NCM110NIF MIDTERM LABORATORY NOTES

GROUP 1 REPORT
PERSONAL INFORMATICS

 systems allow users to collect and review personally relevant information.

 a class of tools that help people collect personally relevant information for the purpose of self-
reflection and self monitoring.

 The basis of personal health informatics is the availability of online patient information, new
resources, desire for self management and care.

 Stages of Personal Informatics:

1. The STAGE-BASED MODEL describes the use of PI systems as a process consisting of five
stages:

o Preparation occurs before people start collecting personal information. This stage concerns
itself with people’s motivation to collect personal information, how they determine what
information they will record, and how they will record it

o Collection is the time when people collect information about themselves. During this stage,
people observe different personal information, such as their inner thoughts, their behavior,
their interactions with people ,and their immediate environment

o Integration lies between the Collection and Reflection stages, where the information
collected are prepared, combined, and transformed for the user to reflection. The Integration
stage can belong, meaning that the user has to do many things to prepare the collected data
for the reflection stage

o Reflection is when the user reflects on their personal information. This stage may involve
looking at lists of collected personal information or exploring or interacting with information
visualizations. Users may reflect on their information immediately after recording the
information(short-term) or after several days or weeks involving extensive self-
reflection(long-term).

o Action when people choose what they are going to do with their new found understanding of
themselves. Some people reflect on the information to track their progress towards goals.
From the understanding of their information, people may tailor their behaviors to match their
goals.

 The LIVED INFORMATICS MODEL highlights the messy reality of lapses and interruptions of
tracking activities. Emphasized the integrated nature of collection of and reflection on data:
Reflection often occurs in tandem with or even during collection, rather than as a strictly
separate step.
o Preparation Stage
1. Deciding – Decision to track personal data, Precontemplation and contemplation
stage for people with behavior change goals.
2. Selecting – Minimal or coupled with decision, It can be difficult and requires
extensive selection and comparison of tools.

o Tracking and Acting Stage – Learn about behaviors and makes changes to their
practice, this is occurring simultaneously.
 o Lapsing Stage – Begins with Barriers to collection, integration and reflection. This is
due to postponed use of self tracking tool.

o Resuming – A short term lapse, Quick resumption or going back to tracking, may
revisit their decisions to track / selecting tools again.

HEALTH INFORMATICS (HI) PROFESSIONALS

 are tasked with the important responsibilities of obtaining, storing, organizing manage and
utilize data for the purpose of improving the services provided by the healthcare industry
especially for patient care.

 HI specialists with expertise in both healthcare and information technology (IT) are
increasingly integral to the delivery and management of patient care

 Responsibilities Of Health Informatics Professionals :

· Analyzing data to help facilitate decisions and actions
· Developing data-driven solutions to improve patient health
· Collaborating with other departments in the healthcare system to reduce expenses through
strategic data analysis
· Designing and implementing tools to measure data, patient care effectiveness and processes
· Facilitating the communication and translation of regulatory and IT requirements between
departments

 5 Skills can help succeed in the field of health informatics:

o Interpersonal skills
o Ability to problem solve
o Programming knowledge
o Communication skills
o Ability to work with health data systems

NURSING CAREER IN INFORMATICS

• Clinical informatics specialist – They have backgrounds in both healthcare and clinical
informatics, They work closely with data entries and visual image storage systems to
collect information on existing practices.

• Informatics Nurse - A registered nurse who works at the intersection of technology and
nursing. It is a specialty of nursing that combines knowledge of nursing, communications,
computer science, and information science.

• Nursing informatics specialist –typically serve as the middleman between bedside nurses
and those in the IT department. They use their strong data analysis and communication
skills to bring these areas of healthcare together.

• Clinical informatics manager – They seek to implement system and processes to collect,
transfer and store data. They make the data accessible to the right person at the right
time.

• Clinical informatics coordinator – They are responsible for the implementation and
utilization of systems required for patient care. They are the ones who evaluates
applications or vendors to best meet the needs of organization.

• Director of clinical informatics - This management position typically oversees the systems
that handle patient data in their healthcare facility, such as electronic health records
(EHR), virtual telehealth systems and apps that allow patients to access their medical data
online
 • Clinical systems analyst - are responsible for installing, updating and managing the day-
to-day operations of computer systems within their healthcare facilities. They often have
a good sense of the processes and procedures in place in a particular department so they
can be as helpful as possible.

• Chief nursing informatics officer(CNIO) - This executive position provides leadership to

the entire nursing informatics team, as well as collaborates with both nurses and
administrative leaders in a medical facility to guide the overall direction of nursing
technologies.

ICT AND NURSING EDUCATION

 Education is a critical component of many nurses informatics functions and may directly
affect the success or failure of any new or modified IT solution.
 Nursing schools teach their students using innovative technologies emphasizing evidence-
based practice and problem-solving abilities such as the use of laboratories allowing
students more opportunities to learn about critical components of practical cases from
school

 RESPONSIBILITIES:
a. educators and trainers assess and evaluate informatics skills and competencies while
providing feedback to the learner regarding the effectiveness of the activity and the
learner’s ability to demonstrate newly acquired skills
b. educators and trainers manage, evaluate, report, and utilize data and information related
to the specific learner and the educational delivery system
c. informatics nurse innovators define and develop educational technologies, integrate the
solutions into the educational and practice environments, and challenge organizations to
consider and adopt innovative informatics solutions
d. informatics nurse must evaluate the users’ level of information literacy as well as their
computer literacy

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS

 An academic role teaching the basic NI principles to all levels of nursing students or
preparing graduate nursing students enrolled in a nursing informatics degree program to
implement, support, and evaluate clinical applications.
 A development role creating simulation technology scenarios and curricula to support
traditional learning and clinical placements.
 A clinical preceptor role orienting newly hired nurses and students to the use of
telehealth, telehealth technology, and mHealth technologies, integrating these
technologies into clinical practice, and then providing consumer education.
 A vendor educator role involving international travel to educate nurses on the operations,
capabilities, troubleshooting, limitations, and benefits of a product.
 A staff development liaison role for a large hospital educating nurses and other end users
about how to integrate clinical applications into their work processes.

GROUP 2 REPORT
INTERNET APPLICATION

 is a client/server application that uses standard Internet protocols for connecting the client to
the server. You can use exactly the same techniques to create a true Internet application, which
is available publicly through the World Wide Web, or to create an intranet application.

 5G is the Wireless network iteration of cellular technology

1. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

 are pocket-sized computers that are capable of accessing the Internet, sending and receiving
data, and storing textbooks worth of information.
 It includes a touchscreen for navigation, a memory card slot for data storage, and IrDA, Bluetooth
and/or Wi-Fi

2. Wireless Devices And Wireless Phones

 Refers to the transmission of voice and data over radio waves.
 These include physiological monitors, mobile apps, wearables, and scanners such as MRI, CT, or
ultrasound machines.
 Nurses reported improved communication among health team members and used their personal
devices to communicate patient information via text messaging, calling, and picture and video
functions.
 The clinical team is using this device because it can be optimized for clinical practice through the
utilization of applications designed to support healthcare providers by providing ready access to
journals and electronic resources and clinical decision support tools.

3. Email
 E-mail (electronic mail) are messages transmitted and received by digital computers through
a network.
 Ray Tomlinson is a computer programmer who implemented the first email program in 1971.
 An e-mail system allows computer users on a network to send text, graphics, sounds, and
animated images to other users.
 Emails make use of a server called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol through the internet.
 This dedicated port is assigned to the server to help the client transfer the messages through
the mail
 Email communication has been acknowledged as a resource that improves access, efficiency,
responsiveness, patient focus, and the quality of healthcare.

4. Bookmark
 A web browser feature used to save a website’s URL address for future reference.
 Bookmarks save user and browser time, which is especially useful for Web pages with long
URLs
 Method in allowing users to pin their favorite sites so that they may access them more quickly

5. Web 2.0
 Web 2.0 are websites and applications that make use of user-generated content for end users.
 Refers to the new second generation of World Wide Web and is characterized by greater user
interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive network connectivity and enhanced
communication channels.
 Web 2.0 describes how the initial version of the web has advanced into a more robust, capable
system. After the initial breakthrough of the initial web capabilities, greater technologies were
developed to allow users to more freely interact and contribute to what resides on the web.
 Web 2.0 first introduced IN 1999 as the internet pivoted toward a system actively engaged the
user

6. Blogs
 Blog, in full Web log or Weblog, online journal where an individual, group, or corporation
presents a record of activities, thoughts, or beliefs. Some blogs operate mainly as news filters,
collecting various online sources and adding short comments and Internet links.

 It provides an environment for the health informatics community to engage with formal and
informal professional development activities previously only available to the limited numbers
able to attend such events. Conference blogs can be mechanisms for providing information
and for interacting with online communities comprising the members of the sponsoring
health informatics organizations and wider constituencies of interest.
 7. WIKI
 A wiki is a web-based collaborative platform that enables users to store, create and modify
content in an organized manner. The term comes from the word wiki wiki, which means fast in
Hawaiian.
 A wiki is equally valuable to a nursing research team: it can be used to communicate information
to team members; foster collaboration among the team; disseminate resources, forms, and other
documents for conducting the research; and share experiences with study implementation.

TWO WAY VIDEO TELECONFERENCING

 A teleconference is a telephone or video meeting between participants in two or more

locations.
 Teleconferencing uses communications network technology to connect participants’ voices.
In many cases, speaker telephones are used for conference calls among the participants.
 A two-way radio system can also be used. In some areas, satellite enhancement of
connections is desirable.
 A teleconferencing can also be defined as a group communication through an electronic
meeting.

 Zoombombing is a new occurrence on the platform that results in unwanted individuals

crashing a conference call.

 Types Of Teleconferencing
o AUDIO - Audio teleconferencing is voice only; it is also known as conference calling.
o WEB - Web conferencing involves various levels of audio-video and graphics
communication from computer to computer. It can be as simple as instant messaging
or more complex as evidenced by online courses or online Web meetings
o VIDEO - Video conferencing originally entailed closed-circuit television systems
consisting of a camera and monitor at each end of the communication platform.
 Advantages:
o More Convenient and Accessible Patient Care
o Cost Effectiveness &Healthcare Savings
o Extended Specialist and Referring Physician Access
o Increased Patient Engagement
o Better Patient Care Quality
o Save time and energy in traveling
 Disadvantages:
o Technical Training and Equipment
o Reduced Care Continuity
o Fewer in-person consultations
o Tricky Policies and Reimbursement Rules
o Lack of Personal contact
o Ideas could be misinterpreted through lack of personal contact

TEXT MESSAGING

 It is the act of sending short, alphanumeric communications between cellphones, pagers or other
hand-held devices, as implemented by a wireless carrier.

 Healthcare facilities send reminders to patients ahead of their appointments, reducing the
number of cancellations and absentees. Potential delays are notified ahead of time, allowing
patients to show up later and thus prevent their having to wait too long
FACE TIME

 Another notable advantage of this app, especially when compared with other videotelephony and
messaging platforms, is that it is developed to run with the operating systems and hardware
specifications of Apple devices in mind.
 is well-within HIPAA regulations for telemedicine use as a communications conduit. A Business
Associate agreement is encouraged for all vendors that acquire and store PHI. Exemptions of the
Business Associate rule include communication platforms that are encrypted and transmit-only
services.

TWITTER

 has increased in popularity in medicine is that Twitter allows medical professionals to reach a
broad audience ranging from other physicians to trainees to patients. Anyone with a Twitter
account can access the information. Moreover, on Twitter, the consumers of the information are
no longer passive, as they can directly reply to tweets or endorse them with “favorites” or
“retweets”.

 Users can now use replies, retweets, and favorites to show which tweets they view as useful and
accurate.

FACEBOOK

 Is a social networking site that allows users to create profiles, exchange personal information such
as photos and quotes, and respond to or link to material made by others.

 The platform serves many patients as a virtual support group, people who may feel lonely and
isolated while battling a severe disease.

 Patients use Facebook to learn from patient leaders who have already been through what they
are going through. Many look to their patient peers for an unfiltered account of what a particular
medical procedure is really like, or to get an idea of what kind of side effects to expect from a new
medication.

GOOGLE

 Google Workspace for Healthcare and Life Sciences gives healthcare teams collaboration tools to
break down data silos and enhance patient outcomes.
 These tools work on both personal and shared devices, with built-in controls that support
compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
 In 21 consecutive patients, the "Google" search improved the mean score of the correct answers
from 47% to 62%. We found that "Google" search was a useful and reliable source of information
for the patients with regards to the disease etiopathogenesis and the problems caused by the
disease.

SKYPE

 In the context of health care Skype can be used to facilitate remote consultation at no cost to the
patient using interfaces the patient is often already familiar with. Being a VOIP Platform, call
quality with Skype is directly attributable to the amount of bandwidth available to the client.

ZOOM

 Zoom for Healthcare is best used for scheduled or on-demand clinical appointments. It has screen
sharing and chat functions that can be used for one-on-one or group sessions.
GOOGLE MEET

 Google Meet is an advanced VoIP and videoconferencing service that can be used by healthcare
providers to provide telehealth services, remote consultations, and virtual patient visits.

MICROSOFT TEAMS

 Microsoft Teams has embedded enhanced security and compliance features making it a safe and
compliant platform for sharing sensitive health information. Care Coordination – The care
providers can connect, communicate, and share electronic health records of a patient using
business line apps and daily used office apps.
 Is the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection of
methods, and demonstration that this research contributes something new.

GROUP 3 REPORT
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Is the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection of
methods, and demonstration that this research contributes something new.

 It is a written summary of journals, articles, books, and other documents that describe the past
and current state of information on the topic of your research study.

HOW TO ARRANGE RRLs IN 4 ASPECTS

 Thematic Approach is the process of integrating and liking multiple elements of curriculum in an
ongoing exploration of many different aspects of a topic or subject.

How to arrange RRLS in Thematic Approach

o Organize the review into paragraphs that present themes and identify trends
relevant to your topic
o Each paragraph should deal with a different theme - you need to synthesize
several of your readings into each paragraph in such a way that there is a clear
connection between the sources
o Don't try to list all the materials you have identified in your literature search

 Recent to Previous Studies - This method is perfect for literature review under historiographical
works and other reviews that focus more on how the specific issue developed over time from
current scholarly articles to older scholarly articles. A chronological literature review describes
each work in succession starting with the earliest available information.
o Chronological (By Date) arrange materials in the passage according to when they were
published.The chronological framework organizes the literature in the order in which they
are published.

 Arranged into Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in
many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding
assumptions. This is an RRL which establishes what theories already exist, the relationships
between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new
hypotheses to be tested. This method of RRL organization is based on grouping different literature
sources according to hypothesis/theory, models, and definitions used by the researchers/writers.
 o Theoretical Framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research
study.
o How Do We Arrange Theoretical Framework?
1. Examine The Thesis And Research Problem
2. Brainstorm On What You Consider To Be The key Varaibles In Your Research
3. Review Related Literature
4. Review The Key Social Science Theories
5. Discuss The Assumptions And Propositions

 Arranged according to Variables

o Variable - simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to
measure in some way.
o 2 types of variables:
1. Independent Variables - The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other
variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that
is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
2. Dependent Variables - The variable that depends on other factors that are measured.
These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation
of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.

DATABASES

 Wikipedia - is an online free-content encyclopedia helping to create a world where everyone can
freely share and access all available knowledge. Wikipedia's purpose is to benefit readers by acting
as a widely accessible and free encyclopedia. Wikipedia belongs to SQL database

 Google Scholar - It is an index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books,
conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other
scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.

 Microsoft Academic - project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by
leveraging machine's cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and
endurance. It was a free public web search engine for academic publications and literature,
developed by Microsoft Research. It profiled authors, organizations, keywords, and journals. The
search engine indexed over 260 million publications, 88million of which are journal articles.

 Science.gov - gateway to U.S. government science information. The portal offers free access to
research and development (R&D) results and scientific and technical information from scientific
organizations across 13 federal agencies. works to raise technical and scientific literacy, serve as
a foundation for future discoveries, and foster greater understanding of, access to, and use of the
results of public investment in the U.S. government's science and technology efforts.

 Sci-Hub is the first platform globally that makes scholarly research articles available to the public
for free, disregarding the copyright issues. It is driven by the idea that granting scientific works
with the copyright and setting paywalls significantly stops society's development.

 Web of Science, previously known as Web of Knowledge, is a database of bibliographic citations

of multidisciplinary areas that covers the various journals of medical, scientific, and social sciences
including humanities.It was inaugurated in 2004 by Thomson Reuters (Thomson Scientific). It
usually requires a commercial subscription and helps in viewing the references. It shows 10-15
results per page, which contains details like name of authors and source.
  Pubmed - free resource supporting the search and retrieval of biomedical and life sciences
literature with the aim of improving health-both globally and personally. Database contains more
than 33 million citations and abstracts of biomedical literature. Benefits of using PubMed for
nursing research as follows: Easy access to a large amount of literature, Quick and efficient search
capabilities and ability to save and share search results.

 Science Direct - A website which provides access to a large bibliographic database of scientific and
medical publications of the Dutch publisher Elsevier. It hosts over 18 million pieces of content
from more than 4,000 academic journals and 30,000 e-books of this publisher.

ONLINE LIBRARY RESOURCES

 refer to the vast array of information and materials that are available on the internet through
various digital library platforms.

 These resources can include electronic books, scholarly journals, research papers, theses,
dissertations, and other academic publications.

 are typically accessed through a digital library system or database that allows users to search,
access, and download these materials.

 DIFFERENT ONLINE LIBRARY RESOURCES:

1. Gale Cengage Learning

o is a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools, and
businesses.
o Best known for accurate and authoritative reference content as well as intelligent
organization of full-text magazine and newspaper articles, Gale publishes learning
resources in a variety of formats including Web portals, digital archives, print, and e-
books

2. iG Library
o is a new generation eBook platform developed by iG Publishing.
o Its simple and user-friendly interface helps you to retrieve information from huge
eBook collections using a single click. It employs a powerful clustering engine to help
you quickly analyze search results as well as to discover related topics.

3. Cambridge Dictionary is the world's favourite online dictionary and grammar resource for
learners of English.

4. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access)

o is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the
world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is
freely available online for everyone.
o All DOAJ services are free of charge including being indexed. All data is freely
available.

5. ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) - It is an internationally active non-profit

organization that provides free licenses for creators to use when making their work available
to the public. It is a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools,
and businesses.

o Indexes a wide variety of journal sources. The coverage of an approved journal source is
determined by an examination of three to five current issues during the source review
process but may be updated at any time. Source coverage is defined as follows:
  Comprehensively indexed journals contain an average of 80% or more education-
related articles; ERIC creates a bibliographic record for all articles in every
acquired issue.
 Selectively indexed journals contain an average of 50-79% education-related
articles and are critical to topic area coverage; ERIC applies a manual article-by-
article selection process and indexes only the articles that conform to the
standard and criteria outlined in the ERIC

6. DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books)

o is a community-driven discovery service that indexes and provides access to scholarly,
peer-reviewed open access books and helps users to find trusted open access book
publishers.
o All DOAB services are free of charge and all data is freely available.

o Established by OAPEN Foundation in 2012.

7. JSTOR (Journal Storage)

o is a digital library that provides access to academic journals, books, and primary
sources. It includes a vast collection of scholarly materials related to various fields of
study.
o Helps students and professionals stay up-to-date on the latest research and
developments in their fields

8. Z-Library
o Formerly known as book finder, it is a shadow library with the intent of one webpage
to host all the books in the world. The world’s largest e-book library.

o is a digital platform that provides free access to a wide range of e-books, academic
articles, and other materials. It includes a vast collection of open access resources
related to various fields of study.
o Provides access to a wide range of open access resources for research and education
o Helps students and professionals find relevant materials for their work
o Promotes the dissemination of knowledge and ideas to a global audience

9. Creative Commons - is a nonprofit organization that provides a framework for open access
licensing of creative works. It enables creators to share their work with others while retaining
certain rights and protections.

10. DepEd Commons - is an online platform that provides access to learning resources for
students and teachers in the Philippines. It includes a wide range of open access resources
related to various subjects and topics.

GROUP 4 REPORT
ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE is a series of questions specifically structured to gather information about
a target audience or group of people conducted online. The interviewees will answer the form easily,
accessing it through an internet connection.

DIFFERENT TYPES ON ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Microsoft Forms is a web-based application within an Office 365 suite that allows users to build
quick intake forms and surveys via a very intuitive builder.

How to create Microsoft Forms

 Start a new form.
 Select New Form.
  Title your form and, if you want, a description of it
 Add questions
 Preview your form
 More resources

1. Google Forms allows users to create and edit surveys online while collaborating with other users in
real-time. This form is able to create custom quizzes, forms, surveys, polls providing real time results
that features shorter URLS and custom themes.

How to create Google Form

 Go to forms.google.com or Google Drive
 Select a template
 Change the title of your form
 Adjust questions and answers
 Customize the Google Form theme
 Preview your form
 How to create a Google Form link or share it through email

2. Digital Poll / voting

 allows you to manage and follow the voting of various issues, and you get a good overview
of the votes. If you use the service in a municipal board meeting, you can see which parties
and politicians have voted for what.

 By using digital voting, you will also get an overview of cases for processing. The solution
gives you as a meeting administrator full control over the meeting, and allows you to
control speaking time, remarks and votes, as well as that the participants can submit
proposals during the meeting.

3. SurveyMonkey
 is online (cloud-based) survey software that helps you to create and run professional
online surveys. It is a very powerful and well-known online application.
 This service offers both a free account and a paid account that includes
enhanced features.
 It provides 17 different styles for asking questions throughout the survey design phase
(multiple choice, true false, open-ended, etc).
 As for implementation, SurveyMonkey has the ability to track respondents so you can re-
contact non-respondents and avoid pestering those who have already participated.

DATABASE APPLICATIONS:

1. A Spreadsheet
 is a computer program that can capture, display and manipulate data arranged in rows
and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most popular tools available with personal
computers.

 is generally designed to hold numerical data and short text strings. In a spreadsheet
program, spaces that hold items of data are called spreadsheet cells. These can be
renamed to better reflect the data they hold and can be cross-referenced through row
numbers and column letters.

 Commonly used spreadsheet features

o Cell formatting
o Formulas
o Pivot tables

 Commonly used Spreadsheet Software Programs

o Microsoft Excel
o Google Sheets
o Apache Open Office
o LibreOffice How to Make a Spreadsheet

2. Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS)

  is a popular statistical analysis software package, It is one of the more popular tools in
contemporary statistical analysis due to its easy to use Graphical user interface, although
it offers a wide range of capabilities ranging from add-on modules to add-on packages
such as Amos and Clementine.
 It was first developed in 1968 and has since been used extensively in industry and
university research applications.
3. SAS (Statistical Analysis Software)
 The full form of SAS is Statistical Analysis Software. It was created in the year 1960 and
was used for, business intelligence, Predictive Analysis, Descriptive and Prescriptive
Analysis, data management etc.
 A group of computer programs that work together to store data values and retrieve them,
modify data, compute simple and complex statistical analyses and create reports.

 4 Major types of Software SAS

 SAS Enterprise Guide (EG) - SAS Enterprise Guide (EG) is a more GUI-like IDE with
wizards to assist with writing code for various processes. EG helps novices with
unfamiliar procedures and removes some of the problems for seasoned
programmers.

 SAS Enterprise Miner (EM) - SAS Enterprise Miner is an advanced analytics data
mining tool intended to help users quickly develop descriptive and predictive
models through a data mining process.

 SAS STAT Software - This SAS software is exclusively used for statistical processes
and encompasses a wide range of features.

 SAS for Windows - It offers the following features of SAS Software:

o Enable grid processing, give programs and users top priority, and utilize all of your
available infrastructure to modernize your SAS environment.
o Utilize a variety of cloud data sources, process big data where it is, and deploy it
where you like, whether that's in a stream, cloud, data lake, or operations. The
greatest flexibility is yours.
o SAS is easily deployable, and installation, maintenance, and support are made easier
due to fewer software integration points. For brand-new users, you can adopt a
distribution strategy for container deployment. Whatever you decide, the clustered
midtier offers high availability.

4. NVivo
 is a qualitative data analysis application that allows you to collect, organise, analyse and
visualise unstructured or semi-structured data.
 A CODE In qualitative research is a word or phrase that summarises or captures the
essence of a portion of data.
 CODING is the analytical process of categorising data.
 Several types of codes in NVivo:
o Theme nodes are codes that represent the themes or topics that you find in your
data.
o Relationships record the connection between two project items.
o Sentiment codes are positive and negative nodes created by auto
coding of sentiment.

 2 WAYS TO CODE IN NVIVO

1. Deductive coding - If you are taking a deductive approach, you will have
a list of pre-defined codes and want to create nodes for these and then
code your sources to the relevant node.

2. Inductive coding - If you are taking an inductive approach to coding, you

attach codes to units of data as you analyse your files.