embodying the
essential principles of Islam.
Today these are as applicable in
actual life as these were 1300
years ago. Islam and its
idealism have taught us
democracy. It has taught
equality of man, justice and fair
play to everybody. We are the
inheritors of these glorious
traditions and are fully alive to
our responsibilities and
obligations as framers of the
future constitution of Pakistan.
[9]

Pakistan was founded in 1947 as a Dominion

(an independent realm or kingdom) within the
British Commonwealth. The same was true in
independent India. During its first few years
of existence the British monarch was also
Pakistan's head of state, as is still the case
in Canada, Australia etc. Before writing a
constitution, a Constituent Assembly passed
the Objectives Resolution, on the insistence
of the ulama and Jamaat-e-Islami, in March
1949 to define the basic directive principles
of the new state and to declare state
recognition of the sovereignty of Allah over
the universe. The Objectives Resolution
affirmed the role of democracy and contained
religious provisions to enable society to
adhere to the teachings of the Quran and
Sunnah. The Objectives Resolution has
henceforth been inserted as a preamble into
each of Pakistan's subsequent
constitutions.[10]

The country became a republic when its first

constitution was approved in 1956 but this
was abrogated in 1958 after a military
Coup d'état.[11] Pakistan's second
constitution was approved in 1962. It
granted executive power to the president
and abolished the office of the prime minister.
It also institutionalised the intervention of
military in politics by providing that for
twenty years, the president or the defence
minister must be a person who had held a
rank not lower than that of lieutenant-
general in the army.[12] The 1962
constitution was suspended in 1969 and
abrogated in 1972.[11]

The 1973 constitution was the first in

Pakistan to be framed by elected
representatives. Unlike the 1962
constitution it gave Pakistan a
parliamentary democracy with executive
power concentrated in the office of the
prime minister, and the formal head of state
—the president—limited to acting on the
advice of the prime minister.[12]

The Constitution states that all laws are

to conform with the injunctions of Islam as
laid down in the Quran and Sunnah.[6] The
1973 Constitution also created certain
institutions such as the Shariat Court and
the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel
the interpretation and application of
Islam.[13]

After another coup d'état in 1977, the

constitution was held in abeyance until it
was "restored" in 1985 but with an
amendment (the Eighth) shifting power from
the parliament and Prime Minister to the
president. Another Amendment (Seventeenth)
in 2004 continued this shift, but in 2010,
the Eighteenth amendment reduced
presidential powers, returning the
government to a parliamentary republic.

Previous legislation as Source

The successful independence movement led the

establishment of Pakistan, independent from
the British Raj in 1947. The British Empire
divided the Raj into two parts, India and
Pakistan.
The provisions of the Government of India
Act, 1935, had greatly influenced the state
and served as its basic legal document until
1956. In 1950, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali
Khan authored the first annexe that would
pave a path to the drafting of the
Constitution. Elected in 1947, the first
Constituent Assembly drafted and adopted
its first constitution in 1956.

1956 Constitution

Following the adoption of a constitution in

India in 1950, Pakistan's lawmakers were
incentified to work on their constitution.
Prime Minister Muhammad Ali and his
government officials worked with the
opposition parties in the country to
formulate a constitution for Pakistan.[14]

Finally, the joint work led to the

promulgation of the first set of the
constitution on 23 March 1956—a day when
Pakistan celebrates its Republic Day over
the adoption of the constitution. The
constitution provided for parliamentary
form of government with a unicameral
legislature.[14] It officially adopted Pakistan
as "Islamic Republic" and the principle of
parity was introduced. Its features were:
Islamic Republic of Pakistan[14] – Official
name of the country was adopted
Objectives Resolution – The objective
resolution was included as preamble by the
constitution.
System of government – Parliamentary
with a prime minister as head of
government.
Unicameral Legislature – A single house,
only a National Assembly that would
consist of 300 members; 150 members
from each East and West Pakistan
President – Required to be a Muslim and
ceremonial head of state. In case of
internal or external danger he could declare
a state of emergency in the country.
Islamic law – No law would be passed
against the teachings of the Quran and
Sunnah.
Independent Judiciary – The Supreme
Court as an apex court – a final
arbitrator of all the decisions.
Fundamental rights included freedoms of
movement, speech and, profession and
profess religion, right to life, liberty, and
property.
Language – English, Urdu and Bengali were
made national languages.
By the constitution, Iskander Mirza assumed
the presidency but his constant involvement
in national affairs, as opposed to
Constitution, dismissed four elected prime
ministers in two years. Under public pressure,
Mirza upheld the coup d'état in 1958, thus
virtually suspending the constitution.
Shortly afterwards General Ayub Khan
deposed Mirza and declared himself
president.[15]

1962 Constitution

General Ayub Khan appointed a Constitution

Commission to draft another part of the
constitution under Chief Justice Muhammad
Shahabuddin.[16] Submitted its
considerations on 6 May 1961, Ayub Khan
altered the entire version of the
constitution which was entirely different
from the one recommended by Chief Justice
Muhammad Shahabuddin.[16] It was
promulgated on 8 June 1962. Main feature
of this set was the introduction of the
Presidential system and more consolidated
powers to the President. No further changes
were carried out to oppose the 1956
document.[16] Its features includes:

More powers to the President of

Pakistan.[16]
 Strengthening of the Islamic Ideology
Council.[16]
1970 Legal Framework Order

President Ayub Khan invited Chief of Army

Staff General Yahya Khan to enforce the
martial law in the country. On assuming the
presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to
popular demands by abolishing the one-unit
system in West Pakistan and ordered
general elections on the principle of one man,
one vote.[17][18]

The military government and President

Yahya himself made no efforts to frame a
constitution, aside from issuing the
extrajudicial order in 1970.[18] Across the
country, the expectations were that a
National Assembly would be set up by holding
a free and fair election. To hold the proposed
elections, President Yahya promulgated a
Legal Framework Order on 30 March 1970
that also spelled out the fundamental
principles of the proposed constitution and
the structure and composition of the
national and provincial assemblies.[18]

In December 1970, nationwide general

elections were held simultaneously for both
the national and five provincial assemblies.
The nationalist Awami League (AL) secured
the mandate of East Pakistan but failed to
perform in any four provinces of Pakistan.[18]
The socialist Pakistan People's Party (PPP)
under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
gained a mandate in Punjab and Sindh but
failed in East Pakistan, NWFP and
Balochistan.

1970 constitutional crisis

Constitutional crisis grew further when the

AL refused to make concessions over its six
points to draft the constitution and
instead maintaining that the AL was able to
frame a constitution and to form a central
government on its own.[18]
The PPP was not willing to dilute the
authority of the federal government in spite
of assuring full provincial autonomy for all
the provinces of Pakistan.[18] Negotiations
on framing the work on constitution were
held between January and March 1971
between leaders of the PPP, the AL, and the
military government of Yahya Khan, which
turned out to be a failure.[18] Under the LFO,
the President was to decide when the
National Assembly was to meet.[18] By 13
February 1971, the President Yahya
announced that the National Assembly was
to meet at Dhaka on 3 March 1971. By this
time the differences between the main
parties to the conflict had already
crystallized.[18] Over the six-point issue, the
PPP was convinced that a federation based
on the six points would lead to a feeble
confederation in name only and was part of a
larger Indian plan to break up and destroy
Pakistan.[18] These fears were evidently
shared by the military leaders in the west,
including President Yahya Khan who had
publicly described Sheikh Mujibur Rehman as
the 'future Prime Minister of Pakistan' on
14 January 1971. Bhutto announced on 15
February that his party would not attend
the National Assembly unless there was 'some
amount of reciprocity' from the Awami
League. Sheikh Mujib replied at a press
conference on 21 February, asserting that
"Our stand is absolutely clear. The
constitution will be framed on the basis of
the six points".[18]

Such an announcement led the PPP to

demand the removal of the National Assembly
session, or the opening session to be
postponed.[18] The PPP threatened to
stage a large scale general strike all over
the country. Under pressure by the PPP,
President Yahya postponed the National
Assembly session on 25 March which came as
a shattering disillusionment to the AL and
their supporters throughout East
Pakistan.[18] It was seen as a betrayal and
as proof of the authorities of the Pakistan
to deny them the fruits of their electoral
victory.[18] This resulted in the outbreak of
violence in East Pakistan. The Awami League
launched a non-co-operation movement as
they virtually controlled the entire
province.[18] Due to disturbances in East
Pakistan, no National Assembly session was
called and the military moved into East
Pakistan and executed Operation
Searchlight.[18] The civil disobedience
movement turned into an armed liberation
movement backed by India.

With India successfully intervening in the

conflict, the Pakistan military surrendered
to the Indian military and almost 45,000
military personnel were taken as prisoners of
war on 16 December 1971.[18] Demoralized,
gaining notoriety in the country, and finding
himself unable to control the situation,
President Yahya ultimately handed over the
national power to the PPP, of which Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto was sworn in on 20 December 1971
as President and as the (first civilian) Chief
Martial Law Administrator.[18]

Constitutional convention
After Bangladesh was formed in 1971, the
PPP formed the government and partially
enacted the 1962 constitution.[19]
President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called for a
constitutional convention and invited the
leaders of the all political parties to meet
him on 17 April 1972.[19] Leaders and
constitutional experts of the Islamic
political parties, conservative parties,
socialists and communist parties were
delegated to attend the constitutional
convention in 1972.[20]

Drafting and ratification

The law experts, constitutional analysts,

and country's reputed clergymen worked on
formulating a constitution that they hoped
would represent the will and desire of
people.[21] Unlike earlier attempts, the
convention was not meant for new laws or
piecemeal alterations, but for the "sole and
express purpose of revising the 1956
articles."[21] Also, the convention was not
limited to the religion, exigencies of
government and the preservation of the
State; rather it was intended to maintain
delicacy in commerce, finances, issue of loans
to federation, and Separation of powers.[21]
Several key ideas of the philosophy of John
Locke and Islamic provisions on civil rights
were interchanged in the
Constitution.[22][23]

The Constitution ultimately established a

bicameral Parliament, with the National
Assembly as the lower house and the Senate
as the upper house.[21] It also established
the parliamentary form of government with
Prime Minister as its head of government;
the elected National Assembly genuinely
representing the will of the people.[21] The
Constitution truly maintained a delicate
balance between traditionalists and
modernists and reflected heavy compromises
on fundamental religious rights in the
country.[21] The fundamental rights,
freedoms of speech, religion, press, movement,
association, thought, and intellectual, life,
liberty and property and right to bear arms
were introduced in the new Constitution.[20]
Islam was declared as the State religion of
Pakistan.[20] Geography and border statue
of the country was redefined and "Pakistan
was to be a Federation of Four
Provinces."[20] The Constitution was
written in the point of representing the
conservative Islam as well as reflecting a
heavy compromise over the religious rights
and humanism ideas, advocated by the
PPP.[21]

On 20 October 1972, the draft was revived

by all leaders of the political parties and
signed the declaration of adopting the
Constitution in the National Assembly on 2
February 1973.[24] Ratified unanimously on
19 April 1973, the Constitution came into
full effect on 14 August 1973.[24] On the
same day, the successful vote of confidence
movement in the Parliament endorsed
Zulfikar Bhutto as the elected Prime
Minister after latter relinquishing the
presidency after appointing Fazal-i-Ilahi to
that office.[24]

Structure

Fundamental rights

Contrary to Constitution of 1956 and

Constitution of 1962, several ideas in the
Constitution were new, and guaranteed
security to each citizen of Pakistan. First
part of the Constitution introduced the
definition of State, the idea of life, liberty
and property, individual equality, prohibition
of slavery, preservation of languages, right
to fair trial, and provided safeguard as to
arrest and detention as well as providing
safeguards against discrimination in
services.[25][26]

The due process clause of the Constitution

was partly based on the British Common law,
as many founding fathers and legal experts
of the country had followed the British legal
tradition.[27] The fundamental rights are
supreme in the Constitution and any law
that is ultra vires the fundamental rights
can be struck down by the apex courts in
their constitutional jurisdiction vested on
them under Article 199 of the
Constitution.[28]

Provisions

In contrast to the constitutions of India

and Bangladesh, the Constitution reflected a
heavy compromise over several issues to
maintain a delicate balance of power among
the country's institutions. The
Constitution defined the role of Islam;[29]
Pakistan was to be a Federation of Four
Provinces and shall be known as the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan;[30] introduction of
check and balances, separation of powers, and
provided the federal system under which the
government should govern.

The Constitution established a "Bicameral

Parliament" as a legislative authority that
consists of the Senate as Upper house
(providing equal provincial representation),
and National Assembly as Lower house
(providing the will and representation of
people).[31][32] The Constitution put
stipulation on the eligibility of becoming
President and Prime Minister that only
"Muslim" of not less than forty-five years of
age[33] and is qualified for becoming the
Prime Minister.[34] No law repugnant to
Islam shall be enacted and the present laws
shall also be Islamised.[35] The Constitution
also introduced a new institution known as
the "Council of Common Interests"
consisting of Chief Minister of each four
provinces and an equal number of Cabinet
ministers of the Government nominated by
the Prime Minister.[36] The Council could
formulate and regulate the policy in the
Part II of the Legislative List. In case of
complaint of interference in water supply by
any province the Council would look into the
complaint.

Another major innovative introduction in the

Constitution is the establishment of the
National Finance Commission (NFC) consisting
of the Provincial and Finance Ministers and
other members to advice on distribution of
revenues between the federation and the
provinces.[37] The Constitution's first parts
introduce the Islamic way of life, promotion
of local government, full participation of
women in national life, protection of
minorities, promotion of social and economic
well being of the people, and strengthening
the bonds with the Muslim world and to work
for international peace.
The Islamic laws and Sharia

Quran

Under the Constitution, the Fundamental

Rights include security of person, safeguards
as to arrest and detention, prohibition of
slavery and forced labour, freedom of
movement, freedom of association, freedom of
speech, freedom to profess religion and
safeguards to religious institutions, non-
discrimination in respect of access to public
places and in service, preservation of
languages, script and culture. The judiciary
enjoys full supremacy over the other organs
of the state. About national languages,
Urdu was declared as national languages, and
English as official language; all other
languages were preserved by the
Constitution.[38]

Islamic introduction

Many key ideas on regarding the role of Islam

in the State that were mentioned in 1956
Articles were made part of the
Constitution:

The official name "Islamic Republic of

The official name Islamic Republic of
Pakistan" as selected for the state of
Pakistan.
Islam is declared as the state religion of
Pakistan.
Enabling of living life, culture, and customs
of Muslims, individually or collectively, in
accordance with the fundamental principles
and basic concepts of Islam.
Teachings on Arabic, Quran, and Islamiyat
to be compulsory in country's institutions
and to secure correct and exact printing
and publishing of the Quran.
Proper organisations of Zakat, Waqf, and
mosques is ensured.
Prevent prostitution, gambling and
consumption of alcohol, printing,
publication, circulation, pornography, and
display of obscene literature and
advertisements.
Required to be a Muslim to run for bid of
becoming the President (male or female)
and/or Prime Minister (male or female). No
restriction as to religion or gender on any
other post, up to and including provincial
governor and Chief Minister.
All existing laws shall be brought in
conformity with the injunctions of Islam
as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and
no law shall be enacted which is repugnant
to such injunctions.[39]
A Council of Islamic Ideology shall be
constituted referred to as the Islamic
advisory council.[40]
The Constitution of Pakistan defined a
Muslim as a person who believes in the
unity and oneness of Allah, in the absolute
and unqualified finality of the Prophethood
of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and
does not believe in, or recognise as a
prophet or religious reformer, any person
who claimed or claims to be a prophet, in
any sense of the word or of any
description whatsoever, after Muhammad.
In keeping with this definition, the Second
Amendment to the Constitution (1974)
declared for the first time the Ahmadiyya
Community and/or the Lahori Group as
non-Muslims, since their leader, Mirza
Ghulam Ahmad, claimed to be prophet of
God.
However, the Fourth Amendment (1975)
set aside six seats in the National
Assembly for non-Muslim representatives
to protect minority rights.
The state shall endeavour to strengthen
the bonds of unity among Muslim
countries.
 Islamic revisions were introduced into the
Pakistan Penal Code.

Parts

The individual Articles of the Constitution

are grouped together into the following
Parts:

Preamble
Part I[41] – Introductory [Articles 1–6]
Part II[42] – Fundamental Rights and
Principles of Policy [Articles 7–40]
Part III[43] – The Federation of
Pakistan [Articles 41–100]
Part IV[44] – Provinces [Articles 101-140A]
Part V[45] – Relations between
Federation and Provinces [Articles 141–159]
Part VI[46] – Finance, Property,
Contracts and Suits [Articles 160–174]
Part VII[47] – The Judicature [Articles
175–212]

Part VIII[48] – Elections [Articles 213–

226]

Part IX[49] – Islamic Provisions [Articles

227–231]

Part X[50] – Emergency Provisions

[Articles 232–237]

Part XI[51] – Amendment of Constitution

[Articles 238–239]
 Part XII[52] – Miscellaneous [Articles 240–
280]

Schedule

Schedules are lists in the Constitution that

categorise and tabulate bureaucratic
activity and policy of the Government.

First Schedule[53] – Laws exempted from the

operation of Article 8(1), 8(2), 8(3b), and 8(4)

Second Schedule[54] – Election of President"

Article 41(3)

Third Schedule:[55] – Oaths of Office: Article

42, Article 91(5)–92(2), Article 53(2)–61,

Fourth Schedule:[56] – Legislative Lists

 Fifth Schedule:[57] – Remuneration and Terms
and Conditions of Service of Judges: [Article 205]

Amendments
Unlike the previous documents, the
Constitution cannot be changed, instead
constitutional amendments are passed;
altering its effect.[7] Amendments to the
Constitution are made through the
Parliament, where a Two-thirds majority and
voting is required in both houses for a
constitutional amendment to take its
effect, in accordance to the
Constitution.[58] In addition to this,
certain amendments which pertain to the
federal nature of the Constitution must be
ratified by a majority of provincial
legislatures.[59]

As of 2019, 25 amendments have been made

to the Constitution. Among the most
important of these are the Eighth (1985)
and Seventeenth Amendments (2004), which
changed the government from a
parliamentary system to a semi-presidential
system. By far the largest change to the
Constitution was the Eighteenth
Amendment made in 2010 which reversed these
expansions of presidential powers, returning
the government to a parliamentary republic,
and also defined any attempt to subvert,
abrogate, or suspend the constitution as an
act of high treason.[60]

The latest of these amendments, the

Twenty-Fifth amendment incorporated the
former Federally Administered Tribal Areas
into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Original text

Preamble

Whereas sovereignty over the

entire Universe belongs to
Almighty Allah alone, and the
authority to be exercised by the
people of Pakistan within the
limits prescribed by Him is a
sacred trust;

And whereas it is the will of the

people of Pakistan to establish
an order :-

Wherein the State shall exercise

its powers and authority
through the chosen
representatives of the people;

Wherein the principles of

democracy, freedom, equality,
tolerance and social justice, as
enunciated by Islam, shall be
fully observed;

Wherein the Muslims shall be

enabled to order their lives in
the individual and collective
spheres in accordance with the
teachings and requirements of
Islam as set out in the Holy
Quran and Sunnah;

Wherein adequate provision

shall be made for the minorities
freely to profess and practise
their religions and develop their
cultures;

Wherein the territories now

included in or in accession with
Pakistan and such other
territories as may hereafter be
included in or accede to
Pakistan shall form a
Federation wherein the units
will be autonomous with such
boundaries and limitations on
their powers and authority as
may be prescribed;
Therein shall be guaranteed
fundamental rights, including
equality of status, of
opportunity and before law,
social, economic and political
justice, and freedom of thought,
expression, belief, faith, worship
and association, subject to law
and public morality;

Wherein adequate provision

shall be made to safeguard the
legitimate interests of minorities
and backward and depressed
classes;
Wherein the independence of the
judiciary shall be fully secured;

Wherein the integrity of the

territories of the Federation, its
independence and all its rights,
including its sovereign rights on
land, sea and air, shall be
safeguarded;

So that the people of Pakistan

may prosper and attain their
rightful and honoured place
amongst the nations of the
World and make their full
contribution towards
international peace and
progress and happiness of
humanity :

Now, therefore, we, the people of

Pakistan,

Cognisant of our responsibility

before Almighty Allah and men;

Cognisant of the sacrifices made

by the people in the cause of
Pakistan;
Faithful to the declaration made
by the Founder of Pakistan,
Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali
Jinnah, that Pakistan would be a
democratic State based on
Islamic principles of social
justice;

Dedicated to the preservation of

democracy achieved by the
unremitting struggle of the
people against oppression and
tyranny;
 Inspired by the resolve to
protect our national and
political unity and solidarity by
creating an egalitarian society
through a new order;

Do hereby, through our

representatives in the National
Assembly, adopt, enact and give
to ourselves, this Constitution.

Signatories
All of the MNAs (full list (http://www.na.gov.
pk/uploads/former-members/5th%20Nation
al%20Assembly.pdf) ) signed the
Constitution except Mian Mahmud Ali Kasuri,
Dr. Abdul Hayee Baloch, Abdul Khaliq Khan, Haji
Ali Ahmed Khan, and Nizamuddin Haider.[61]
Sahibzada Muhammad Nazeer Sultan was the
last serving member of the National
Assembly who was also elected as the Member
of National Assembly in the 1970 elections &
was one of the last signatories of 1973
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan.[62]

See also
Pakistan
portal

History of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan
 Constitution of Pakistan of 1956
Constitution of Pakistan of 1962
Constitutional economics
Constitutionalism
Khan Amirzadah Khan

References
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obligations : a comparative study (https://
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g=PA96) . London: British Institute of
International and Comparative Law. pp. 96–
200. ISBN 978-1-905221-41-7.
2. Enterprise Team (1 June 2003). "The
Constitution of 1973' " (http://storyofpa
kistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/) .
The Story of Pakistan. The Story of
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Retrieved 15 October 2011.
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stani.org/pakistan/constitution/) from
the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved
22 January 2013.
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Pakistan (http://www.pakistani.org/paki
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Fundamental Rights (http://www.pakista
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stitution/constitution.htm) via Law and
Justice Commission
Full Text and Case Law (http://pakistanc
onstitutionlaws.com/) via Zain Sheikh &
Associates
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Laws & Order, 2002 (Updated Version) (ht
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