TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 What is memory? 02 Encoding

Retrieval and
03 Storage 04 forgetting
Memory is the retention of
information overtime.
 ENCODING

Is the process by which information gets into memory. In everyday

language, encoding has much in common with attention and learning.

ex: when you listen to the professor ,watching a movie, listening to music
or talking with a friend ,you are encoding information into memory.

Encoding consists of a number of processes:

REHEARSAL / DEEP PROCESSING / ELABORATION /CONSTRUCTING IMAGES

/ ORGANIZATION
The process of rehearsal is the conscious repitition of information over time to
increase the length of time it stays in memory. ( ex)

rehearsal works best when you need to encode and remember a list of items for
a brief period of time. when you must retain information over long periods of
time, as when you are studying for a test you will not take until next week ,other
strategies work better than rehearsal as we will see next.
You remember better when you process material deeply and elaborate it .
here ,we can process information at a variety of of memory occurs on a Continuum from
Shallow to deep,with processing producing better memory.
levels of deep processing :

shallow processing level :

analyzing a stimili 's sensory ,or physical features at a shallow level.

 the intermediate level of processing:

recognizing the stimulus and give it a label . example: you identify a four-legged barking
object as a dog.

 the deepest level of processing:

you process information semantically, in terms of its meaning.
(ex)
Reaserchers have found that individuals remember information better when they process it
at a deep level
● cognitivepsychologists recognized that there is more to good encoding than just depth of
processing .they discovered that memory benefits from the use of elaboration ,which refers to
extensiveness of information.
( ex ).

● one reason elaboration work so well in encoding is that it adds to the to the distinctiveness
of memory code. To remember a piece of information such as a Name, an experience or a fact
about geography ,students need to search for the code that contains this information among
the mass of codes in the long-term memory . The search process is easier if the memory code
is unique.
( ex).
 when we construct an image of something, we elaborating the information .
(ex)
.

Allan Paivio argues that memories are stored in one of two ways: as verbal codes or as
image codes. Paivio says that the more detail and distinctive the image code ,the better
your memory of information will be .

the idea of this part is encouraging children to use imagery to remember verbal
information
If students organize information when they are in encoding it ,their memory benefits .
(example of the months of year )

.
. ✓ the more you present information in an organized way, the easier your students will
remember it.

HUNKING:
is a beneficial organizational memory strategy that involves grouping information into
"higher-order" that can be remembered as single units .chunking works by making large
amounts of information meangeable and meaningful .
(ex of words withmeaning)
.
Types of memory
• it holds information from the world in its original form for only an
instant
sensory
memory

• it is a limited capacity memory system in which information is retained

at least 30 seconds.
short term
memory

• it holds information for along period of time

long term
memory
Working Memory Model
definition:
It is the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the
execution of cognitive task.

Its components:
the phonological loop: specialized to briefly store information that was encoded as sounds.

Visual working memory: stores visual and spacial information.

The centrel executive: is responsible for controlled processing in working memory, including directing
attention, maintaining task goals, and decision making
working memory

visual
working
memory

Sensory centrel executive

memory memory

phonological
loop
Long term memory contents
The three memory stores MODEL

sensory sensory short term Long term

input memory memory memory