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Multiplexing: 8.1 Review Questions

FDM, WDM, and TDM are multiplexing techniques. FDM and WDM combine signals of different frequencies, with WDM using very high optical frequencies to transmit through fiber. TDM digitally interleaves signals from multiple devices into a frame. Synchronous TDM decomposes each frame by extracting data units in turn for each device. Asynchronous TDM checks the address of each data unit. Digital services have a wider bandwidth and are less sensitive to noise than analog services.

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31 views4 pages

Multiplexing: 8.1 Review Questions

FDM, WDM, and TDM are multiplexing techniques. FDM and WDM combine signals of different frequencies, with WDM using very high optical frequencies to transmit through fiber. TDM digitally interleaves signals from multiple devices into a frame. Synchronous TDM decomposes each frame by extracting data units in turn for each device. Asynchronous TDM checks the address of each data unit. Digital services have a wider bandwidth and are less sensitive to noise than analog services.

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CHAPTER 8

Multiplexing

8.1 REVIEW QUESTIONS


1. FDM, WDM, and TDM.
3. A guard band keeps modulated signals from overlapping and interfering with one
another.
5. WDM is conceptually the same as FDM. Both are combining different signals of
different frequencies. In WDM the frequencies are very high and the energy source
is light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels.
7. In TDM digital signals from n devices are interleaved with one another forming a
frame of data.
9. In synchronous TDM the demultiplexer at the receiver decomposes each frame by
discarding the framing bits and extracting each data unit in turn. As a data unit is
removed from the frame it is passed to the appropriate receiving device. In asyn-
chronous TDM the multiplexer at the receiver decomposes each frame by checking
the local address of each data unit. The extracted data unit is removed from the
frame and passed to the appropriate receiving device.
11. Analog switched service requires dialing, while analog leased service is a perma-
nent dedicated link between two customers; no dialing is needed.
13. Switched/56, DDS, and DS.
15. DS-0: single digital channel (64 Kbps)
DS-1: 24 DS-0 channels multiplexed = 1.544 Mbps
DS-2: 4 DS-1 channels multiplexed = 6.312 Mbps
DS-3: 7 DS-2 channels multiplexed = 44.376 Mbps
DS-4: 6 DS-3 channels multiplexed = 274.176 Mbps
17. In order to use T lines for analog transmission the analog signal needs to be sam-
pled first.
19. ADSL uses either carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) or the discrete multitone
modulation technique (DMT).

25
26 CHAPTER 8 MULTIPLEXING

21. Digital services are less sensitive to noise and have a wider bandwidth.
23. For synchronous TDM, the number of slots is the same as the number of input
lines; for asynchronous TDM, the number of slots can be less than the number of
input lines.

8.2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


25. d 27. d 29. a 31. a 33. b 35. a 37. b 39. b 41. b 43. d
45. c 47. a 49. d 51. b 53. c 55. a 57. c

8.3 EXERCISES
59. (4000 × 5) + (200 × 4) = 20.8 KHz
61. FDM: n is frequency of signal; TDM: n is time (s)
63. Number of slots is derived by statistical method (analysis) of the number of input
lines that are likely to be transferring at any given time.
65. See Figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 Exercise 65

Multiplexer
TEG

A
E4F4 T1I4E1 L4A2G1

EFIL

67. 168 Kbps


69. The original telephone lines were designed for voice (0 to 4000 Hz).
71. Theoretically, 2,000,000, 000 / 64,000 or 31250 channels. However, we need fram-
ing bits for multiplexing. Therefore, the practical number of channels is a little bit
less than 31250.
73. Bw = 20KHz – 4KHz = 16 KHz. See Figure 8.2
75. See Figure 8.3.
SECTION 8.3 EXERCISES 27

Figure 8.2 Exercise 73

4 8 10 14 16 20
Bandwidth = 16 KHz

Figure 8.3 Exercise 75

4 KHz
4 KHz X X + 16
FDM
4 KHz

4 KHz
Y Y + 32
FDM
4 KHz
4 KHz
FDM
4 KHz

4 KHz X X + 16

77. 14.4 Kbps × 100 = 1.44 Mbps; assuming the overhead is not too big; a T1 line
could handle the situation (1.544 Mbps)
79. 2 × 566 Kbps = 1.132 Mbps
81. See Figure 8.4

Figure 8.4 Exercise 81

010110110101001

Slot of 12 bits - -1001011010100


TDM
1010000001110000011110001010101010100001
- - 000000001010

83. Data rate of each line: 40 Kbps; number of stations sending at full capacity: 8
85. 8 Kbps
28 CHAPTER 8 MULTIPLEXING

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