Vol. 10, No.

3, September 2022
 JURNAL ILMIAH PEURADEUN
The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences
p-ISSN: 2338-8617/ e-ISSN: 2443-2067
www.journal.scadindependent.org

Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2022

Pages: 785-804

The Development of a Virtual Laboratory on Qualitative

Chemical Practicum Analysis

Hayuni Retno Widarti1; Moh. Ilmanul Hakim2; Deni Ainur Rokhim3

1,2State
University of Malang, Indonesia
3Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 3 Sidoarjo Jawa Timur, Indonesia

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How to Cite this Article

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on Qualitative Chemical Practicum Analysis. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 10(3), 785-804.
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 Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun
The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences
doi: 10.26811/peuradeun.v10i3.760

Copyright © 2022 SCAD Independent Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun

All Rights Reserved Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2022
Printed in Indonesia Pages: 785-804

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL LABORATORY ON

QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL PRACTICUM ANALYSIS
Hayuni Retno Widarti1; Moh. Ilmanul Hakim1; Deni Ainur Rokhim2
1,2State University of Malang, Indonesia
3Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 3 Sidoarjo Jawa Timur, Indonesia
1Contributor Email: [email protected]

Received: Feb 02, 2022 Accepted: Aug 29, 2022 Published: Sep 30, 2022
Article Url: https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/760

Abstract
In practical activities, it is necessary to have media that can provide multi-representation
explanations, namely macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic, especially in
qualitative analytical chemistry for group I and II cations. It takes an innovation of
practicum learning media that can explain multiple representations to prepare students
for practical activities well. An alternative solution is to use learning media as a virtual
laboratory. The objectives of this research and development were to develop a virtual
laboratory in qualitative chemical analysis practicum for group I and II cations based on
multiple representations with internet integration and describe the feasibility of a virtual
laboratory in the practicum of qualitative chemical analysis of group I and II cations based
on multiple representations with internet integrated. This research and development used
the R & D (research and development) method with a 4D (four-D) development model.
The results showed that media expert validation was 87.8% (very valid), and material
validation was 82.7% (very valid). The readability test results obtained percentage values
of 91.1% and 92.3% (Very Valid). The virtual laboratory explained multiple representations
that can help students in practical activities well.
Keywords: Virtual Laboratory; Cation I and II Analysis; Multiple Representations.

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A. Introduction
Chemistry studies the compositions, structures, properties,
changes in matter, and the energy that accompanies these changes (Purba,
2006). Chemistry is a branch of science with characteristics including
chemistry as a product (chemical knowledge in the form of facts, concepts,
principles, laws, theories, and scientists' findings) and chemistry as a
process with scientific work processes (Widarti et al., 2019). One of the
branches of chemistry is analytical chemistry which studies the qualitative
analysis of group I and II cations. Qualitative analysis studies the presence
of an element or compound in the sample.
The results of observations made on analytical chemistry teachers
at SMKN 7 Malang in 2020 revealed that qualitative analytical chemistry
is one of the problematic materials to teach. The results of research
conducted by Fathonah et al. (2015) reported that learning outcomes in
qualitative analytical chemistry tend to be low. The results of a needs
questionnaire distributed to 30 students of SMK Bhakti Mulia Wonogiri
showed that 53.33% of students stated that qualitative analysis material
was challenging to understand (Fathonah et al., 2015). The concepts
discussed in analytical chemistry are primarily abstract and involve
complex mathematical calculations (Fardani et al., 2017). Several
representations can help students to understand analytical chemistry well.
In chemistry, there are multiple representations, namely macroscopic,
submicroscopic, and symbolic (Nadi et al., 2016).
The existence of multiple representations of chemistry can help
students to understand chemistry as a whole, especially analytical
chemistry (Widarti et al., 2019). It is evidenced by research conducted by
Hasibuan & Sari (2018); Doyan et al. (2018), who said that the
understanding of multiple representations has a positive effect on learning,
especially in learning chemistry with abstract concepts (Hasibuan & Sari,
2018) and (Doyan et al., 2018). To provide a meaningful chemistry learning
experience, practicum activities are often chosen as a learning method
(Bortnik et al., 2017). Practicum is an activity that cannot be left behind in
chemistry learning, especially analytical chemistry.

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Conventional practical activities still have some limitations. The

limitations include the limited availability of tools and materials and
adequate laboratory space to carry out practicum activities fully.
Conventional practicum is not enough because students can only observe
from a macroscopic and symbolic point of view. As stated by Widarti et al.
(2019), the ongoing chemistry practicum learning has not been able to
provide multiple representation explanations to students (Widarti et al.,
2019). The Covid-19 outbreak this year has also caused practicum
activities cannot be carried out because learning is done online.
Practical activities in analytical chemistry learning are generally
limited to primary studies. As a result, students generally do not have a
complete understanding of the material being studied and the procedures;
students cannot be creative to try experiments in different conditions or
practice skills before carrying out practical activities (Widarti et al., 2021).
So far, practical learning has not allowed students to try tools and
materials freely in the laboratory (Rokhim et al., 2020). It is done to
anticipate the dangers posed during the experimental process. Based on
these problems, practical learning becomes essential to development. An
alternative solution that can be done is to use learning media in the form
of a virtual laboratory.
The virtual laboratory is one of the practical learning innovations
that can be developed based on information technology. The results of
research conducted by Dyberg et al. (2017) reported that virtual
laboratories could improve learning preparation and motivation so that
students become more confident and comfortable doing practicum.
(Dyrberg et al., 2017). Virtual laboratories have been proven to increase
students' understanding (Widarti et al., 2019) and can improve their
thinking skills for students (Widowati et al., 2017). A virtual laboratory
allows students to do online practicum anytime and anywhere without
time and space restrictions (Vasiliadou, 2020).
There are many virtual laboratory developments, one of which is
the result of the development carried out by (Rokhim et al., 2020). The

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developed virtual laboratory is still limited to practical simulation videos.

Students cannot move tools or materials in the practical simulation
process. The virtual laboratory that has been developed also has not
integrated the explanation of multiple representations of chemistry, but
only the macroscopic and symbolic aspects. The integration of information
technology in the form of a virtual laboratory is a topic that is widely
researched in the current effort to develop practical learning (Dwiningsih,
2018). It shows that information technology provides an alternative
learning environment that can contribute to a meaningful learning process
(Gambari et al., 2018).
Based on the problems above, it is necessary to develop a
development entitled "Development of Learning Media for Virtual
Laboratory of Qualitative Chemistry Analysis Practicum of Cations
Groups I and II Based on multiple representations with Integrated
Internet".The purpose of this research is to develop a virtual laboratory in
qualitative chemical analysis practicum for group I and II cations based on
multiple representations with internet integrated and describe the
feasibility of a virtual laboratory in the practicum of qualitative chemical
analysis of group I and II cations based on multiple representations with
internet integrated.

B. Method
This research and development use the R&D (Research and
Development) method by adopting the 4-D (four D) development model
recommended by Thiagarajan (1974: 5). This research includes R&D
because it produces a product in the form of a virtual laboratory based on
multiple representations in analytical chemistry practicum material. The
stages of the Four-D model are the stage of defining, designing,
developing, and disseminating.

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Figure 1: Development (4D) chart

The development procedure that adopts the 4-D model is

described as follows.
1. Defining stage (define)
The steps in the definition stage are front-end analysis, learner
analysis, task analysis, concept analysis, and specifying
instructional objectives. At this stage, an analysis of the
fundamental problems and analysis of students' character
regarding analytical chemistry is carried out. At this stage,
interviews were conducted with high school chemistry teachers
related to analytical chemistry learning for group I and II cation
analysis. This is done to find out what is needed and can help
students and teachers in the learning process.

2. Stage of design (design)

The steps at the design stage are the selection of the media used,
the selection of the format or design in the form of storyboards,
and the initial design related to the components of the virtual
laboratory media. The results of interviews with high school
chemistry analyst teachers are then used as a reference for
selecting what tools or media are suitable to overcome existing
problems. At this stage, a series of initial media is made in a

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storyboard as a 2D image with its component features. The results

from the storyboard are then used as a reference for the initial
design of making virtual lab applications in the form of
applications.

3. The development stage (develop).

The steps in the development stage are expert validation. Five
aspects are tested at the expert validation stage, including media
format, language, media content, graphics, and aspects of the
existence of the media, as well as development trials carried out
with readability tests. At this stage, an assessment is carried out by
the validator by filling out an assessment questionnaire on the v
lab application media that has been made. In addition, at this
stage, a trial of media development is carried out for students by
filling out the questionnaire provided.
4. Stage of Dissemination (Disseminate)
The steps in the dissemination stage are empirical validation,
packaging, deployment and use. The dissemination stage was not
carried out due to the limited time and cost of the researcher.

The product trial phase is carried out with content validation and
readability testing, as well as the implementation of the developed
product. It is an assessment or response from the validator to know the
feasibility of the product that has been developed. Content validation is
carried out by providing questionnaires/validation sheets to lecturers in
the chemistry department at the State University of Malang who are
experts in analytical chemistry and the field of learning media. In the
readability test, an assessment is carried out by students and students of
chemical analysis Vocational School.
The validator carries out product expert validation. Validator
criteria for lecturers are as follows: Experience in guiding practicum
activities, especially analytical chemistry practicum, master all analytical

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chemistry material contained in the practical manual, understand or are

experts in developing a learning media. The readability test criteria were
carried out on chemical analyst high school students and a teacher in
charge of chemical analysis subjects, especially cation analysis.
The data was obtained in the form of qualitative and quantitative
data. Qualitative data in the form of comments, criticisms, and
suggestions from the validator as a reference for improving and revising
the developed product. While quantitative data in the form of numbers
obtained from the results of filling out a questionnaire/ product
validation sheet using a Likert scale (5,4,3,2,1).
The data collection instruments used media validation
questionnaires, material validation questionnaires, and legibility test
questionnaires. The assessment questionnaire sheet used in this study
contains a series of statements that the validator and students will assess by
giving a score of 1-5; besides that, the questionnaire sheet also contains
comments, suggestions and input related to the product being developed.
The data analysis technique used is the average calculation technique based
on the formula proposed by Riduwan, that to determine the percentage of
eligibility or validity is to add up the total value of the validator's answers
divided by the total value of the highest answer (Riduwan, 2012). The
formula for calculating the average put forward is as follows:

With:
P = Percentage of eligibility or validity
= Total score of validator answers
i = Total score of the highest answer

A range of validation criteria is used to find out the conclusions from

the average calculation above. To describe the data from the readability test,
you can use the eligibility criteria in Table 1.

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Table 1: Criteria for Validation Results (Riduwan, 2012)

Percentage (%) Validity Criteria
81 – 100 Very Valid
61 – 80 Valid
41 – 60 Quite Valid
21 – 40 Less Valid
0 - 20 Invalid

C. Result and Discussion

1. Result
The research and development resulted in a virtual laboratory
learning media for analytical chemistry practicum group I and II cation
analysis based on multiple representations with internet integration. The
developed virtual laboratory application is equipped with an explanation of
multiple representations ranging from macroscopic, submicroscopic, and
symbolic aspects that are integrated with the internet so that it can be connected
between students and teachers and can be used anytime, anywhere, without
time and space restrictions. An internet connection is required to access the
developed application.
This virtual laboratory application was developed to create an innovative
learning media for practicum activities that can overcome problems or things
that cannot be obtained and cannot even be done in a natural laboratory so
that the developed media products can be used to overcome existing problems.
For example, the fundamental problem is that there is no explanation of
multiple representations in practicum activities that must be given in chemistry
learning. Another example is the problem of the Covid-19 condition, which
causes activities in the laboratory not to be carried out.
The virtual laboratory application developed was named Inter-VAL:
Interactive Virtual Analytical Laboratory. The product developed is an android
virtual laboratory application that can be accessed using smartphones and
laptops/ PCs for students and teachers equipped with an explanation of
multiple representations. The developed virtual laboratory application is
designed with an attractive appearance and is interactive to increase student
interest in learning, especially in group I and II cation analysis practicum

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activities. The product developed is divided into two parts: the teacher
account and the student account. The teacher's account contains several
menus in the form of profiles, consultations, class admins, access permissions,
questions, and data admins. There are five menus in the student account: the
profile, consultation, glossary, material, and v-lab.The results of the development
of virtual laboratory application products are described as follows.

a. Teacher Account
On the teacher account, there are five menus. The initial screen for
logging in to the teacher account is shown in Figure 2. The five menus in
the teacher account are described as follows.

Figure 2: The initial view of the teacher account login

First, the profile menu contains the teacher's data, and there are two
sub-menus, namely the logout menu to exit the account and the change
password menu. The profile menu display is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Profile menu display

Second is the consultation menu. This menu allows teachers to

communicate and respond to student problems in real time. The profile
menu display is shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4: Consultation menu display

Third, the class admin menu. Through this class admin menu, the
teacher can find the number of students in the class along with the attendance
list of students at each meeting and create several new classes if the teacher
holds several classes to teach. The class admin menu display is shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 5: Class admin menu display

Fourth, the admin menu of questions and data. In this menu, the
teacher can provide a test of students' knowledge skills in the form of a
pretest and post-test. Teachers can create and give questions as they wish. In
this menu, teachers can also correct the results of student assignments and
directly provide scores which will later be sent to each student's account. The
admin menu display of questions and data is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Display admin menu questions and data

Fifth, access the permission menu. In this menu, the teacher can grant
permission to several student account features, such as v-lab, pretest/ post-

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test, attendance, and uploading practicum reports. The access permission

menu display is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Access permission menu display

b. Student Account
On the student account, there are five menus, namely menu. The
initial screen for logging in to the student account is shown in Figure 8. The
five menus on the student account are described as follows.

Figure 8. The initial view of the student account login

First is the V-lab menu. Students can perform practical simulations of

group I and II cation analysis in this menu. Students can choose their tools
and materials as needed. Students can also see the experimental procedure as
a guide to doing the practicum. After selecting the appropriate tools and
materials, students can enter the practicum simulation room and do it by
moving the tools and materials themselves. The occurrence of a reaction in
this simulation is indicated by the appearance of a precipitate or a change in
the colour of the solution of a substance.
After experimenting correctly, a discussion menu will appear that
provides an explanation regarding the simulation carried out, and a
submicroscopic menu will appear which provides an overview of a chemical

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reaction in the submicroscopic aspect in the form of molecules and ions

equipped with a background that explains the phenomenon. In this V-lab
menu, there is also an observation data feature that students can fill in
directly after each treatment during the experiment. Observation data that
has been filled in can be saved and sent to the teacher's account automatically
for correction and assessment. Through this V-lab, students can observe
practical phenomena ranging from macroscopic, submicroscopic, and
symbolic aspects. The features in the V-lab menu are shown in Figures 9-16.

Figure 9: Display of experimental objectives Figure 10: V-lab menu display

Figure 11: Display of tools and materials Figure 12: Display of the experimental
procedure

Figure 13: Display of observation data Figure 14: Display of practical simulation

Figure 15: Submicroscopic menu display Figure 16: Discussion menu display

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The second is the profile menu. This menu contains student self-data,
and eight sub-menus will be described as follows. 1) Attendance menu, used as a
sign of attendance or a sign that is participating in learning activities. 2) Change
the password menu, to change the password. 3) Logout menu, to log out of the
account. 4 and 5) Pretest and post-test menu, students can do pretest and post-
test to test understanding before and after experimenting. 6) Value data menu,
through this feature, students can find out information about the data on the
value of the work they have done, such as pretest, post-test assignments,
practicum reports, and practicum journals. 7) In The menu of observation data
results, students can determine whether the teacher has received the data from
practical observations. 8) Menu upload practicum report, students can collect the
results of the practicum report from the teacher by uploading a file in pdf format.
The profile menu display is shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Student profile menu display

Third, the consultation menu. In this menu, students can conduct

consultations related to problems encountered related to the learning of
group I and II cation analysis practicum activities. Students can communicate
in real-time with the teacher regarding the issues being consulted. The
consultation menu display is shown in Figures 18 & 19.

Figure 18: Consultation menu display Figure 19: Chat menu display

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Fourth is the glossary menu. This menu contains important chemical

terms related to cation analysis practicum. The glossary menu display is
shown in Figures 20 & 21.

Figure 20: Consultation menu display Figure 22: Chat menu display
Fifth, students can access this menu as a source of knowledge or
reading resources related to group I and II cation analysis experiments. The
display of the material menu is shown in Figure 22.

Figure 23. material display

The validation data from the validator related to developing the

virtual laboratory product shows the percentage of material content, 82.7%,
indicating that the material contained in the virtual laboratory is very valid.
The data from the validation results in media obtained a percentage of 87.8%,
indicating that the developed media belongs to very valid criteria. From the
data from the validation results, the developed virtual laboratory is feasible
to use. However, revisions are still being made according to the comments
and suggestions given by the validator.
One of the suggestions is that on the V-lab menu, 1) simulations or
practical experiments can be carried out randomly, 2) users can experiment
freely with the V-lab menu, not only just moving tools but also materials
following the given procedure. Suggestions from the validator become a
reference for improving the V-lab menu, and researchers have improved
according to these suggestions, but it is limited to some experimental procedures.

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In terms of material content, several improvements were made by the input

and suggestions given by the validator, such as some pictures and chemical
terms in the glossary menu, background sound on submicroscopic features,
and the suitability of the animation of molecules.
After the revision process is complete, the next step is to test the
product with students and teachers. Aspects assessed in this readability test
include aspects of media presentation, clarity of information, program use,
media effectiveness, material content presented, and the overall virtual
laboratory media developed. The value of the students' readability test results
obtained a percentage of 92.3%, which indicates that it belongs to the very
valid criteria. In comparison, the teacher's readability test results show a
percentage value of 91,1%, which also indicates that the media developed is
classified in the very valid category.
The comments and suggestions given by the students stated that the
virtual laboratory media developed was very good and interactive and could
be used to assist practical activities in actual laboratories. In addition, students
feel happy that their virtual laboratory is helped in understanding and
conducting an experiment. Comments from the teacher also said that the
developed virtual laboratory media was good, could be applied in schools,
and could help teachers and students increase interest in learning.

2. Discussion
This application developed in addition to helping practicum
activities can also help the administrative system in practicum activities.
The presence of this developed virtual laboratory will later be able to fill the
gaps in the natural laboratory; in other words, the developed laboratory
becomes a supporter and complement to activities in a natural laboratory.
Many of the benefits of developing this virtual laboratory are conveyed by
several researchers as follows. Virtual laboratories have been proven to
develop science process skills and improve students' understanding and
memory in the experimental process (Darby-white et al., 2019) (Peffer et al.,
2015). The virtual laboratory is also used as an additional medium for

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developing skills in carrying out practical activities (Bortnik et al., 2017).

Virtual laboratories significantly affect students' learning motivation in
practical activities (Adi & Iqbal, 2016) (Tüysüz, 2010).
The existence of an explanation of multiple representations in a
virtual laboratory developed by students can observe the experimental
process from macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic aspects. It is
supported by the statement of Herga & Dinevski's (2012) in their research,
which states that virtual laboratories can be used for learning chemistry
because it allows the integration of multiple representations of
understanding chemistry through visualization and simulation processes in
the experimental process (Herga & Dinevski, 2012). The existence of an
explanation of multiple representations in the virtual laboratory helps
students understand abstract chemistry concepts, especially in analytical
chemistry. As revealed by Hasibuan & Sari (2018) in their research, the
explanation of multiple representations in chemistry can describe abstract
material and help the discovery of a concept so that it makes it easier for
students to learn it (Hasibuan & Sari, 2018). Therefore multiple chemical
representations are an essential component in studying chemistry. Multiple
representations can build understanding to encourage students to interpret
and analyze in-depth situations (Doyan et al., 2018).
An example of an explanation of multiple representations in a
virtual laboratory was developed when identifying the presence of group
I cations such as Pb2+ in a solution with a specific reagent in the form of
potassium coma (K2CrO4). Macroscopically, the presence of Pb2+ ions is
indicated by the presence of a yellow precipitate resulting from the
reaction of Pb2+ ions with CrO42- ions (submicroscopically) from K2CrO4 to
produce a yellow precipitate of PbCrO4 which can be written symbolically
as follows.

PbCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq).

The virtual laboratory is not a substitute for practicum activities but

is part of a natural laboratory that is used to complement and assist, as well

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as improve weaknesses that are difficult to overcome in a natural

laboratory, as revealed by Nurrokhmah (2013) and Vasiliadou (2020) that
virtual laboratories certainly cannot be used to replace practicum activities
in natural laboratories because they cannot train students' processing skills
(IE Nurrokhmah, 2013) (Vasiliadou, 2020). However, apart from that, the
virtual laboratory can provide students with an overview of the practicum.
In addition, by explaining multiple representations in this virtual
laboratory, students can observe an experimental process in terms of
macroscopic, symbolic, and submicroscopic aspects that cannot be observed
in a practicum in a natural laboratory.
Virtual laboratories can also be combined with practical activities in
natural laboratories, such as the virtual laboratory developed by (Rokhim et
al., 2020). In this case, the virtual laboratory can be used as a complement to
the natural laboratory. The research results of combining a real laboratory
with a virtual laboratory can positively affect student learning by increasing
students' knowledge (Hurtado-bermúdez & Romero-abrio, 2020). In other
words, a virtual laboratory is an imitation of a natural laboratory used in
the learning process to emphasize a concept or deepen the concepts of the
material being studied, especially in the qualitative analysis chemistry of
group I and II cation analysis.
The limitations in the research and development carried out are that
the laboratory applications developed are limited to practicum material for
qualitative analysis of group I and II cation analysis. In addition, the
development of virtual laboratory applications cannot be carried out until
the product is distributed due to time and cost limitations. Simulation of
practical experiments on each procedure can not all be done randomly, they
still follow the procedures that have been provided, and the treatment must
be by the given procedure. However, some essential procedures can be
carried out randomly or freely by mixing one substance with other
substances, such as the precipitation of group I and II cations from samples
and the identification test for the presence of group I and II cations. So,

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Students can choose the appropriate solvent or reagent for use. The
following limitation is that the developed virtual laboratory application can
only be used on the Android smartphone and computer/ laptop system
and cannot be used on IOS systems such as the iPhone. The developed
virtual laboratory application also cannot be accessed in offline mode.

D. Conclusion
This virtual laboratory media was developed to understand multiple
representations in qualitative analysis practicum activities for group I and II
cations. This developed product can help students understand a concept in
the experiments carried out. According to experts, the research results on the
development of virtual laboratory media stated that they were very valid or
feasible to use, with percentage values of 87.8% and 82.7%. The results of
trials by teachers and students also stated that the virtual laboratory media
developed was very valid or feasible, with percentage values of 91,1% and
92.3%, respectively. The developed laboratory media products are helpful
and can support practical activities.

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