ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE
GRADUATE PROGRAME MA IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Assessment of Construction Safety and Health Management Practice in

Building Construction Projects in Addis Ababa: In case of Yotek

Construction P.L.C

By Meti Delessa Geldi

A Project Work Submitted to Addis Ababa University College of Business and

Economics School of Commerce In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Award Masters of Arts Degree in Project Management

Advisor: Adane Atara(Dr.)

August, 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE
PROGRAME OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Assessment of Construction Safety and Health Management Practice in

Building Construction Projects in Addis Ababa: In case of Yotek

Construction P.L.C

A project work submitted to Addis Ababa University College of Business and

Economics School of Commerce In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Master of Arts in Project Management

By Meti Delessa Geldi

Approved by:
Advisor Signature Date
_______________ __________________ __________________

Internal Examiner Signature Date

_______________ __________________ __________________

External Examiner Signature Date

_______________ __________________ __________________
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that the study entitled “Assessment of Construction Safety and
Health Management Practice in Building Construction Projects in Addis Ababa: In case of
Yotek Construction P.L.C” is the result of my own effort and study that all sources of materials
used for the study have been acknowledged. I have conducted the study independently with the
guidance and comments of the research advisor.

This research study has not been submitted for any degree in this University or any other
University. It is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Masters of Art in Project
Management.

By: Meti Delessa

Signature: __________________________

Date: ______________________________

i
 LETTER OF CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Meti Delessa has carried out this research work on the topic entitled
“Assessment of Construction Safety and Health Management Practice in Building
Construction Projects in Addis Ababa: In case of Yotek Construction P.L.C” under my
supervision.

This work is original in nature and suitable for submission in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Master of Arts Degree in Project Management and the student has
my permission to present it for assessment.

Advisor: Adane Atara (Dr.)

Signature: __________________________

Date: ______________________________

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and for most I would like to thank almighty God for his help till today. Then I would like
to extend my sincerely thank to my families for their helping and growing up me which own
result in present success. Next I would also like to extend my sincerely gratitude to my advisor
Dr, Adane Atara who were devoted a portion of his time in reading the results of this paper
thoroughly, and arranging the content, and making constructive correction throughout this paper.

Last, but not least I would like to express my profound gratitude and appreciation to all my
friends for their likely discussion in helping me on this study special thanks for Eyasu
H/mariyam.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... viii
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1
1.1) Background of the study ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2) Brief history of the company ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3) Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4) Research Questions of the study ................................................................................................... 5
1.5) Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................. 5
1.5.1) Main Objective ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.2) Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................... 6
1.6) Significance of the study ............................................................................................................... 6
1.7) Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.8) Limitation of the study .................................................................................................................. 7
1.9) Organization of the Study ............................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO: - REVIEW OF LITERATURES .................................................................................... 8
2.1) Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2) Theoretical review ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1) Health and safety definitions................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2) Importance of health and safety ............................................................................................ 9
2.2.3) Health and safety management ........................................................................................... 10
2.2.4) Scope of the construction industry and general problem description ................................. 10
2.3) Empirical Review........................................................................................................................ 13
2.3.1) Health and safety management in construction .................................................................. 13
2.3.2) Successful health and safety management practices ........................................................... 13

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 2.3.3) Health and Safety Management Systems ............................................................................ 17
2.3.4) Health and safety integrated management systems ............................................................. 18
2.3.5) Behavioral approaches to health and safety management ................................................... 19
2.3.6) Integration of health and safety with project management ................................................. 20
2.3.7) Factors affecting safety and health performance in construction ........................................ 21
2.3.8) Legal aspect of safety and Health management andchallenge in developing countries ..... 22
CHAPTER THREE:-METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY ...................................................................... 26
3.1) Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 26
3.2) Research design .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.3) Research approach ...................................................................................................................... 27
3.4) Types and Sources of Data.......................................................................................................... 27
3.5) Data collection and Instrument ................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1) Pilot questionnaire............................................................................................................... 28
3.5.2) Observations ....................................................................................................................... 28
3.5.3) Documentary sources .......................................................................................................... 29
3.6) Study Population and Sampling procedure and Sample Size ..................................................... 29
3.6.1) Study Population ................................................................................................................. 29
3.6.2) Sampling method and sample size ...................................................................................... 29
3.7) Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 29
3.8) Reliability and Validity ............................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER FOUR: - DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRTATON .......................... 32
4.1) Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 32
4.2) Data presentation ........................................................................................................................ 32
4.3) Demographic Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 33
4.3.1) Job title of respondent ......................................................................................................... 33
4.3.2) Educational status of respondents and their work experience............................................. 34
4.3.3) Cost of projects (in of ETB) and Average number of employees ....................................... 35
4.4) Practice of health and safety system ........................................................................................... 36
4.4.1) Fatalities which takes the highest number in each projects during the past 3 years ........... 36
4.4.2) Reasons of accident on site are that the management and workers is short of: .................. 36
4.4.3) Who should be responsible for the accidents occur during construction on site ................ 37
4.4.4) Government organization follows up and contributes in improving safety ........................ 38

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 4.4.5) Suggestion about expense of safety management in terms of contract cost ....................... 39
4.4.6) Organizational, Technical, procedural and environmental factors ..................................... 40
4.4.6.1) Appointment of Health & Safety staff ........................................................................ 40
4.4.6.2) Project planning of Health & Safety ........................................................................... 40
4.4.6.3) Health &Safety policy ................................................................................................. 42
4.4.6.4) Formal and informal written Communication ............................................................. 44
4.4.6.5) Upper management commitment & involvement in Health & safety ......................... 45
4.4.6.6) Health & Safety resources........................................................................................... 47
4.4.6.7) Training in Health &Safety ......................................................................................... 48
4.4.6.8) Project supervision ...................................................................................................... 49
4.4.6.9) Accident and fatal Reporting ...................................................................................... 51
4.5) Challenges in the practice ........................................................................................................... 53
4.5.1) Injuries in construction sites ............................................................................................... 53
4.5.2) Factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction industry .................. 54
4.5.3) Construction phase which require emphasis of health and safety management practice .... 56
CHAPTER FIVE: - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................... 58
5.1) Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 58
5.2) Summary of major finding .......................................................................................................... 58
5.3) Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 60
5.4) Recommendation ........................................................................................................................ 61

REFERENCE

APPENDIX A: - QUESTIONNAIRE

APPENDIX B: - COMPANY HSE REPORT FORMAT

APPENDIX C: - COMPANY H & S NOTICE AND FORMAT

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of literature review in successful health and safety management practices . 13
Table 2.2 Applicable Laws and standards of HS in Ethiopia (H/Mariam, June, 2017)............... 24

Table 4.1 Appointment of health & safety staff ........................................................................... 40

Table 4.2 Project planning of health & safety .............................................................................. 40
Table 4.3 Health & safety policy .................................................................................................. 42
Table 4.4 Formal and informal written communication ............................................................... 44
Table 4.5 Upper management commitment & involvement in Health & safety .......................... 45
Table 4.6 Health & safety resources ............................................................................................. 47
Table 4.7 Training in Health & safety .......................................................................................... 48
Table 4.8 Project supervision....................................................................................................... 49
Table 4.9 Accident and fatality ..................................................................................................... 51
Table 4.10 Frequency of causes of Injuries in construction sites ................................................. 53
Table 4.11 Factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction ....................... 54
Table 4.12 Construction phase which needs more emphasis of health and safety management
practice .......................................................................................................................................... 56

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Overview of a health and safety framework (Cooney, Nov 2016)............................... 8

Figure 4.1 Questionnaires distributed vs. Questionnaires returned .............................................. 33

Figure 4.2 Position of person who completed the questionnaire. ................................................. 34
Figure 4.3 Experience of respondents in the construction field.................................................... 34
Figure 4.4 Cost of projects (in of ETB) ........................................................................................ 35
Figure 4.5 Reasons of accident on site are that the management is short of ................................ 36
Figure 4.6 Reasons of accident on site are that the workers is short of ........................................ 37
Figure 4.7 Responsibility of accidents in construction site .......................................................... 38
Figure 4.8 Suggested expense in safety management in the terms of contract cost ..................... 39

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 ACRONYMS

BC Building Contractor

GC General Contractor

COA Cost of accident

COP Cost of prevention

ETB Ethiopian Birr

GDP Gross Domestic product

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

H&S Health and safety

HSC Health and Safety Commission
HSE Health and Safety Excusive
HSW Health and Safety at Work

ILO International Labor Organization

ISO International Standardized Organization
NGO Nongovernmental Organization
PLC Private Limited Company
PM Project manager
U.K United Kingdom
U.S.A United States of America
WHO World Health Organization
YOTEK Yohans Teklay

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 ABSTRACT

The construction industry has been seen as one of the hazardous industries. This is because the industry
has a poor health and safety performance record compared to other industries all over the world. Labor
law in every nation provides that it is the duty of an employer to ensure that every worker employed
works under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions. Health and safety at construction sites deals with
both physical and psychological well being of workers on construction sites and other persons whose
health is likely to be adversely affected by construction activities. The major objectiveof this research is
to present findings of health and safety management practices in building construction recently
constructed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia under YOTEK construction plc. 60 of employees were selected
for the study for which a questionnaire was distributed and additionally documented sources were looked
for more accurate data including site observation. Consequently, the study result revealed that relatively
through time the company is developing better Health and safety (HS) practice but there are also
limitations such as lack of management motivation and commitment in implementation and
workers’carelessness.

KEY WORDS: Health and Safety management, Construction project, Employee/Worker, Accident,
Injury, Cost, YOTEK construction P.L.C, Ethiopia.

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CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION

1.1) Background of the study

The construction industry plays significant role in the growth of any economy. Particularly in
many developing countries, major construction activities account for about 80% of the total
capital assets Lioyd (1987) cited in (Wubshet, 2004). In these countries, construction accounts
for 10% of their GDP and more than 50% of the wealth invested on fixed assets. In addition to
that, the industry provides high employment opportunities, probably only second to agriculture
Ofori (2006) cited by (Abadir, 2011). Similarly, in Ethiopia, public construction projects shared
an average annual rate of 58.2% of the capital budget between years 1997/98 and 2001/02
(Wubshet, 2004). Moreover, construction industry accounted for 4%- 7.6% of the total GDP of
the country between years 2010/11- 2013/14 (MoFED, 2014). This shows that the construction
industry plays significant role in Ethiopian economic development.

Its achievement in rebuilding areas devastated by both natural and man-made disasters, and in
providing power, services and communications to meet the rising needs and expectations of
people throughout the world, has conferred great benefits on the human race. Despite
mechanization, construction remains a major employer of labor it often employs between 9 and
12 per cent of a country’s working population, and sometimes as much as 20 per cent throughout
the world. There has, however, been a price to pay for this continuous growth and activity.
Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics in an industry in which many accidents go
undetected and unreported, in many countries known fatal accidents, and those involving loss of
working time, frequently exceed those in any other manufacturing industry. Contributing to the
high rate of accidents are those characteristics of the industry which distinguish it from the rest
of the manufacturing sector. These are high proportion of small firms and of self-employed
workers, variety and comparatively short life of construction sites, the high turnover of workers,
large numbers of seasonal and migrant workers, many of whom are unfamiliar with construction
processes, exposure to the weather and many different trades and occupations. (ILO, 1999;
ILO., Safety and Health in Construction Code of Practice, 1992; ILO., Global estimates of fatal
work related diseases and occupational accidents., 2005; ILO I. L., 2001).

1
Health: - is the general condition of a person in mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free
from illness, injury or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader
sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 2006).

Safety is the protection of people from physical injury. It is related to external threats, and the
perception of being sheltered from threats.

Safety management is essential knowledge in a project management area which recognized in

The Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide, 2011, cited by Cretu
et al.). Safety management is expected to take account of all risks and accidents that may
possibly be expected that put project employees at risk. The health and safety (H&S) of any
workplace is very important to diminish such risks, legally and ethically, but in mainly
dangerous contexts such as the construction industry HS takes on perilous importance as daily
activities of the industry are highly unsafe. It is thus important to identify suitable safety
activities and strategy, accommodating potential serious H&S problems.

Past research in the areas such as (Lucy Fekele, Emer T. Quezon, Yolente C. Macarubbo, 2016)
show clearly that construction projects create frequent possible threats to the lives of employees,
and serious injuries and mortalities are frequent in the construction industry. Thus, the
consideration and management of safety, along with consideration to H&S generally, is
undeniably fundamental to any construction project. By proper H&S planning many of the
myriad H&S risks in construction can be prevented.

Accordingly, accidents on the construction sites are principally attributable to hazardous human
behavior (i.e. individual factors) and/or unsafe working conditions (i.e. system factors).
Moreover, it is obvious that there is a serious problem with falls, which is a common problem
throughout the global construction industry.

Safety management is the procedure used to recognize H&S risks and implement actions to
decrease the possibility of a risk materializing and to diminish or eliminate the potential
consequences of identified project H&S risks. (SAEED, 2017). This research focused on
principle type of risks in construction projects: risk of construction on health and safety (H&S)
of employees.

2
The improvement of safety, health and working conditions depends ultimately upon people
working together, whether government, employers or workers. Safety management involves the
functions of planning, identifying problem areas, coordinating, controlling and directing the
safety activities at the work site, all aimed at the prevention of accidents and ill health. Effective
safety management has three main objectives: to make the environment safe; to make the job
safe; and to make worker safety conscious. (ILO, 1999; ILO., Safety and Health in Construction
Code of Practice, 1992; ILO., Global estimates of fatal work related diseases and occupational
accidents., 2005; ILO I. L., 2001).

Injuries and fatalities resulted in accidents in the construction industry still an obstacle clings
construction industry to its infamous position as the industrial sector responsible for more
occupation accidents, than any other. Consequently, the improvement of H&S in construction is
still an essential goal for all contributors in the construction processes. Safety management is
taking account of all risks and accidents that may believably be expected that put project
employees at risk, to minimize such risks. It is thus important to identify appropriate safety
actions and strategies to accommodate potential serious H&S problems. (SAEED, 2017).

1.2) Brief history of the company

YOTEK construction is a full service general contractor established in 2000 (GC). It is a certified
company registered and licensed as BC-1 in the country in accordance with commercial code of
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. This Company is founded by engineer YOHANS
TEKLAY by being general contractor 6 (GC-6). Within 15 years by getting experiences,
developing sound financial assets and by creating strong mutual benefit and thorough trust with
its clients it has now reached to this level. The company is established with the purpose of
providing various construction services like construction of buildings, roads, factory foundations,
bridges, Airfields and various types of civil engineering edifice contributing to the development
of the construction industry. The company is mainly engaged in the construction sector and
undertakes construction of Real Estate, Airport lane constructions, Governmental buildings,
Offices, Halls, Residential buildings, Apartments, Universities, and other construction works. It
has planned basically to satisfy need of its different customers like, the government, private
companies, NGOs and as well as individuals of real estate owners. Customer satisfaction,
construction expertise and strong capabilities are the driving force behind its new venture.

3
1.3) Statement of the Problem

Ethiopia targeted to be one among lower middle income countries by 2025G.C (GTP2, 2016-
2020). It is planned to achieve through industrial transformation. Construction industry which
takes 8.5% share of GDP registered remarkable average growth rate of 28.7% in the first growth
and transformation plan implementation years (GTP1, 2010-2015national planning commission
Ethiopia). Construction is a vast and an active sector, which is a backbone of the world’s
economy in general and Ethiopia in particular; mobilizing an enormous amount of various
resources and budgets and embracing huge manpower by creating a large job opportunity. The
construction industry is divided into three major segments. Construction of buildings contractors
or general contractors builds residential, industrial, commercial, and other buildings. (Dadzie,
2013). Annually, throughout the world, an estimated number of 271 million people suffer with
work-related injuries, and 2 million die as a consequence of these injuries. The estimated
economic loss caused by work-related injuries and disease was equivalent to 4 % of the world’s
gross national product. (Eijkemans, 2003).

The construction industry, employing the largest labor force, has accounted for about 11% of all
occupational injuries and 20% deaths resulting from occupational accidents. International Labor
Organization estimates that at least 60,000 fatalities occur at construction sites around the world
every year. This means that one fatal accident occurs every ten minutes in the sector. Most of
these accidents are created due to unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions. (K.Mouleeswaran,
2015). Hence, health and safety problem in building construction is the major and worldwide
issue which needs strong consideration since it affects the life of the workmen (manpower),
project time, project cost and also project quality. However safety consideration in construction
building has not yet been studied and evaluated as problem in Ethiopia. The selected area of this
study is in Addis Ababa due to a lot of construction and consulting companies and building
construction found here. (Fekele et.al, 2016), this research dealt with the current situation of
safety consideration and the ways of achieving free of injury and zero accident environment of
building construction.

A variety of studies, for example (Glendon and Litherland, 2001, Kheni, 2008, Zeru Tariku, July
2014) have investigated the construction health and safety within developed countries. In the
majority of these studies, researchers have either developed a new framework model or

4
replicated an already tested one with a view to improving its adequacy. However, there is a lack
of research in this area in the context of developing countries with specific requirements.
Although much research has been directed at health and safety, very little is concerned with the
Ethiopia and the particular characteristics of health and safety management practice in their
environment. ( Alhajeri, 2011). Some prior studies, Evaluation of Health and Safety practice in
building construction a case study in Addis Ababa by (Fekele et.al, 2016), Occupational safety
and health profile for Ethiopia by (Dawit Seblework, ILO Consultant, Oct.2016), Study of
Health and Safety performance indicators on Ethiopia public (road & Building) construction
project in case of Addis Ababa city by (Zeru Tariku, July 2014) and others few studies has been
done in relating to safety and health management in Ethiopia. But from practice and experience
in the construction industry injuries and fatalities resulted from accidents in the construction
industry still are an obstacle in the building constructions and to identify which phase of building
construction need more focus or emphasis of health and safety management practice.

1.4) Research Questions of the study

The researcher will investigate and try to find more of empirical answers to the following issues
that are related to the main subject matter under study.

- What is the current level of safety and health management practice in Addis Ababa
building projects of Yotek Construction PLC?
- What are the major safety and health measures used in currently constructing building
projects at Yotek Construction PLC?
- What are the weaknesses and strengths of safety and health management in construction
buildings projects of Yotek Construction PLC?
- What are the reinforcement techniques on safety and health regulation on building
construction sites of Yotek Construction PLC?
1.5) Objectives of the Study

1.5.1) Main Objective

This study will focuses the practice on of health and safety management at construction site in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The main objective will be to assess the current safety and health
management practice in building construction sites at Yotek Construction PLC.

5
1.5.2) Specific Objectives
The research will be conducted:

- To examine the major safety and health measures used in building construction today.
- To identify the weaknesses and strengths of safety and health management practice in
building construction projects.
- To identify the reinforcement techniques on safety regulation at building construction
sites.
1.6) Significance of the study

The importance of the research stems from the need to develop an understanding and investigate
the problem of health and safety in construction company (YOTEK) and make a contribution to
knowledge in this area where very little information exists. Addressing health and safety issues
should not be seen as a regulatory burden as it offers significant opportunities and benefits to the
construction companies. Such benefits include:

- Less absences by employees and hence increased productivity,

- Provide a safe and healthy working environment.
- Provide all personnel in the company have access to discuss Health, Safety and
Environmental Issues.
- Minimize the risks in the site and control all hazards those are identified.
- Reduce the number of accidents less threats and create accident /injury free work place
and obviously reduced costs off the project.

For the other construction companies in Ethiopia it offers a best practice guide to health and
safety and solutions to health and safety problems in one country may readily be adapted to other
countries to generate further improvements this will obviously have a positive impact to the
global. And last but not least it makes a contribution to knowledge for further researches in the
area of safety and health management practice in building construction projects where very little
information exists.

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1.7) Scope of the Study

The scope of the research is limited to assess safety and health management practice in building
construction projects which are constructed by Yotek construction PLC and projects located in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

1.8) Limitation of the study

The subject of safety and health management practice of construction projects in general, the
case in the Ethiopian construction industry have not been adequately researched; hence, it may
take time to collect all the data necessary about all stakeholders for the research. Because of the
time limitation the research addresses only building construction projects that constructed in
Addis Ababa. It was difficult to collect sufficient data and gave more empirical results and the
finding of the result may not represent as a general representation in the construction industry.
Questioner data collection was limited to YOTEK construction P.L.C and building projects
located at Addis Ababa.

1.9) Organization of the Study

This study paper is organized into five chapters. Chapter one provides the introductory aspect of
the study which encompasses the background of the study, statement of the research problem,
objective of the study, the research question, significance of the study, scope of the study,
limitation of the research and organization of the research. Chapter two presents literature review
with general descriptions by different researchers on construction, safety and health management
practice. Chapter three will be about research design and methodology Chapter Four will present
data analysis and interpretation. And the last chapter will present conclusion and
recommendations.

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CHAPTER TWO: - REVIEW OF LITERATURES

2.1) Introduction
The main aim in carrying out the literature reviews is to gather information on the research topic.
The study begins with a detailed literature review on health and safety in the construction
industry focusing firstly on the nature of the scope of the construction industry and the most
activities that involve perilous and dangerous operations.

2.2) Theoretical review

2.2.1) Health and safety definitions

Before a detailed discussion of health and safety issues can take place, some basic occupational
health and safety definitions are required as well as the legal framework for health and safety
because it seems important to have a clear understanding of the nature and working conditions in
the construction industry and safety organizations to develop an efficient tool for health and
safety issue.

Impacts on Work
Impacts on

Safety Health

Of Humans Of

Working in
Influenced by
Causation
The organization Social-context

May contain Causation

System

Hazards
Control
To minimize
Be under

Risk
Understanding Understanding

Figure 2.1 Overview of a health and safety framework (Cooney, Nov 2016)

8
Health: - is the general condition of a person in mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be
free from illness, injury or pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its
broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 2006).

Safety is the protection of people from physical injury. It is related to external threats, and the
perception of being sheltered from threats. According to the business Dictionary, safety is
defined as a relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss of personnel
and/or property, whether caused deliberately or by accident. The borderline between health and
safety is ill-defined and the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the
physical and mental well-being of the individual at the place of work.

Welfare is the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at the
workplace.

Accident is defined by the Health and safety Executive (HSE, 2003) as ‗any unplanned event
that results in injury or ill health of people, or damage or loss to property, plant, materials or the
environment or a loss of a business opportunity‘. In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive
(HSE) is responsible for the enforcement of the Health and Safety at Work (HSW) Act and
carrying out the day-to-day work to enable the Health and Safety Commission (HSS) to carry out
its functions. The HSC is responsible for the promotion of the HSW and encouraging research,
training, providing an information and advisory service. Other authorities define an accident
more narrowly by excluding events that do not involve injury or ill-health. However this research
will always use the Health and Safety Executive definition.

2.2.2) Importance of health and safety

The European Agency for Health and Safety at Work (1999) has seemingly highlighted and
identified some of the possible benefits in this regard, while White and Benjamin (2003) have
emphasized how implementing the standards would contribute towards greater prosperity within
the organization and increase worker productivity since there would be lower rate of absences
due to injuries and illness. This would enhance the stature of the organization and contribute to
greater profit and turnover. Because of lower expenses connected with work environment

9
accidents, a superior relationship with builders and contractors has an additional minimized
probability of prosecution and ensuing penalties.

2.2.3) Health and safety management

A health and safety management framework can be seen as a coordinated arrangement of work
practices, beliefs and techniques for observing and enhancing health and safety of all parts of the
operations of an organization (Civil Aviation Safety Authority, 2002). According to the
European Union (1997); “The safety management system should include the part of the general
management system which includes the organizational structure, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing the major-accident
prevention policy.”

Safety Management exhibits the systematic application of management policies, procedures and
practices to the tasks of analyzing, evaluating and controlling safety risks (Papadakis and
Amendola 1997). This also includes safety policy, initiatives, programs, training, campaigns,
future research etc. Occupational accidents are never intentional and can occur through risk
being unidentified, incorrectly analyzed or the response being ineffective.

2.2.4) Scope of the construction industry and general problem description

The construction industry plays a vital role in the social and economic development of all
countries. its scope is very wide from larger civil engineering projects such as road and bridge,
building, water supply and sewerage schemes and river and canal work etc. construction works
are also needed in agriculture, industry, education, health and other service industries. It is
classified into various segments industrial, housing, commercial, utilities and infrastructure
work. Thus the construction industry is a mixture of different organizations, which directly and
indirectly influence the construction process. These organizations include property developers,
architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, accountants, lawyers, civil engineering contractors,
engineering contractors, management contractors, laborers, subcontractors and specialist trades.
The construction industry‘s importance has been confirmed by several studies (Coble and
Haupt,1999).

The most common activity in construction is general building work which is domestic,
commercial or industrial in nature. This work may be new building work, such as a building

10
extension, or, more commonly, the refurbishment, maintenance or repair of existing buildings.
The buildings may be occupied or unoccupied. Such projects may begin with a partial or total
demolition of a structure which is a particularly hazardous operation. Most construction projects
cover a range of activities such as site clearance, the demolition or dismantling of building
structures or plant and equipment, the felling of trees and the safe disposal of waste materials.
The work could involve hazardous operations, such as roof work or contact with hazardous
materials, such as asbestos or lead. The site activities will include the loading, unloading and
storage of materials and site movements of vehicles and pedestrians. Finally, the construction
processes themselves are often hazardous. These processes include fabrication, decoration,
cleaning, installation and the removal and maintenance of services (electricity, water, gas and
telecommunications). Construction also includes the use of woodworking workshops together
with woodworking machines and their associated hazards, painting and decorating and the use of
heavy machinery. It will often require work to take place in confined spaces, such as excavations
and underground chambers. At the end of most projects, the site is landscaped which will
introduce a new set of hazards. Hence throughout the world, construction is one of the most
hazardous industries and it is generally recognized that health and safety on construction on sites
is not satisfactory as the level of occupational accidents is high when compared to other
industries. The same complexity can be found with construction workplaces. Within the
workplace Construction processes involve hazardous activities, such as working at height,
manual handling, exposure to hazardous materials, demolition, frame erection, lifting operations,
scaffolding and ground works, bulk materials and heavy equipment handling, as well as the
varying jobsite personnel and the regularly changing worksites.

Nearly all construction sites are temporary in nature and, during the construction process, are
constantly changing. This always leads to the temptation to compromise on health and safety
issues, such as the provision of adequate welfare facilities or the safe re-routing of site traffic. In
addition the construction sector is characterized by a very fragmented structure in the production
phase with a large number of independent companies. This type of organization often makes
management assignments in the building sector difficult and complex. It is not unusual that
several sub-contractors are involved in a single construction project, often more than one at a
time, with varying influence on their own and other sub-contractors‘working conditions. A
division of decisions and authority between different, legally separate companies have often

11
made placing responsibility diffuse and difficult. The client, the consulting engineers, architects,
general contractor and a number of subcontractors carry out the building jointly. Moreover, at
any given time, there are many young people receiving training on site in the various
construction trades. These trainees need supervision and structured training programs. A further
characteristic of the construction industry, that makes management of this sector more
troublesome, is the unfavorably high supervisor-worker ratio. Supervisors who have more a
personal and positive relationship with workers have more favorable safety performance records
(Hinze, 1997; Levitt &Samelson, 1993). This relationship is harder to develop if the ratio is too
high, which is generally the case within the construction industry (Smallwood, 2000). Rowlinson
and Lingard (1996) have attributed the prototype nature of construction projects, the transient
nature of work, low education levels of the workforce and high levels of subcontracting, as major
contributing factors to poor safety records within the construction industry worldwide. To
summaries, it can be said that the majority of the contractors especially the sub contractors are
reluctant to implement occupational health and safety program at construction sites. Thus,
hopefully this study results can determine the factors that influences the implementation of
occupational health and safety program and it could benefit the contractors, employers and the
construction industry as a whole. Besides, there are some other problems that may be stated as
follows:

 The construction industry has a poor safety and health record

 There are good reasons to improve the safety and health performance

 Accident causation is complex but important

 It is important to measure safety and health performance

 Existing safety measurement systems are limited in scope and effectiveness

 Concentrating on proactive measures instead of reactive measures should improve safety and
health performance

12
2.3) Empirical Review

2.3.1) Health and safety management in construction

The activities of the construction industry have raised serious health and safety concerns
amongst governments, health and safety stakeholders, health and safety professionals and
researchers over the past few decades (Enshassi and Mayer 2002, Gibb 2005, International Labor
Organization (ILO) 2005, Kaplinski 2002, Leopold and Leonard 1987, Rowlinson 2004). In
response, health and safety legislation has been developed to ensure management of construction
businesses, and recently many other participants in a project, assume responsibility for managing
the risks associated with construction projects. Health and safety management in the construction
industry has evolved from measures adopted in accident prevention to more systematic and
proactive approaches to minimizing the risk of hazards in the industry.

Past research has shown certain practices can lead to improved health and safety performance
and therefore constitute good health and safety practices. Some health and safety practices are
required by health and safety legislation to be implemented on construction sites in some
countries. For instance worker involvement in health and safety, training in health and safety,
and health and safety committees, are covered by health and safety regulations in the UK.

2.3.2) Successful health and safety management practices

Table 2.1 Summary of literature review in successful health and safety management practices

Year and Summary of

author(s) research Health and safety management practices
Identified factors The distinguishing factors include the following:
Simonds that distinguished • top management involvement;
and firms with lower • higher average age of workers;
Shafai- injury frequency • longer average length of employment;
sahrai rates from those • adequate working space and neat environment; and,
(1977) with higher rates • higher percentage of married workers.

13
 Identified the following to be associated with safety success:
• safety training and orientations;
• provision of safety incentives;
• safety pre-task planning included in safety goals;
• safety person or personnel;
• safety policies and procedures;
• fire protection program;
• accountability/responsibility and safety budget;
Identified zero • alcohol- and substance-abuse program in place;
Liska et al., accident • accident and near-miss investigation; and,
(1993) techniques • record keeping and follow-ups.
Companies with lower recordable incidence rates were
characterized by the following:
Strategies for • more detailed safety programs;
achieving • expended large percentage of revenue on safety programs;
Jaselkis et excellence in • greater safety training time;
al., construction • more formal safety inspections per month; and,
(1996) safety performance • more safety meetings.
The study identified the following factors to the associated
with better health and safety performance:
• high level of top management commitment;
• health and safety responsibilities known;
• supervisor involvement encouraged;
• active involvement of health and safety representatives who
Identified factors have a broad role;
associated with • effective health and safety committees;
improved • planned identification of risk and hazard elimination/
Gallagher health and safety control emphasis; and,
(1997) performance comprehensive approach in inspections and investigations.

14
 Investigated The study concluded the following management strategies
effectiveness of were effective in reducing accidents:
management • post-accident investigation;
Tam and strategies • safety awards;
Fung on safety • safety training; and,
(1998) performance • use of more directly employed labor
Factors that create positive pressure to proactively manage
health and safety were identified as follows:
• fear of prosecution by maintaining image of responsibility
thereby avoiding adverse regulatory, customer or public
reaction;
• belief that it is necessary and morally right to comply with
health and safety regulations;
• compliance with customer or regulator certification schemes;
• minimization of cost of ill-health and injury;
• conformity with principles of total quality management,
empowerment etc. ; and,
• desire to improve staff morale and productivity.
Factors that reduce the motivation resulting from factors that
create
positive pressure to proactively manage health and safety were
identified as follows:
• cost of health and safety improvements;
Identified factors • ease of implementation;
motivating • existence of corporate entity and personal accountability of
proactive decision makers;
Wright health and safety • background of employees and managers; and,
(1998) management • sector specific obstacles eg short term contracting.

15
 The findings of the study demonstrated the following factors
influence safety:
• safety culture affects the attitudes and beliefs of workers in
terms of health and safety performance;
• management is the key influence of organization’s safety
culture; and,
• financial incentives to improve productivity or to compensate
Literature review of for working in hazardous conditions can lead to safety being
Gad (2002) safety culture compromised.
Factors found in the study to positively affect safety
performance include the following:
• minimizing worker turnover;
Identified factors • implementing employee drug testing;
influencing safety • training with assistance of contractor association; and,
performance of • growth in company size.
Hinze specialty Safety incentives were not necessarily associated with better
(2003) contractors safety performance.
Factors identified as being particularly associated with a
propensity to make health and safety related improvements
Identified main were found to be following:
influences on the • regulatory enforcement activity;
adoption of • use of external assistance with respect to health and safety
Baldock et improvement issues;
al measures • management training and experience; and,
(2005) by small businesses • membership of trade/business association.

16
 Safety performance was found to be influenced by the nature
of the implemented programs. Particular elements of safety
programs found to be positively associated with safety
performance included:
•accident investigations;
•jobsite inspections;
Investigated the •job hazard analysis;
effectiveness of •safety inductions;
Aksorn and safety •safety record keeping;
Hadikusum programmes in the •safety committees;
o construction •safety incentives; and,
(2008) industry •control of subcontractors.

2.3.3) Health and Safety Management Systems

A number of construction businesses manage the health and safety function in their businesses
by carrying out health and safety activities aimed at minimizing or eliminating the risk of
hazards on their sites. A growing number of construction businesses, particularly larger ones,
have tended to adopt health and safety management systems which have their origin in Deming’s
Plan-Do-Check-Act model of continuous quality improvement (Hamid et al. 2004). Essentially, a
health and safety management system has four primary elements:

- planning;
- implementing the plan;
- reviewing the plan; and,
- Evaluating and taking measures to improve strategy.

Despite the popularity of literature on health and safety management systems, a commonly
accepted definition is lacking due to the variable nature of the elements often composing them.
Robson et al. (2007) found that health and safety management lack a common definition and
reported on health and safety management systems having up to 27 elements.

Helledi (1999) reported on the adoption of a simple, non-bureaucratic health and safety
management system by SMEs in the Finnish construction industry which proved effective in

17
bringing down the numbers of site accidents experienced by contractors. The elements of the
health and safety management system comprised: a planning phase involving the assessment of
risk; an implementation phase involving communication of critical tasks to be carried out on site;
a control phase involving monitoring the activities; and, a follow up phase which provides
feedback and enables corrective measures to be taken.

Approaches to health and safety management reported in construction hardly qualify as health
and safety management systems because they lack one or more of the elements of Deming’s
Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. For instance, Agrilla’s (1999) 3Es suggested for achieving
high safety performance comprises; safety engineering, safety education and safety rule
enforcement. This health and safety management system involves planning as part of the safety
engineering process but lacks clear elements or procedures on how to continuously improve
health and safety performance.

The effectiveness of health and safety management systems in the construction industry has not
been assessed. At best, it is only the individual elements that make up the system which have
been shown to be associated with improved health and safety performance. The adoption of
comprehensive health and safety management systems has been shown to be a difficult task for
SMEs (Dawson et al. 1988, Eakin et al. 2000, Mayhew 2000). Some reasons as to why SMEs
might find it difficult adopting such systems include lack of adequate resources, the fact that they
operate in a competitive environment and operate under relatively informal management
procedures (Banfield et al. 1996, Mayhew 1997, Vassie et al. 2000). There is, therefore, reason
to doubt the applicability of comprehensive health and safety management systems to
construction SMEs.

2.3.4) Health and safety integrated management systems

Research suggests integrating the health and safety management function of a business with
other management functions could enhance the overall performance of the business (Kam and
Bansch 1998, Koehn and Datta 2003, Taylor et al. 2004:544). Besides the benefits to be derived
from such an integrated management system, Gibb and Ayoade (1996) have pointed out client
pressure, cost reduction, legislation and total project management as factors promoting their
adoption.

18
Many management systems, especially health and safety, environment and quality have many
identical elements. For instance, policy, training of personnel, auditing, responsibility for task
and controls are common elements in all three areas of management. This, therefore, makes it
possible to integrate them as a single management system. Proponents of integrated systems
argue that such an integrated system will lead to management effectiveness, reduced duplication,
elimination of conflicting responsibilities and harmony of objectives (Douglas and Glen 2000,
Scipioni et al. 2001).

Dias (2000) examined the possible integration of the elements of families of standards, ISO
9000, ISO 14000 and a similar standard in health and safety in construction. Many elements of
the three standards were found to be candidates for possible integration. Hamid et al. (2004)
investigated the integration of safety, health, environment and quality in the construction
industry. Their findings indicate that safety, health, environment and quality have many common
grounds which make integration possible. Based on the similarities in many areas of these
management functions, the authors proposed a model of integrated management system for the
construction industry. Similarly, Kirbert and Coble (1995) explored the integration of health and
safety regulations with environmental regulations in the construction industry. Arguing that
environmental issues are safety issues, the authors suggest a single administrative procedure for
safety and environment via an environmental safety plan. The benefits of such a procedure
include fewer processes involved in regulatory agency reviews and workers benefiting from
training in both environmental and safety aspects of their work environment.

2.3.5) Behavioral approaches to health and safety management

Seventy to ninety per cent of accidents are caused by unsafe behavior. A number of theories
have linked accidents to the failure of persons (by their actions or omissions) in the accident
chain to avert accidents (Adams 1976, Bird 1974, Haslam et al. 2003, Suraji et al. 2001).
These explanations have therefore formed the basis of psychological approaches to health and
safety management which have as their aim, the modification of behavior so as to break the
chain of events leading to most accidents.

Duff et al. (1994) reported on behavioral modification procedures used in improving

construction site safety. The authors of the study used a combination of goal-setting and
feedback to influence the behavior of site operatives. The findings of the study suggest goal

19
setting and feedback can greatly enhance health and safety performance. Duff (1998) has
pointed out that behavioral methods should not be restricted to site operatives but could be
extended to include site management staff and senior corporate management. Lingard and
Rowlinson (1994) examined the effectiveness of the goal-setting and feedback approach in
the Honk Kong construction industry. It was found that labor commitments to the group
and to the organization are intervening variables in the application of behavioral techniques.

Workers need to behave on site in a manner that will not expose them or their colleagues to
hazard, particularly workers need to:

• Report incidences to their employers;

• take care of their health and safety;

• abstain from alcohol and drugs that would otherwise increase their exposure to hazards;

• take care to avoid adversely affecting the health and safety of fellow workers and persons likely

to be adversely affected by their actions and omissions;

• follow health and safety rules on site; and,

• use PPE when provided.

2.3.6) Integration of health and safety with project management

Studies in construction accidents suggest many accidents on construction sites could be

prevented by taking appropriate steps in all phases of the project life. Thus, participants in a
project have a role to play in improving the health and safety performance of construction sites
and completed projects. Current thought on health and safety in construction put emphasis on
integrating health and safety management into the entire construction process. This view of
health and safety management is, at least to some extent, largely driven by developments in
health and safety legislation in Europe and USA.

This view of integration of health and safety management into construction processes requires
responsibility for health and safety to be equitably shared between the key participants in a
construction project. This view therefore requires project participants to “think health and safety”
throughout the phases of a project. As Hinze (1998) has emphasized, addressing the safety of
construction workers in the design phase involves recognizing the potential impact designers’

20
decisions can have on the health and safety of construction site workers. Similarly, owners’
involvement in construction safety could reduce cost of safety to minimum.

2.3.7) Factors affecting safety and health performance in construction

Previous literatures have pointed out different factors that affect the performance of safety and
health in construction. These factors includes

Weather Condition

Extreme weather conditions have direct effect on safety and health performance. There are signs
for heat stress like: nausea, headache, fatigue, excessive thirst, profuse sweating, confusion,
painful large muscle cramps and loss of consciousness. Those signs of heat stress can lead to
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heatstroke, which if untreated or sufficiently severe, may lead to
death (Brake & Bates, 2002), (Neitzel, et al., 2001).

Complexity of the Design

Safety and health performance was found to be influenced when designers improve awareness to
the safety consequences of their design decisions like reduction in injuries and decrease in
redesign costs and in operating costs for special procedures and protective equipment
(Hinze&Wiegand, 1992), (Kartam, et al., 2000).

Type of Owners

Owners can take processes to accomplish better safety and health performance such as: provide
safety and health guidelines that the contractor must follow; Implement, the use of work permit
systems for potentially harmful activities; Oblige the contractor to elect a responsible supervisor
to coordinate safety in the workplace; Discuss safety at owner-contractor meetings; Conduct
safety audits during construction; Enforce prompt reporting and full investigation of accidents
(Hinze & Gambatese, 2003), (Report-A-3, 1982).

Project Duration

Tight project schedule had high rank on safety performance of the project (Zou, et al., 2007),
(Report-A-3, 1982)

21
Safety and Health Policy

The reduction of accidents would be accomplished when top management takes a dynamic
attention and is dedicated to safety and health improvement as well as maintaining good safety
and health policy (Sawacha, et al., 1999), (Shibani, et al., 2012).

Safety Signals, Signs and Barricades

Warnings in the forms of signs and symbols have been recognized as one of the effective tools to
influence behavior and develop the risk awareness of stakeholders (Chapanis, 1994),
(Edworthy& Adams, 1996).

Role of Government and Engineering Societies

The engineering societies shall help to extend engineering knowledge by developing the
awareness of safety and health issues among engineers. In developing countries, there are no
strong laborer unions like industrial countries have, which own the power to defend on their
laborers and to enforce contractors to provide safe working conditions and safety tools to their
laborers (Fang, et al., 2004), (Teo, et al., 2005).

2.3.8) Legal aspect of safety and Health management and challenge in developing
countries

There is a wide variation in economic structures, occupational structures, working conditions,

work environment, and the health status of workers in different regions of the world, in different
countries and in different sectors of the economy. Therefore the mechanization of the
construction industry is not uniform throughout the world. However, as stated earlier, the
construction industry plays a vital role in boosting the economy of any country, especially a
developing country. It provides the infrastructure required for other sectors of the economy to
flourish. Many studies, such as Coble and Haupt (1999) have shown that construction industry
reflects the level of economic development within the country. The construction sector
everywhere faces problems and challenges. However, in developing countries, these difficulties
and challenges are present alongside a general level of socio-economic stress and a lower
productivity rate when compared to developed countries (Ofori, 2000). Nevertheless it is
generally believed that the construction industry is a good source of employment at various
levels of skills, from a general labor to semi-skilled, skilled and specialist workforce. Other

22
major areas that impact on this sector are lack of research and development, lack of trade and
safety training, client dissatisfaction, and the continuously increasing construction costs (all of
which result in less profitability).

Construction within developing countries often fails to meet the needs of modern competitive
businesses in the marketplace and rarely provides the best value for clients and taxpayers (Datta,
2000). Additionally, this sector also demonstrates poor performance in respect of health and
safety due to the absence of any stringent safety and construction laws. International labor
organization (ILO, 1987) attributes the poor health and safety records in construction projects
within developing countries to:

• The high proportion of small firms and the high number of self-employed workers;

• The variety and comparatively short life of construction sites;

• The high turnover of workers;

• The large proportion of seasonal and migrant workers; Kartam et al. (1998) found that, in most
developing countries, for example like India, there are no training programs for staff and
workers; therefore, no orientation for new staff or workers is conducted; hazards are not pointed
out; and no safety meetings are held. Employees are expected to learn from their own mistakes
and experience.

In adopting different approaches to health and safety in developed and developing countries, two
main differences can be identified. The first is the existence of legislation and its effective
implementation; the second is hazard awareness. In developed countries, many safety acts and
legislation exist and are implemented effectively. Nominated safety officers promote hazard
awareness with the help of regular safety training sessions. In developing countries, however,
safety rules barely exist at all; and when they do, they are inappropriate, ineffective, out-of date
and based on conditions that prevailed while the country was still being colonized. Additionally,
the regulatory authority is usually very weak in implementing rules effectively, and work hazards
are either not perceived at all, or perceived to be less dangerous than they actually are (Larcher
and Sohail, 1999; Hinzeet al., 1999).

Unlike many countries, in Ethiopia there is one comprehensive labor law (Ethiopia, Labor
Proclamation 377/2003, 2003) that is operating in order to address all aspects of ensuring labor

23
relation to be governed with basic fundamental rights and obligation focusing on industrial peace
in all work places. The law is also formulated in order to guarantee and maintain all
fundamentals rights at work and to define the powers and duties of the organ charged with
enforcing of the implementation of the ideals of the law which is tantamount to the labor
inspectorates.

The law applies to all employer employee relationship or undertaking that employs one or more
persons, and clearly states duties and responsibility of the employer and employees and
addresses the issues of work injuries, accidents and diseases which result in connection of during
performing of his work, and the liability, medical benefits, compensation (cash benefits) in
different sections of, part seven of the proclamation 377/06 (the occupational safety, health and
working environment). And other related laws like regulations directives can be found, a
directive by Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLaSA) 2007G.c was issued for General
Occupational health and safety ,Environment protection , a specific section five is dealing about
construction health and safety industry and another Directive by Ministry of Works and Urban
Development (Ethiopia, Ethiopian Building directive 5/2003, 2003)in its section four discuses
about the health and safety of the workers on the construction activities.

Table 2.2 Applicable Laws and standards of HS in Ethiopia (H/Mariam, June, 2017)

No Applicable laws or directives, standards Specific area

Remark
01 Proclamation No. 1/1995 (constitution) Article 42 sub (2) & 44(1)
02 Labor Proclamation no 377/2003 (labor law) Part seven
03 Occupational Safety and Health Directive 2008 Section five
04 Building directive 5/2003 Section four
05 Civil code 1960 Section for 2548-2559
06 Ethiopian Building Code Standards (EBCS 14) Whole code of standard

Though the existing labor Legislation obliges employers to report all accidents occurred at work
places the employers do not usually comply to the law. Due to this there is high under reporting.
The accidents are reported only from around 10% of the undertakings that are covered by the
legislation (Dawit, 2006). Accidents that occurred and reported during the years 1993-2004 for
11 years, Total sum of 44903 non-fatal and 101 fatal accidents were reported during these years

24
(Dawit, 2006). In Ethiopia there is no work place and plant registration system put in place due
to absence pertinent law which obliges occupier or employer to do so (Adane, 2009). No
arrangement designed so far to do so both at the regional and national levels. Even the system
that was working in order that work places include safety, health and working environment
issues at their planning and establishment level is not working very well and the Ethiopian
national occupational safety and health information center (National C/S center) though
established in 1992, due to absence of trained manpower in information and lack of requisite
materials especially Internet and Web site it could not function very well.

25
CHAPTER THREE:-METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1) Introduction
This chapter discusses how the works were carried out in order to meet the study’s aims and
objectives. The first section of the chapter considers the philosophical assumptions and research
strategy that were adopted for the study. The section presents discussions of literature on
paradigms that inform the study’s underlying philosophical assumptions and the different
research strategies available which could be used as means of solving specific research problems.
Discussions on the relative merits of the different research strategies are also presented in light of
the particular characteristics construction.

The surveys were conducted with a variety of constructions sites under Yotek construction. It
comprised a total of 60 original structured questionnaires that were distributed to over employees
of the company. The population comprised employees that are operating in the company. The
sampling frame comprised this general building contractor which has been registered as GC-1
and has Construction Authority. Of these, questionnaires were sent personally to each site. In the
questionnaire, respondents were requested to provide information relating to safety and health
management aspects for achieved projects, recently completed or ongoing projects. Respondents
were also asked about factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction
industry on a five scale. Thus the scales that will be used in this study will be listed below:

5 = very high

4 = high

3 = medium (high average)

2 = low

1 = very low (exceptional).

3.2) Research design

According to Adams, Khan, Raeside and White (2007) research design is the blueprint for full
filling research objectives and answering research questions. In other words, it is a master plan
specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information.

26
According to Kothari (2004) the major purpose of descriptive research as the term implies, is to
describe characteristics of a population phenomenon. Descriptive research seeks to determine the
answers to who, what, when, where and how questions but not why questions. The researcher
adopted a descriptive survey research design for the study as the study conducted to answer
questions of how health and safety management practiced in building construction projects in
Addis Ababa at YOTEK construction P.L.C. it helped to identify the nature of the health and
safety measures used on the construction sites and evaluate their enforcement mechanisms on
construction sites. Direct observation was also used in visits to construction sites to directly
observe and document the identified hazards, tasks, job site organization, work practices,
equipment and tools being used.

3.3) Research approach

To assess health and safety management practiced in building construction projects in Addis
Ababa at YOTEK construction P.L.C. the researcher employed quantitative research methods.
For this purpose a questionnaire were developed and quantitative data were obtained through
questionnaire. The data collected through these methods were analyzed and presented.

3.4) Types and Sources of Data

Both primary and secondary data were used in relation to the topic under discussion. Primary
source of data were obtained through questionnaire results. Secondary data were collected from
secondary sources of data such as books, journals, reports, and related articles from the internet.
The sources of data were from the main parties in the construction projects namely contractor
side. Those Secondary data were then used to prepare questionnaires in relation to the topic
under discussion. Closed ended questionnaires were prepared and distributed for all selected
respondents. The aim of the questionnaire were to collect a wide range of opinions from the
experience professional people working in different construction sites and collect real
information from them. The survey questionnaire were developed and distributed to various
employees of the company (project managers, site engineers, office engineers, safety n
engineers, and others) involved in construction projects. To understand and analyze the best
strategies and issues about safety management in construction projects, structured questionnaire
tool for research methodology were used.

27
3.5) Data collection and Instrument

This study targeted building projects which are constructed by YOTEK construction P.L.C
located in Addis Ababa. The data used in this study were gathered from 60 employees of the
company that participated in the building construction project using questionnaire and document
review. Questions used in the questionnaire were ‘close ended’ (based on likert scale). Document
reviews were employed to collect relevant secondary data from secondary sources (project
completion reports, books, journals, reports, contract documents). The questionnaire used in this
study was based on the literature review and some additional suitable questions developed with
the expert assistance in the field under study.

3.5.1) Pilot questionnaire

There are some key considerations the researcher were take into account while developing the
questionnaire for the purpose of the current research. The design of the questionnaire were based
upon the research objectives and theoretical directions derived from the literature review as well
as a preliminary questionnaire which consisted of a few simple questions about their health and
safety awareness and practice. A pilot study was conducted with one project managers and four
project engineers in the company who are working on building projects, to test whether the
questions are understandable, easy to answer, unambiguous, cover most the required questions,
etc. Valuable comments were obtained to improve the quality of the questionnaire. After a
refinement, the questionnaires were developed.

3.5.2) Observations
The goal of obtaining rich data justified a research design that combined other methods of
collecting primary data such as observations. This involves observing workplace relationships
among the workers and work processes/procedures, recording, description, analysis and
interpretation of research subjects’ behavior. Observations of are two types; structured
observations and participant observation. The former assumes a systematic, predetermined
structure of collecting data on the frequency of behavior that interests the researcher while the
latter originates from the field of ethnography involving the participation of the researcher in the
everyday life of a social setting (Coffey 2006:214). Photographs were taken of practices on site
which, in the opinion of the researcher, represented workplace culture and also safe or unsafe
behavior and unsafe conditions.

28
The present study will adopt a structured observation technique in which the researcher was one
of staff member of project sites. This will afford the researcher an opportunity to develop rapport
with both site management staff and operatives. Observations on site related to health and safety
procedures, site processes and health and safety measures and use of personal protective
equipment. Recording of observations involved writing field notes during and after each day’s
activities.

3.5.3) Documentary sources

Documentary secondary data formed part of the data collection methods. These were including
written materials such as annual reports, administrative records, statutes, laws, acts, regulations,
and minutes of meetings. Analysis of these sources help to triangulate findings based on primary
data.

3.6) Study Population and Sampling procedure and Sample Size

3.6.1) Study Population

The population of the study comprises 60 employees of the company that engaged in the
building construction projects (PM, safety engineer, office engineers, site engineers, quality
engineers, electrical engineer, sanitary engineer & others) with engineering educational
background.

3.6.2) Sampling method and sample size

Census sampling techniques were used to select the respondents under contractor. This method is
used because of the small number of study population. The sample sizes taken were all
population in projects which are constructed by YOTEK construction P.L.C in Addis Ababa
which are four in number. The whole Projects were taken as sample since they are small in
number and convenient.

3.7) Data Analysis

Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using quantitative descriptive statistics with
the help of Microsoft excel. The quantitative data collected from sample respondents who are
working in the yotek construction were analyzed using averages, percentages, frequency, mean
and important index. tables and figures used as data presentation tools to answer safety and
health measures used, weakness and strength of safety and health management, reinforcement

29
techniques on safety regulation in currently construction of building sites. The observed and
document reviewed data’s were analyzed separately but presented in combination with the
quantitative information.

Rating Scale
Rating scale is one of the most common formats for questioning respondents on their views or
opinions of an event or attribute. In this regard, participants were asked to indicate degree of
impact of factors (research variables) by rating them on a five point scale, (1= very low, 2 = low,
3 = high average, 4 high and 5 = very high). This statistical technique is intended to establish the
importance of the factors. Each of the factors has been assigned an importance index or degree of
influence index, to help rank them according to their importance, as follows.

Importance index = (Σi=0 Wi x fxi) x100) ...................................... [4.1]

3n
Where Wi = weight given to the response; i = 1, 2, 3, 4,5

fxi = Responses frequency

n = total No of responses

3.8) Reliability and Validity

Neuman (2007) emphasizes that reliability and validity are important in establishing the
truthfulness, credibility, or believability of findings. Reliability refers to the extent to which the
same answers can be obtained using the same instruments more than one time. ‘Reliability is a
concern every time a single observer is the source of data, because we have no certain guard
against the impact of that observer‘s subjectivity, (Babbie 2009, p.189)‘‘. Validity, on the other
hand, refers to the extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of
the concept under consideration. In Neuman‘s (2007) words, it refers to ‗‘how well an idea
about reality fits with actual reality‘‘.

In an effort to avoid/minimize problems related to reliability and validity, previously designed

questionnaires and successively were be used in surveys that directly and indirectly relate to
safety and health management will carefully be examined and adopted. In this regard, North
Carolina State University (NC State 2015), KPMG (2013), Zhao, Hwang and Low (2015) and

30
Deloitte and Touche (2014) are to be mentioned. Moreover, contents and structure of the
questionnaire were discussed with practitioners in the construction industry prior to the
finalization and administration of the questionnaire in order to test the relevance of the sections
outlined in the questionnaire. To test the internal reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach‟s
alpha test was used and found to be 0.78 which is higher than 0.7, thus the construct has been
believed to have adequate reliability.

31
CHAPTER FOUR: - DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRTATON

4.1) Introduction

This chapter analyses the results of collected data from of the questionnaire, observation and
documented source in five major sub topics on health and safety management practice in
building projects in Addis Ababa. The topics are mainly emphasized local grade one contractor
which is YOTEK construction P.L.C. The analysis have five parts, the first part, deals about the
General information /description of respondents, company and current projects and accident on
it, the second part contains information on the current safety and health practice of the
companies/projects, the third part shows the major safety and health areas to be considered
during building construction projects, the fourth part is about factors that affect safety and health
performance of in building construction projects and the last part deals about the construction
phase that needs more emphasis of health safety management . This is to reorganize the data in a
systematic manner so that they are clear and unambiguous to be understood and hence to be
analyzed. The methods of analyzing are by using averages and percentages. Tables and charts are
used because this method of data presentation is much more preferred among others, as it
provides easier understanding and clearer picture of information to be delivered.

4.2) Data presentation

The analysis of the main questionnaire distributed for the purpose of this research is presented in
this chapter. The analysis presents statistical results of the collected questionnaire based on
quantitative method. The following section explains the number of survey questionnaires
distributed to the projects of the construction company and provides a general picture of the
response rate.

The questionnaire was designed and distributed to investigate health and safety management
practice in building construction projects held by Yotek Construction Company in the Addis
Ababa sites. 60 copies were distributed to PM, safety engineer, office engineers, site engineers,
quality engineers, electrical engineer, sanitary engineer & others employees in each project sites.
From the 60 questionnaires, about 44 questionnaires were filled out and returned representing 73
% response rate. Despite several follow ups 27 % failed to respond. A response rate of 50% was
deemed adequate for analysis and reporting, response rate of 60% was good and a response rate

32
of 70% and over was considered very good (Mugenda &Mugenda, 2003). Thus, the study
returned a very good response rate at 73 % and was considered adequate for analysis and
reporting. Figure 4.1 below shows the percentage of both distributed and received
questionnaires:

Ditributed Questionnaries
Ditributed Questionnaries 60
Returned Questionnaries (73%)
Returned Questionnaries (73%) 44
Non Returned Questionnaries
Non Returned Questionnaries (27%)
16
(27%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Figure 4.1 Questionnaires distributed vs. Questionnaires returned

4.3) Demographic Characteristics

As remarked in the introduction, the questionnaire consists of 5 parts in total. The responses to
each question are analyzed as a whole so that an overall view of the health and safety situation in
the YOTEK construction is presented. Also, in depth analysis by company type is conducted to
determine the extent of those problems in each category. The purpose of each question is stated
while carrying out the analysis and the result is demonstrated using appropriate charts. In some
parts, a number of questions are grouped together as some questions are relevant to each other,
making the analysis of responses to those questions more sensible.

This section outlines the findings on the demographic characteristics of the sample, which
includes job title of respondent, educational background, year of experience, cost of project and
average no of employees.

4.3.1) Job title of respondent

In order to ensure that the responses were reliable and valid, it was important to determine the
position of the person who answered the questionnaire within the company.

33
 position of person who completed the
questionnarie
4.55%
Project Manager
43.18% Project Engineer

50.00% Health & safety Engineer

Others
2.27%

Figure 4.2 Position of person who completed the questionnaire.

As figure 4.2 displays, 4.55% of persons who filled out the questionnaire were project managers
of the sites and 50% were Project engineers. Besides, 2.27% and 43.18% of the questionnaires
were completed by health and safety engineers and others employees of the company
respectively. This shows, health and safety engineer in each project site has no significant
number compared with the other profession.

4.3.2) Educational status of respondents and their work experience

Experience of Respondent in construction field

35
30
25
20 Experience of Respondent in
15 construction field
10
5
0
1-5 years 5-10 years 10-15 years >15 years

Figure 4.3 Experience of respondents in the construction field

As figure 4.3 shows that among the 44 respondents 2.27% of the respondents have an experience
of fifteen and above years in the construction industry, 4.55 % have 10 up to 15 years of

34
experience, 20.45% have 5 up to 10 years of experience and 72.73% have less than 5 years of
experience in the construction industry and only one respondent have diploma, 75% or 33
respondents have 1st degree, and 22.73% or 10 respondents have 2nd degree (Masters Degree) in
civil engineering and related fields. This implies that respondents involved in the study have
significant work experience in the area, which implies that the information forwarded could be
important as required in the study.

4.3.3) Cost of projects (in of ETB) and Average number of employees

Cost of projects (in of ETB)

18.18%

500 million-1 billion

45.45%
1 billion-2 billion
>2 billion
36.36%

Figure 4.4 Cost of projects (in of ETB)

The above figure shows none of the projects have a cost of <500 million of ETB and about
18.18% of the projects have a cost of 500 million up to 1 billion ETB, 36.36% of the projects
have 1 billion up to 2 billion of ETB and 45.45% of the projects have >2 billion ETB. This
indicates the projects have huge amount of money which implies it participate many man power
and the data analysis also certifies this. About 40.91% of the projects/ sites have <500 and above
daily average workers and 36.36% of the projects had 700- 1000 workers where as 22.27% of the
projects/ sites have 1000 and above daily average workers. These indicate majority of the
projects have high number of workers which implies the project needs safety & health
professional. But from the data analysis and observation there are projects sites which do not
have health and safety officer.

35
4.4) Practice of health and safety system

4.4.1) Fatalities which takes the highest number in each projects during the past 3 years
All the project sites have an accident during the construction in the past 3 years. Some of the
fatalities of works take the highest number. From the data temporary disablement take almost
100% of the work fatalities which is the highest rate. This indicates almost all of the project
fatalities are temporary disablement which results a reduction of workers capacity and prevent
from work partially or totally for a limited period of time this leads to reduced productivity of
injured party, reduced productivity of workforce which results Cost of delays, Costs for
provision of supervision Costs resulting from rescheduling, Costs of transportation, Cost of
replacing injured party, Wages paid while the injured party is non-productive and recuperating
and other related costs. The rates of these accidents on construction sites are due to different
reasons. The respondents answer shows that due to lack of legislation 2.27% of the accidents
occur in the construction sites. About 44.31% of the accident occurs due to lack of safety
knowledge the other 13.63% of the accident occurs due to management carelessness and the
remaining 39.76% of the accident occurs due to careless worker attitudes. This indicates the
highest rate of accident in the construction sites is due to lack of safety knowledge which implies
that the workers do not have enough awareness or knowledge about health and safety.

4.4.2) Reasons of accident on site are that the management and workers is short of:

45 Others
40 All
35
The cost of Safety
30
25 Lack of Safety Motivation
20 Lack of Safety Training
15
Lack of Safety policy
10
5 Lack employs of Safety Officer
0
major reasons of accident on site are
that the management is short of

Figure 4.5 Reasons of accident on site are that the management is short of

36
From the data analysis the respondents believed that 35.23 % of the major reasons of accident on
site due to management short is lack of safety motivation, 25 % is cost of safety, were as 20.45%
is lack if safety training and each lack of safety officer & safety police takes 6.82% . This
indicates that the management has substantial weakness in safety motivation and has a shortage
of cost for safety and health.

45
Lack of safety motivation
40
35
Lack of safety culture
30
25 Lack of expriance in using
20 equipment
15 Lack of traning
10
5
0
major reasons of accident on site are that
the workers is short of

Figure 4.6 Reasons of accident on site are that the workers is short of
the data analysis shows that 46.02 % of the major reasons of accident on site due to workers
short is lack of safety culture, 22.16% is lack of safety motivation , were as 16.48% is lack of
experience in using equipment and 15.34% takes lack of training. This indicates that the safety
culture in construction sites is not adopted well yet and there is no training of workers in the
construction projects in how to use the equipment in the construction sites.

4.4.3) Who should be responsible for the accidents occur during construction on site

37
 Responsibility of accidents in construction
site
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00% Responsibility of accidents in
10.00%
construction site
0.00%

Figure 4.7 Responsibility of accidents in construction site

In addition to the measure accident in the site, respondents were requested to respond who is
responsible for the accidents occur during the construction and resulted were analyzed as shown
in figure 4.7. Accordingly, 5.68% believed that it is workers responsibility, 10.22% has replied it
is government’s responsibility while the other 4.16% replied it is owners consultant
responsibility where as majority of the respondent which is 63.25% supposed that the contractor
is responsible for accidents that occurs during construction. But some of the respondents think all
the stakeholders of the construction have a responsibility.

4.4.4) Government organization follows up and contributes in improving safety

Only 27.27% of the respondent have witnessed governmental organization called ministry of
labor and social affair follow their projects and contribute in improving safety but from the
observation of the researcher those governmental organizations do not follow up frequently or it
is not time bounded, whereas 72.72% of respondents agreed governmental organizations do not
follow their projects and they do not contribute in improving safety. From this most of the
respondent witnessed that there is no any governmental organization who follows up the
construction projects health and safety aspects during the construction and does not contributes
anything in improving safety in construction projects. But government shall conduct a
periodically site inspection through an experienced safety engineers and subjecting the
contractors to a warning or fine for unsafe conditions or hazards existing on a workplace.

38
Moreover, the engineering societies shall help to extend engineering knowledge by developing
the awareness of safety and health issues among engineers, (Fang, et al., 2004). Therefore, the
finding in the study did not much with the study of Wright (1998), identified factors motivating
proactive health and safety management and concludes in the study compliance with customer or
regulatory certification schemes and complies with health & safety regulations create positive
pressure to proactively manage health & safety.

4.4.5) Suggestion about expense of safety management in terms of contract cost

suggested expense in safety management in

the terms of contract cost
15.91%
29.55%
< 0.5 %
15.91% 0.5 % up to 1 %
1 % up to 2 %
2% up to 3 %

15.91% >3%

22.73%

Figure 4.8 Suggested expense in safety management in the terms of contract cost
As the figure explains 29.55% of the respondents suggested that the expense in safety
management in terms of the project contract cost should have to be less than 0.5%, 22.73% of
them suggested that it should have to be between 0.5 % up to 1%, 15.91% of them suggested that
it should have to be between 1 % up to 2%, 2% up to 3% and greater than 3% each. Even if
estimating health and safety costs in the construction presents various difficulties, including the
complexity of cost allocation, the inadequacy of data available to managers and the absence of an
accounting model designed specifically for safety cost management. Very often, the costs arising
from accidents in the work place are not fully identifiable due to the hidden costs involved.
(Lozep-Alonso m, 2016).

39
4.4.6) Organizational, Technical, procedural and environmental factors

4.4.6.1) Appointment of Health & Safety staff

Table 4.1 Appointment of health & safety staff

Item Frequency Percent

no Description
Yes No Yes No
Do your construction projects/sites have a
01 Safety Officer?
40 4 90.91 9.09
Reason for "No" answers
A Budget constraint
1 25
Upper level management and commitment
B problem
2 50
C Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
1 25

The above table shows that 90.91% of the respondent has witnessed they appointed health and
safety officer; whereas 9.09% of projects/site did not have appointed health and safety officer.
The reasons not to appoint safety and health officer were 50% believed upper level management
and commitment problem in the company, 25% believed budget constraint & lack of H&S policy
implementation on projects each.

4.4.6.2) Project planning of Health & Safety

Table 4.2 Project planning of health & safety

Item frequency Percent

no Description
Yes No Yes No
01 Does your project have cost of Prevention COP
29 15 65.91 34.09
02 Does your project have cost of Accident COA
40 4 90.91 9.09
Does your project have a site-specific Health
26
03 &Safety plan?
17 59.09 38.64
Does the Layout of the site consider Health & Safety
04 aspects? (During constructing site offices, access
34 9 77.27 20.45

40
 roads, temporary structures while constructing the
project)

During construction period of your project does

Health & Safety aspect reviewed periodically or
05 frequently? 18 24
40.91 54.55
Reason for "No" answers
A Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
6.16 13.70
B Budget constraint
4.41 9.81
C Upper level management and commitment problem
6.25 13.90
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the
D client /No contractual obligation
3.08 6.85
F Lack of skilled personnel
1.83 4.07
G There is no standard in the code of practice
1 2.22%
H Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
8.24 18.32%

AS indicated in the above table (4.2), 34.09% of the respondents witnessed they have no
projects cost of incurring to administering health & safety program and while 65.91% of the
respondents witnessed they have cost of incurring to administering health & safety program and
9.09% of the respondents witnessed they have no cost the treatment of the injury and any unique
compensation and while only 90.91% of the respondents witnessed they have cost the treatment
of the injury and any unique compensation.

For the question does your project have a site-specific Health &Safety plan, 38.64% of the
respondents witnessed they have no a site specific health and safety plan and while 59.09% of
the respondents witnessed they have site specific health and safety plan and 20.45% of them
agreed that the layout of the site do not consider Health & Safety aspects during constructing site
offices, access roads, temporary structures while constructing the project but the majority which
77.27% has certified that the layout of the site do not consider Health & Safety aspects.

During the construction period of their project the data analysis shows that 54.55% of the project
did not reviewed Health & Safety aspect periodically or frequently. On the other hand 40.91% of

41
the project reviewed Health & Safety aspect periodically or frequently. The reasons for the
answer “no” for the above project planning of health and safety aspects were lack of awareness
by all parties in the industries which takes 13.70%, budget constraint 9.81%, upper level
management and commitment problem 13.90%, because of no enforcement law in the contract
agreement with the client (No contractual obligation) 6.85%, lack of skilled personnel 4.07%,
there is no standard in the code of practice 2.22% and lastly18.32% agreed it is due to lack of
H&S policy implementation on projects. Integration of health and safety into project planning
has been promoted by authors such as Kartam (1997), Cameron and Duff (2002), Murray (2002),
Saurin et al. (2004), Pavitt et al. (2004), Gibb and Pendlebury (2005) and Hare et al. (2006). The
work of these authors have each sought to explore avenues for managing health and safety as
integral aspect of projecting planning during one or more of the phases of project execution.
Hare et al. (2006) investigated the integration of health and safety with the pre-construction
phase of project and highlighted the importance of effective teams and effective two-way flow of
information for successful integration.

4.4.6.3) Health &Safety policy

Table 4.3 Health & safety policy

Item frequency
percent
no Description
Yes No Yes No
Does your construction firm have Health & Safety
01 policy?
41 3 93.18 6.82
Does your construction firm have a written in house
Health & Safety rules & regulations and
implementation for all workers reflecting management
11
02 concerns for safety and health?
32 72.73 25
Does your firm coordinate its Health &Safety policies
with other human resource policies to ensure wellbeing
03 of workers?
25 17 56.82 38.64
Reason for "No" answers
A Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
3.5 11.29
B Budget constraint
1.0 3.23

42
 C Upper level management and commitment problem 9
29.03
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the
D client /No contractual obligation 1.5
4.84
E No company Health & Safety policy in the firm 1
3.25
F Lack of skilled personnel 1
3.23
G There is no standard in the code of practice 2
6.45
H Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects 5
16.13

As presented in the above table (4.3), 93.18% of the respondents said that their construction firm
has is no health & Safety policy and while the remaining 6.82% of the respondents said their
construction firm did not have health & Safety policy. when respondents are asked if their
construction firm have a written in house Health & Safety rules & regulations and
implementation for all workers reflecting management concerns for safety and health, about 25%
of the respondent say no and more than 72% of them said yes and from the researcher
observation there are there were safety signs and procedures that every person in the construction
must be observed and protection and safety equipment must be worn at all times for zero
tolerance operates on the site.

When respondents were asked about their firm coordinating its health and safety policies with
other human resource policies to ensure wellbeing of workers, more than 56% of the respondent
agreed on that and said that their firm coordinates its health and safety policies with other human
resource polices to ensure wellbeing of workers were as the remaining 38.64% of them do not
agree on this.

The reasons for the projects not have health and safety police and safety rule and regulation, if
they have why do not coordinate this policy with other human resource policy are upper level
management and commitment problem which takes the larger percent which is about 29%, lack
of H & S policy implementation on projects takes about 19 % and lack of awareness by all
parties in the construction industry takes 11.29%, while the other budget constraint, lack of
skilled personnel, no code of practice, no health and safety policy and no enforcement law in the
contract agreement takes smaller percent as mentioned in the table.

43
Building construction projects in Addis Ababa constructed by YOTEK Construction Company,
majority of respondents show their firm/projects did not have safety & health policy. A policy is
an administrative belief used to set a path in an organization. It can be a sequence of actions and
an effective decision. (Sawacha, et al., 1999) discussed numerous variables that effect safety on
construction sites. The results propose that variables correlated to organization policy are the
most main group of factors affecting the safety performance in the U.K. construction industry.
Liska al., (1993) also identified zero accident techniques by practicing having safety policies and
procedures on project sites.

4.4.6.4) Formal and informal written Communication

Table 4.4 Formal and informal written communication

Item frequency percent

no Description
Yes No Yes No
Does your firm provide awareness with written
01 information about Health & Safety procedures?
32 12 72.73 27.27
Does your firm prepare written circular / brochure or
orientation that to make workers aware of the risks in
30
02 their work and preventive measures to reduce those risks?
14 68.18 31.82
Reason for "No" answers
A Budget constraint
0.33 1.03
B Upper level management and commitment problem
4 12.50
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client
C /No contractual obligation
1 3.13
D Lack of skilled personnel
2.83 8.85
E There is no standard in the code of practice
4 12.50
F Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
9.83 30.73

The research indicated that respondents predominantly (more than 72%), witnessed that their
firm provide awareness with written information about Health & Safety procedures, while the
remaining 27.27% witnessed that their firm do not provide awareness with written information
about health and safety procedures. When the respondent asked about their firm prepares written
44
circular (brochure) or orientation that to make workers aware of the risks in their work and
preventive measures to reduce those risks 68.18% of them certify that it does but the remaining
31.82% of them certifies it does not prepare circular (brochure) or orientation that makes the
workers aware of the risks in their work and preventive measure to reduce those risks.

The respondents explains different reasons for the absence of providing awareness with written
information about Health & Safety procedures and preparing written circular (brochure) or
orientation that to make workers aware of the risks in their work and preventive measures to
reduce those risks. From those reasons lack of H&S policy implementation on projects takes the
largest percent which is 30.73% and both upper level management and commitment problem and
no standard in the code of practice takes 12.50% each while the others lack of skilled personnel,
no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client (No contractual obligation) and
budget constraint takes the smallest percent as indicated in the above table.

4.4.6.5) Upper management commitment & involvement in Health & safety

Table 4.5 Upper management commitment & involvement in Health & safety

Item
frequency percent
no Description
Yes No Yes No
Do Managers encourage and support worker
participation, commitment and Involvement in Health
01 &Safety activities?
30 14 68.18 31.82
Do Managers encourage and support training of
02 employees in Health &Safety?
27 17 61.63 38.64
Do Managers actively monitor the Health &Safety
performance of their projects and workers through
03 reports?
26 18 59.09 40.91
Do Managers ensure that the Health & Safety budget is
04 adequate?
18 26 40.91 59.09
Reason for "No" answers
A Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
2 2.67
B Budget constraint
17 22.67

45
 C Upper level management and commitment problem
23.83 31.78
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the
D client /No contractual obligation
3.33 4.44
E Lack of skilled personnel
3.33 4.44
F There is no standard in the code of practice
1 1.33
G Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
1.5 2.00

Respondents have also exhibited more or less similar perceptions as to the managers encourage
and support worker participation, commitment and involvement in health and safety activities,
training of employees in health and safety and actively monitor the health &safety performance
of their projects and workers through reports. Referring to the respective tables in the respective
sections above, similar observations can be made with regard to respondent majority of them
(more than 60%) agreed on their firm managers train their employees in health and safety
activities and also have commitment and involvement in it with active monitoring. Whereas
above 30% of the respondent do not agree on upper managers commitment, involvement and
active monitoring in health and safety aspects and also employees training. As respondent
response the reasons behind this are many from this budget constraint and upper level
management and commitment problem takes 22.67% and 31.78% respectively, beside this no
contractual obligation and lack of skilled personnel takes 4.44% each and lack of awareness by
all parties in the industries and lack of H&S policy implementation on projects takes the
remaining 2.67% and 2.00% respectively.

In Addis Ababa city, building construction projects held by YOTEK construction P.L.C,
majority of respondents reflects their firm did not have upper management and commitment &
involvement in health and safety. The finding did not much the findings of (Teo, et al., 2005),
found that the reduction of accidents would be accomplished when top management takes a
dynamic attention and is dedicated to safety and health improvement as well as maintaining good
safety and health policy. Moreover, (Hinze & Raboud, 1988) concluded in their research, that top
management must be supportive to have better health and safety performance. And also Tam and
Fung (1998) investigated effectiveness of management strategies on safety performance and the
study concluded one of the effective strategies in reducing accidents were safety training.

46
Gallagher (1997) identified factors associated with improved health & safety performance and
the study concluded one of the factors to increase health & safety performance were high level of
top management commitment.

4.4.6.6) Health & Safety resources

Table 4.6 Health & safety resources

Item
frequency percent
no Description
Yes No Yes No
Is there adequate first aid and first aider(s) on your
01 construction projects/sites
43 1 97.73 2.27
Does your firm Provide personal protective
02 equipment (PPE)?
40 4 90.91 9.09
Does your firm provide right tools, equipment and
03 plant to execute construction?
37 3 84.09 11.36
Does your firm Provide good welfare facilities such
04 as showers, canteens, toilets?
31 13 70.45 29.55
Does Material schedule data sheets provided for all
05 hazardous materials on site?
20 22 45.45 50
Reason for "No" answers
A
Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries 7.5 14.71
B
Budget constraint 12.5 24.51
C
Upper level management and commitment problem 9.5 18.63
D
Lack of skilled personnel 6 11.76
E
Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects 2.5 4.90

When we came to health and safety resource of the company, as examined in each project sites
through questioner, 97.73% of the respondent certifies that there is adequate first aid and first
aider(s) on their construction project sites. Similarly, 90.91% of the respondents witnessed that
their firm provides personal protective equipment (PPE) for employees and about 84% of them

47
said there is a right tools, equipment and plant to execute construction in their firm. Concerning
good welfare facilities such as showers, canteens and toilets 70.45% of the respondents certify
that is it is full filled in their project site and the other 11.36% certify that these facilities are not
full filled. Based on respondent answer providing material schedule data sheets for hazardous
materials on site for each projects takes 50% and not providing also has the same percent.
However, some of the respondents disagreed on the above issues (adequate first aid and first
aider(s) on your construction projects/sites, Providing personal protective equipment (PPE), right
tools, equipment and plant to execute construction and good welfare facilities such as showers,
canteens, toilets). The reason behind were lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
(14.71%), Budget constraint (24.51%), Upper level management and commitment problem
(18.63%), Lack of skilled personnel (11.76%) and Lack of H&S policy implementation on
projects (4.90%).From researcher site observation the company provides personal protective
equipments to each site but there is upper level management and commitment problem in
implementation in some sites and also worker careless in using theses equipments.

4.4.6.7) Training in Health &Safety

Table 4.7 Training in Health & safety

Item
frequency percent
no Description
Yes No Yes No
Do Workers undergo induction on Health &Safety before
01 commencing work on a particular site?
26 18 59.09 40.91
02 Do Workers are regularly trained in Health & Safety?
9 34 20.45 77.75
Do Workers trained in proper care & use of personal
20
03 protective equipment?
24 45.45 54.55
Instruction manuals or safe work procedures are used to
04 aid in preventive action?
25 17 56.82 38.64
Reason for "No" answers
A Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
1.33 1.45
B Budget constraint
6.5 7.09
C Upper level management and commitment problem
18.5 20.18
F Lack of skilled personnel
9.33 10.18

48
 G There is no standard in the code of practice
3.5 3.82
H Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
17.5 19.09

The above table show 59.09% of respondents believed their firm/projects provide or give
induction before commencing work, 20.45% agreed their firm/project provide regular training
for their workers on health & safety, 45.45% witnessed their firm/project provide training on
how to care and use of personal protective equipment’s and 56.82% agreed their firm/project
provide instruction manuals or safe procedures, whereas about 77.75% of the respondent
believed their projects/sites do not provide training in health & safety and an average of 44.7%
of the respondent believed that their firm do not give safety induction before commencing work,
trained in proper care & use of personal protective equipment and use instruction manuals or safe
work procedures to aid in preventive action. The reasons were lack of awareness by all parties in
the industry (1.45%), budget is not considered for safety &health (7.09%), upper level
management & commitment problem (20.18%), Lack of skilled personnel (10.18%), absence of
standard in the code of practice (3.82%) and Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
(19.09%).

Most of the majority of respondents from YOTEK construction reflects their firm did not give
training in health & safety. Training provide workers with ways to obtain added information
about potential hazards and their control; they could gain skills to assume a more active role in
implementing hazard control programs or to effect organizational changes that would enhance
worksite protection. The finding of the study did not much with the finding of Aksorn and
Hadikusumo (2008), investigated the effectiveness of safety programs in the construction
industry and concluded one of the safety programs found to be positively associated with safety
performance is safety induction.

4.4.6.8) Project supervision

Table 4.8 Project supervision

Item frequency percent

no Description
Yes No Yes No
Do Proper supervision by staff trained in Health &
01 Safety carried out on your project? 28 14 63.64
31.82

49
 Does specific Health & Safety inspections done
02 regularly? 22 21 47.73
50
Do Local authorities and Health &Safety enforcement 16
03 agencies visit sites for inspection? 28 36.36 63.64
Reason for "No" answers
A Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries 10.8 16.93
B Budget constraint 3 4.69
C Upper level management and commitment problem 3.83 5.99
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client
D /No contractual obligation 4 6.25
E There is no standard in the code of practice 8 6.77
F Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects 4.33 12.50

Concerning proper supervision by staff trained in Health & Safety carried out on project sites,
regular specific Health & Safety inspection and site visit for inspection of local authorities and
Health &Safety enforcement agencies, an average of 49.24% of the respondents were agreed on
that their firm carried out proper supervision by staff in health & safety with regular specific
health & safety inspection and site visit. An average of 48.48% of respondent does not agree and
list different reasons. Among these, Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries and H&S
policy implementation on projects caches 16.93% and 12.50% respectively. In similar way, no
standard in the code of practice, no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client
and upper level management and commitment problem takes about 6% each. From the response
analysis of respondents from the contractors reflects relatively their firms have proper
supervision by staff trained in health &safety. Therefore the finding of the study much with the
findings of Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008) investigated the effectiveness of safety programs in
the construction industry and concluded one of the safety programs found to be positively
associated with safety performance is having safety committee (ad-hoc). Gallagher (1997)
identified factors associated with improved health and safety performance and the study
identified with conclusion of supervisor involvement and effective safety & health committee
associated with better health and safety performance.

50
4.4.6.9) Accident and fatal Reporting
Table 4.9 Accident and fatality

Item frequency percent

no Description Yes No Yes No
Are all injuries, fatalities filed & reported to the
concerned body?
01 39` 4 88.64 9.09
Is there a governmental organization follow up and
contribute in improving safety in the Construction
projects?
02 8 35 18.18 79.55
Reason for "No" answers
Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries
A 7.66 19.65
Budget constraint
B 2.5 6.41
Upper level management and commitment problem
C 0.5 1.28
There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client
/No contractual obligation
D 4.66 11.95
Lack of skilled personnel
E 1 2.57
There is no standard in the code of practice
F 5 12.83
Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects
G 1.66 4.26

Regarding the trend to which all injuries and fatalities filed & reported to the concerned body,
results of the survey show that more than 88.00% of the respondent have said these fatalities and
accidents were reported to the concerned body but 9.09% of them does agree. The reasons
projects/sites not to records and reports site accidents, injuries and illness were 19.65% believed
lack of awareness by all parties in the industry, 12.83% no code standard code of practice and
11.95% no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client takes the largest percent.
While in contrast, budget constraint, lack of skilled person and H & S policy has insignificant
values.

According to this result almost all the projects has a trend of reporting all injuries and fatalities to
the concerned body. This finding much with researchers Aksorn and Hadikusumo (2008),
investigated the effectiveness of safety programs in the construction industry and concluded one

51
of the safety programs found to be positively associated with safety performance is having
accident investigations, safety record keeping and safety reporting. Liska et al., (1993) identified
zero accident techniques and concluded the study accident & near miss investigation; and record
keeping and follow-ups associated with safety success.

Concerning governmental organization follow up majority of the respondent means 79.55 % of

the respondent witnessed that there is no governmental organization follow up and contribute in
improving safety in the construction projects and set out reasons as shown in the table. While,
the remaining 18.18% said there is governmental organization follow up and contribute in
improving safety in the construction projects. Based on the result, In Addis Ababa city, building
construction projects, most of the majority of respondents from the contractor (YOTEK
construction) reflects their firm did not have follow-ups from governmental organizations. But
government shall conduct a periodically site inspection through an experienced safety engineers
and subjecting the contractors to a warning or fine for unsafe conditions or hazards existing on a
workplace. Moreover, the engineering societies shall help to extend engineering knowledge by
developing the awareness of safety and health issues among engineers, (Fang, et al., 2004).
Therefore, the finding in the study did not much with the study of Wright (1998), identified
factors motivating proactive health and safety management and concludes in the study
compliance with customer or regulatory certification schemes and complies with health & safety
regulations create positive pressure to proactively manage health & safety.

From document review, there are project sites which had arrangements for controlling health and
safety risks and place some form of documentation on their accidents. Accident investigations
and reporting are mostly the responsibility of site managers or safety engineers. Documentation
of minor incidents was often overlooked. Safety engineer or site managers recorded accidents in
report format or site diaries and reported to owner/managers or senior management in writing or
through telephone calls depending on the severity of the case. Hospital forms were in some cases
available and given to employees who complained of illness or who were injured in the course of
site operations. These procedures were necessary; they provided the businesses with a means of
measuring health and safety performance and a way of complying with the Workmen’s
Compensation Law. The company has the following H & S report format.

52
4.5) Challenges in the practice

4.5.1) Injuries in construction sites

Table 4.10 Frequency of causes of Injuries in construction sites

Item Frequency of injuries and fatalities

Description
no High Medium Low Exceptional
15.91% 29.55% 50% 4.55%
01 Falling (Objects falling from a height)
15.91% 34.09% 38.64% 11.36%
02 Falling Stairways and ladders
Scaffolding (Falling from scaffolding 15.91% 25% 40.91% 18.18%
03 during construction)
Excavations (Slides, collapse, not shored 13.64% 25% 25% 36.36%
04 protection…etc.)
4.55% 9.09% 45.45% 38.64%
05 Electricity (Electric power Accidents)
Construction Hoists &Elevators and 2.27% 6.82% 31.82% 59.09%
06 Cranes & Derrick (sudden dismantling)
15.91% 27.73% 38.64% 27.73%
07 Hazardous substances (careless /miss use)
15.91% 38.64% 25% 20.45%
08 Noise
Tools and Machinery (Drilling, Grinding, 18.18% 56.82% 11.36%
11.36%
09 Bending…etc.)
4.55% 2.27% 29.55% 63.64%
10 Fire（ from electric, fuel, chemical et.）

The above table shows that in their construction sites, a high percentage of the respondents
believed that objects falling from a height, falling stair way and ladder, workers falling from
scaffolding during construction work, Electric power Accidents cause, careless /miss use of
hazardous substances and tools &machinery cause injuries &fatalities in a low rate. Whereas,
accidents occur due to un-shored protection of excavation, sudden dismantling of construction
hoists &elevators and cranes & derrick and fire is exceptional. According to the surveying data
the respondent agreed that noise has a medium frequency in causing injury.

53
4.5.2) Factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction industry
Table 4.11 Factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction

Item
Description
no mean Important index

01 Complexity of the Design 3.15 105.30

02 Type of Owner/attitude of owner/ 3.15 105.30

03 Weather Condition 3.25 108.33

04 Project Cost 3.34 111.36

05 Project Duration 2.86 95.45

06 Contractual Specification of Safety health 3.35 112.12

07 Safety and Health Policy 3.68 122.72

08 Accidents / Incidents / Near Miss Report 3.04 99.2

09 Fire prevention and control 2.81 93.93

10 Risk Assessment 3.54 118.18

11 Safety and Health Training 3.93 131.06

12 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE 3.09 130.30

13 Emergency Planning and Procedures 2.69 81.06

14 Safety and Health Inspection 3.83 125

15 Safety and Health Management Meeting 3.46 112.87

16 First-Aid Provision 3.76 119.69

17 Safety Signals, Signs and Barricades 4.51 146.96

18 Work environment 3.90 127.27

19 Reward and Punishment System (Incentives) 3.63 121.21

20 Role of Government and Engineering Societies 3.74 121.96

54
 Priority index is used for analyzing question in which respondents were asked to place a set of
attitudes in ranking order, indicating their importance priorities or preferences. Accordingly, the
factor, safety and health training personal protective equipments got the highest priority index
(131.06%) and to the other extreme, the other factor, whenever Emergency Planning and
Procedures (81.06%) priority index as pointed out in the table above.

Degree of impact in percent

Item
Description Very high Very
no
high high average Low low

01 Complexity of the Design 20.45% 18.18% 22.73% 34.09% 4.55%

02 Type of Owner/attitude of owner/ 15.91% 27.27% 29.55% 11.36% 15.91%

03 Weather Condition 20.45% 18.18% 29.55% 29.55% 2.27%

04 Project Cost 29.55% 22.73% 22.73% 20.45% 9.09%

05 Project Duration 11.36% 27.27% 27.27% 27.27% 9.09%

06 Contractual Specification of Safety health 29.55% 18.18% 20.45% 22.73% 9.09%

07 Safety and Health Policy 40.91% 15.91% 20.45% 15.91% 6.82%

08 Accidents / Incidents / Near Miss Report 15.91% 20.45% 20.45% 34.09% 6.82%

09 Fire prevention and control 20.45% 18.18% 9.09% 27.27% 25%

10 Risk Assessment 6.82% 27.27% 20.45% 15.91% 4.55%

11 Safety and Health Training 45.45% 13.64% 31.82% 6.82% 2.27%

12 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE 20.45% 15.91% 25% 11.36% 4.55%

13 Emergency Planning and Procedures 6.82% 11.36% 40.91% 9.09% 22.73%

14 Safety and Health Inspection 36.36% 22.73% 27.27% 9.09% 2.27%

15 Safety and Health Management Meeting 25% 20.45% 31.82% 15.91% 4.55%

16 First-Aid Provision 31.82% 29.55% 15.91% 15.91% 2.27%

17 Safety Signals, Signs and Barricades 34.09% 29.55% 20.45% 9.09% 4.55%

55
18 Work environment 45.45% 13.64% 22.73% 15.91% 0%

19 Reward and Punishment System (Incentives) 36.36% 11.36% 34.09% 15.91% 2.27%

Role of Government and Engineering 38.64% 15.91% 27.27% 11.36% 4.55%

20 Societies

Most of respondents realized, factors such as project cost, safety and health contractual
specification of, policy, training, inspection, signals, signs and barricades, personal protective
equipment (PPE), first-aid provision, work environment, reward and punishment system
(incentives) and role of government & engineering societies has a very high degree of impact on
safety and health performance in the construction industry. As presented in the above table,
safety and health performance in the construction industry is highly affected by project duration
and risk assessment. From respondents’ perspective, type of owner/attitude of owner/, weather
condition, emergency planning and procedures and H&S management meeting has an average
high effect on safety and health performance in the construction industry. But the other factors,
complexity of the design, accidents / incidents / near miss report and fire prevention and control
has low degree of impact on safety and health performance in the construction industry.

4.5.3) Construction phase which require emphasis of health and safety management
practice
Table 4.12 Construction phase which needs more emphasis of health and safety management
practice

Important
Item No Construction Phases mean index Rank
01 Excavation and Earth work 2.09 68.18 3
02 Concrete Work( concrete , form work & rebar) 1.88 59.84 4
03 Finishing Work 3.15 105.3 1
04 Electrical Work 2.85 90.90 2

Even if health and safety management practice is required throughout the construction phases of
every building project, but the emphasis in each phase might be different. As respondent

56
agreement, finishing work requires more focus or emphasis of health and safety management
practice among the others. Respondent rank shows that electrical work comes to the second
place, excavation and earth work is the third one and concrete work takes the last rank.

57
CHAPTER FIVE: - SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1) Introduction
The fifth and last chapter of this study revolves around the major findings of the study, what we
can conclude from the findings and recommendation based on these findings. This chapter
highlighted the limitations of this work and indicated future research areas for anyone interested
in the applicability of college choice decision/preference.

5.2) Summary of major finding

The construction industry has been seen as one of the hazardous industries. As empirical reviews
revealed that the industry has poor health and safety performance record. This paper is conducted
on safety and health management practice in yotek building projects in Addis Ababa city.

The company is established with the purpose of providing various construction services like
construction of buildings, roads, factory foundations, bridges, Airfields and various types of civil
engineering edifice contributing to the development of the construction industry. This Company
is founded by engineer YOHANS TEKLAY by being general contractor 6 (GC-6). Within 15
years by getting experiences, which should make them, familiar with safety and health related
issues. The overall body of the paper is summarized as follows .Out of the total respondents only
(2.27%) respondents were from safety & health department. This shows, health and safety
engineer in each project site has no significant number compared with the other profession.

45.45% of the projects costs more than 2 billion ETB beside this 22.27% of the projects/ sites
have 1000 and above daily average workers. These indicates majority of the projects have high
number of workers which implies the project needs more than one safety & health professional
to be assigned. But from the finding there are projects sites which do not have health and safety
officer or very small number relatively.

All the project sites have an accident during the construction in the past 3 years. From the finding
temporary disablement take almost 100% it leads to additional cost. The occurrences of these
accidents are more or less due to careless of management & worker attitudes and lack of safety
knowledge. From perspective of management it was lack of motivation and budget constraint but
from workers side it was luck of safety culture and training.

58
From the researchers finding majority of the respondent agreed 63.25% supposed that the
contractor is responsible for accidents that occur during construction.

Concerning governmental organization follow up and contribution in improving safety, 72.72%

of respondents reveal that governmental organizations do not follow their projects and they do
not contribute in improving safety.

Out of the total respondent, 90.91% of the respondent has witnessed they appointed health and
safety officer on their site and 65.91% have cost of incurring to administering health & safety
program with site specific health and safety plan consider Health & Safety aspects during
constructing site offices, access roads, temporary structures while constructing the project.

In terms of periodically or frequently reviewing Health & Safety aspect the finding shows there
no frequent review of health & safety aspects.

From the finding, 93.18% of the respondents said that their construction firm has health & Safety
policy with written in house Health & Safety rules & regulations and implementation for all
workers reflecting management concerns for safety and health. Majority of the respondent
agreed that was awareness with written information about Health & Safety procedures, written
circular / brochure or orientation that to make workers aware of the risks in their work and
preventive measures to reduce those risks, adequate first aid and first aider(s), personal
protective equipment, right tools, equipment and plant to execute construction and good welfare
facilities such as showers, canteens, toilets.

On majority of the project sites, Managers encourage and support worker participation,
commitment and Involvement in Health &Safety activities, training of employees, actively
monitor the Health &Safety performance of their projects and workers through reports and
ensure adequacy of the budget.

Concerning the health and safety induction training, the questionnaire reveal the general poor
attitude of YOTEK construction company toward the continuous health and safety training of
their employees as only 20.45% of respondents confirmed having such training and lack of
regular specific Health & Safety inspections. According to researcher finding all injuries and
fatalities filed & reported to the concerned body.

59
objects falling from a height, falling stair way and ladder, workers falling from scaffolding
during construction work, Electric power Accidents cause, careless /miss use of hazardous
substances and tools &machinery cause injuries &fatalities in a low rate. Further, the majority of
respondents agreed the main factors that affect the performance of health & safety in building
construction are project cost, safety and health contractual specification of, policy, training,
inspection, signals, signs and barricades, personal protective equipment (PPE), first-aid
provision, work environment, reward and punishment system (incentives) and role of
government & engineering societies and finally as respondent agreement, concrete work requires
more focus or emphasis of health and safety management practice among the others.

5.3) Conclusions
The importance of health and safety in companies, especially construction ones is not well
established. In reality since the early sixties of the last century, the construction industry passed
through a tremendous growth and development and now it is essential for employers and
employees to be aware of the health and safety issues that concern them and demand for
qualifications in this area is increasing especially in the emergent or developing countries. Indeed
the construction industry is working very hard to improve its health and safety record. These
paper based on the analysis concluded that;-

 In the company there is a shortage of health and safety officer or they are very small in
number relatively; there is careless and lack of motivation of management for
implementation of health and safety practice, training and also budget constraint.
Additionally, there is carelessness of worker attitudes and lack of safety knowledge.

 Although there are appropriate health and safety legislation for governing construction
works there is lack of enforcement of regulations from government & regulatory bodies
responsible for ensuring compliance are not properly resourced to carry out their legal
responsibilities.

 Clients & consultants do not consider as perquisites for awarding projects and they do not
even include as criteria in the contract documents in contractual specification of health
and safety.

60
5.4) Recommendation
Based on the study, the following are key recommendations that can help improve health and
safety practice in building construction.

 It is imperative for the construction company to increase the quality and quantity of
safety and health supervisors since poor supervision is the main reason which is
responsible for the accident occurrence.

 Contractors must ensure that their labor force is properly trained for their specific tasks.
This will empower them to teach their peers and regular safety meeting during the work
in the construction site.

 More efforts need to be done by the construction company to improve awareness and the
training for the workforces. In addition, an adequate budget for safety and health
provision should be stated in the contract document which should be approved by all
parties. Safety as a pay item in contract document is suggested to be included.

 The company should adopt proactive and continuous learning approaches to manage
health and safety of the projects workers.

 The contractors should train the workers, promote the safety culture for workers and
educate them on how to avoid the risk and use the equipment properly in the construction
site and make sure that all the workers wear the personal protection equipment and
punish the workers who make safety violation.

 To monitor health and safety performance (such as reports, audits and inspections) during
bid the contractors should have to incorporate Safety audit report for their qualification.
The contract document prepared for tender should have guidelines for health and safety
regulation and enables the enforcement of rules and regulations for health and safety
problem minimization.

61
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APPENDIX A

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

School of commerce

Department of Project Management

Assessment of Construction Safety and Health Management Practice in Building

Construction projects in Addis Ababa: In case of Yotek Construction P.LC.

Dear Participant

This MBA thesis research questionnaire is designed to assess the practice of construction of
health & safety management in building construction projects in Addis Ababa in a case of Yotek
construction P.L.C. The main objective will be to assess the current safety and health
management practice in building construction sites at Yotek Construction PLC.

The information obtained will be used for academic purpose only; all information and feedbacks
will be kept strictly confidential. Your experience and educational background in the
construction industry will greatly contribute to the success of my study and I believe this kind of
study will be an input for the development of Ethiopian construction industry. So, I am kindly
requesting you to respond each and every question and I would like to thank you in advance for
sharing your time and information with me.

For further inquiry, if you have any questions you can reach me at

Meti Delessa

+251-913942297

Email: [email protected].
Part one (About the respondents, company and current projects)

Mark “√“on the space provided

About respondents

1) Job title of respondents‟

Project Manager ⎕ Project Engineer ⎕ Health & Safety engineer ⎕Others⎕

2) Educational status of respondents

MSc/MA ⎕ Degree ⎕ Diploma ⎕ Others ⎕

3) Respondents work experience (years)

1-5 ⎕ 5-10 ⎕ 10-15 ⎕>15 ⎕

About the company and current project

4) Project/construction Cost (ETB)

<500 Million ⎕ 500Million-1 Billon ⎕ 1 Billon -2 Billon ⎕>2 Billion ⎕

5) Average number of employees

<500 ⎕ 500-700 ⎕ 700-1000 ⎕>1000 ⎕

6) Which fatalities on work (years in 2009-2011 E.C) hold the highest number in your project?

Death ⎕ Permanent total disablement ⎕

Permanent partial disablement ⎕ Temporary disablement ⎕

- Permanent total disablement: - means incurable employment injury, which prevents the
injured worker from engaging in any kind of remunerated work.
- Permanent partial disablement: - means incurable employment injury decreasing the
injured workers capacity.
- Temporary disablement: results a reduction workers capacity which prevents from work
partially or totally for a limited period of time.
About the accident current project

7) High accident rates on construction site are due to:

A. Lack of Legislation B. Lack of Safety Knowledge

C. Management Carelessness D. Careless worker attitudes

E. Carelessness of the Consulting

F .Others…………………………………………………………………………………………….

8) The major reasons of accident on site are that the management is short of:

A. Lack employs of Safety Officer

B. Lack of Safety policy C. Lack of Safety Training

D. Lack of Safety Motivation E. The cost of Safety

F .Others…………………………………………………………………………………………….

9) The major reasons of accident on the site are that the workers are short of:

A. Lack of training B. Lack of experience in using equipment

C. Lack of safety culture D. Lack of safety Motivation

E .Others………………………………………………………………………………………….

10) In your opinion, who should be responsible for the accidents occur during construction on
site?

A. Workers B. Government C. Contractors D. Owners Consultant

E .Others………………………………………………………………………………………….

11) Is there a governmental organization follow up and contribute in improving safety in the
Construction projects?

A. Yes B. No
C. If yes, who is this? And how it works? ……………………………………………………….

12) What is your suggested expense in safety management in the terms of contract cost in
construction projects?
A. < 0.5% B. 0.5-1% C. 1-2% D. 2-3% E. >3%

Part two:- Organizational, Technical, procedural and environmental factors

Use “√” for Yes or No” on the space provided and choose the reasons listed below for each
questions if your answer is "No” it is possible to choose more than one answer.

 Possible reasons for answer "No

A) Lack of awareness by all parties in the industries

B) Budget constraint

C) Upper level management and commitment problem

D) There is no enforcement law in the contract agreement with the client /No contractual

obligation

E) No company Health & Safety policy in the firm

F) Lack of skilled personnel

G) There is no standard in the code of practice

H) Lack of H&S policy implementation on projects

Note: - you will get the Acronyms COP and COA below in the questions. Their meaning is
defined below.

- Cost of Prevention (COP):- means cost incurring to administering a Health & Safety
program.
- Cost of Accident (COA):- means cost the treatment of the injury and any unique
compensation. Offered to workers as a consequence of being injured and are covered by
workmen’s compensation insurance premiums and includes all incurred costs.
Item Description Yes No Choice
no 13) Appointment of Health & Safety staff
01 Do your construction projects/sites have a Safety Officer?
14) Project planning of Health & Safety
01 Does your project have cost of Prevention COP
02 Does your project have cost of Accident COA

03 Does your project have a site-specific Health &Safety plan?

Does the Layout of the site consider Health & Safety aspects? (During
constructing site offices, access roads, temporary structures while constructing
04 the project)
During construction period of your project does Health & Safety aspect
05 reviewed periodically or frequently?
15) Health &Safety policy
01 Does your construction firm have Health & Safety policy?
Does your construction firm have a written in house Health & Safety rules &
regulations and implementation for all workers reflecting management
02 concerns for safety and health?
Does your firm coordinate its Health &Safety policies with other human
03 resource policies to ensure wellbeing of workers?
16) Formal and informal written Communication
Does your firm provide awareness with written information about Health &
01 Safety procedures?
Does your firm prepare written circular / brochure or orientation that to make
workers aware of the risks in their work and preventive measures to reduce
02 those risks?
17) Upper management commitment & involvement in Health & safety
Do Managers encourage and support worker participation, commitment and
01 Involvement in Health &Safety activities?
02 Do Managers encourage and support training of employees in Health &Safety?
 Do Managers actively monitor the Health &Safety performance of their
03 projects and workers through reports?
04 Do Managers ensure that the Health & Safety budget is adequate?
18) Health &Safety resources
01 Is there adequate first aid and first aider(s) on your construction projects/sites
02 Does your firm Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Does your firm provide right tools, equipment and plant to execute
03 construction?
Does your firm Provide good welfare facilities such as showers, canteens,
04 toilets?
Does Material schedule data sheets provided for all hazardous materials on
05 site?
15) Training in Health &Safety
Do Workers undergo induction on Health &Safety before commencing work
01 on a particular site?
02 Do Workers are regularly trained in Health & Safety?
03 Do Workers trained in proper care & use of personal protective equipment?
Instruction manuals or safe work procedures are used to aid in preventive
04 action?
19) Project supervision
Do Proper supervision by staff trained in Health & Safety carried out on your
01 project?
02 Does specific Health & Safety inspections done regularly?
Do Local authorities and Health &Safety enforcement agencies visit sites for
03 inspection?
20) Accident, fatal Reporting

01 Are all injuries, fatalities filed & reported to the concerned body?
Is there a governmental organization follow up and contribute in improving
02 safety in the Construction projects?
 Part Three
The Major Health &Safety areas to be considered during construction of building
construction projects in Addis Ababa.
Frequency of causes of Injuries in construction sites Please Mark “√” on the space
provided

Frequency of injuries and fatalities

Item
Description
no
High Medium Low Exceptional
01 Falling (Objects falling from a height)
02 Falling Stairways and ladders
03 Scaffolding (Falling from scaffolding during construction)
04 Excavations (Slides, collapse, not shored protection…etc.)
05 Electricity (Electric power Accidents)
Construction Hoists &Elevators and Cranes & Derrick
06 (sudden dismantling)
07 Hazardous substances (careless /miss use)
08 Noise
09 Tools and Machinery (Drilling, Grinding, Bending…etc.)
10 Fire（ from electric, fuel, chemical etc.）

Part Four
Factors that affect safety and health performance in the construction industry
Please Mark “√” on the space provided.

Degree of impact
Item No Description Very high Very
high high average Low low
01 Complexity of the Design
02 Type of Owner/attitude of owner/
03 Weather Condition
04 Project Cost
05 Project Duration
06 Contractual Specification of Safety health
07 Safety and Health Policy
08 Accidents / Incidents / Near Miss Report
09 Fire prevention and control
10 Risk Assessment
11 Safety and Health Training
12 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE
13 Emergency Planning and Procedures
14 Safety and Health Inspection
15 Safety and Health Management Meeting
16 First-Aid Provision
17 Safety Signals, Signs and Barricades
18 Work environment
19 Reward and Punishment System (Incentives)
20 Role of Government and Engineering Societies

Part Five
In which construction phase does safety health management practice needs more focus or
emphasis.
Rank them from 1-4 on the space provided.

Item No Construction Phases Rank

01 Excavation and Earth work

02 Concrete Work( concrete , form work & rebar)
03 Finishing Work
04 Electrical Work
What do you recommend to improve building construction project safety and health management
practice of construction projects in Addis Ababa to make it accident free?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

THANK YOU!!!
 APPENDIX B

YOTEK construction weekly HSE report format

Weekly HSE REPORT

Report Number: ------------------------------Date: ----------------------------------------------------

Week Start Date-------------------------------WeekEnding Date: ---------------------------------

1. Weekly Cumulative Safety Statistics

S/# Title This Week Cumulative

Figures
01 Safe Man Hours Worked
02 Total Man Hours
03 Man Hours Since LTI
03 Man Power Direct
In-Direct
Total
04 Fatality Case (Fatal)
05 Lost Workday Case (LWC)
06 Restricted Workday Case (RWC)
07 Medical Treatment Case (MTC)
08 First Aid Case (FAC)
09 Property Damage (PD)
10 Near Miss (NM)
11 Motor Vehicle Accident (MVA)
12 Fire Incident (FI)
13 Environmental Incident
14 Total Number of First Aid Cases
14 Total Number of Recordable Injuries
15 Number of Lost Work Days
16 Number of Restricted/ Job Transfer Days
17 Total Number of Days Lost
18 Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR)
19 Lost Time Incident Rate (LTIR)
20 Safe Man Days

Note:
2. Narration of Incident/Accident and Near Miss Reported This Week

Events
3. Other HSE Activities

Description This Week Cumulative

Safety Walkthrough
Safety Audits

Safety Highlights

 INSERT WEEKLY HIGH POINTS

4. Observations and Findings (Current Week)

Sr. No Contractor/Subcontractor Name Observations Remarks

Pending Closed

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
TOTAL

5. Toolbox Topics / Training Delivered

This Week Cumulative

5.1 List of Toolbox Topics

TOPIC HOURS PERSONNEL TIME

1
 2
3
4
5
TOTAL

5.2 List of Training Topics

TOPIC HOURS PERSONNEL TIME

1
2
3
4
TOTAL

Prepared By:------------

Approved By:------------

YOTEK-HQ-QS-PF-033 Weekly HSE Report Rev: 0 Date: ___________

 YOTEK construction monthly HSE performance report format

Monthly HSE Performance Report RELATED DOCUMENT

Last Reviewed: Version: 01

* Mandatory reporting fields *Month of: Year:

*Business Area : Building road real state

Operation / Project:

*JV:

SUB-CONTRACTOR
COMPANIES:

Contacts: Name Contact Number

Project Manager

Health & Safety

Environment

Owner’s
Representative:

MONTHLY HS&E PERFORMANCE

LAGGING Monthly Year to LEADING Monthly Year to

INDICATORS Total Date INDICATORS Total Date
*Near
By MissesArea
Business (#) By Business
*First Aids (#) Toolbox
AreaTalks

*Medical Safety
Treatments (#) Meetings

*Lost Time (#) Orientations

*Other
Inspections /
Recordable
(Restricted Work Observations
Case, Loss of
Consciousness)
(#)

Corrective
*Lost Work Days Actions
completed

*Restricted /
Property
Modified Work
Damage
Days

*Vehicle Other (Fire,

Incidents Theft):

*Environmental Please attach or provide Incident date and

Incidents (#) details here:

*Hours Worked
(Regular)

Hours Worked
(Overtime)

*Total Exposure
Hours

Total
Recordable
Injury
Frequency

REGULATORY ACTIONS OR INSPECTIONS

*Did your company experience any regulatory actions OR Yes No

If yes, provide regulatory agency

and description of action taken

inspections this month?

APPENDIX C

Safety notice set on the entrance of construction project sites and safety police