CONFIDENTIAL EH/FEB 2022/CHE24
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY
COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO REACTION ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE : CHE244
ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 4
Course Outcomes:
● Construct laboratory work to display the concept of chemical reactions in chemistry
Item Marks
Introduction &
objective
Materials,
procedure & safety
precaution
Data, results &
discussion
Organization &
appearance
Question & answer
(Post-experiment)
Peer evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
/100
(CO3,LO2)
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu/Johor/Sarawak,
Kampus Bukit Besi/ Pasir Gudang/Samarahan
TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Apparatus/
Exp No. : 4 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Instrument:
The effect of stirring rate towards the conversion of
Topic :
NaOH and ethyl acetate in CSTR
Mark : 100
Date : 26 May 2022
Students Course : CHE244 - Introduction To Reaction
Semester : 2 Group: B2
Engineering
No. Name Matrix No. Signature
1 DAYANG NUR BAZLA NABIHAH BINTI ABANG NOR ZANDARIA 2021460896
2 MIMI SHARINA BINTI HASSAN 2021473616
3 NUR FARAH AIN BINTI MAZLAN 2021845964
4
5
Lecturer 1. DR LAU LEE CHUNG
2.
Introduction :
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) is a reactor that is built with an impeller or other mixing device to
ensure effective mixing. The term CSTR is frequently used in chemical engineering to refer to an idealised agitated
tank reactor used to represent operating variables necessary to achieve a particular output. CSTR reactors feature
efficient mixing and operate under steady-state conditions. The output composition should ideally be the same as
the composition of the material within the reactor which varies with residence time and reaction rate. When a
reaction is excessively slow or when two immiscible or viscous liquids require a high agitation rate, many CSTRs
can be linked together to form a cascade. CSTRs are often smaller in capacity and allow for the continuous
entrance of reagents and reactants as well as the outflow of products. CSTRs are most widely used in industrial
processing mainly in homogenous liquid-phase flow reactions requiring continual agitation. However, they are
also employed in the pharmaceutical sector, wastewater treatment and biological operations such as cell cultures
and fermenters. In CSTR, the reactants continuously flow into the reactor. The reactants will then be mixed well
in the tank with the help of the stirrer. The products are removed continuously during the reaction processes while
the reactants are continuously fed into the reactor.
In this experiment, saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate (Et(Ac)) in
a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) to produce sodium salt of acetic acid (Na(Ac)) and ethyl alcohol with
caustic soda (EtOH). The stirring rate is manipulated in the experiment. The Conversion, X and the rate of reaction,
−𝑟𝐴 is expected to increase as the stirring rate increases.
Objectives :
1. To carry out a saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate (Et(Ac)) in a
Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR).
2. To observe the effect of stirring rate on the conversion of ethyl acetate.
Materials,
MATERIALS:
Procedure &
500ml of 0.1M NaOH, 500ml of 0.1M Ethyl Acetate, stopwatch, Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor
Safety
(CSTR)
Precautions
PROCEDURE:
1. The general start-up procedures such as switching on the Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor
(CSTR) were performed.
2. The temperature of the Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) was set to 25℃.
3. Both pumps, P1 and P2 were switched on and the rotational speed of the stirrer was set to
200rpm before the timer is started.
4. The conductivity value was measured every minute for over 20 minutes.
5. The experiment was stopped once the conductivity value remained constant.
6. Steps 3 to 5 were repeated by changing the rotational speed of the stirrer from 200 rpm to
210 rpm and 220 rpm.
7. The solution from the reactor was drained into the production tank.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. Equip enough PPE when experimenting to avoid injuries such as using gloves sulphuric acid
can cause chemical burns that may seriously damage skin and/or eyes.
2. Handle said chemicals with caution to avoid spills.
Data,
Results &
DATA:
Discussion
NaOH + Et(Ac) → Na(Ac) + EtOH
The reaction is second order.
Based on the results obtained during the experiment, conversion, X and rate of reaction, −𝑟𝐴 can
be calculated using the formula below:
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
−𝑟𝐴 =
𝑉
For stirring rate 200 rpm,
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋)
0.0366 = 0.1 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑋 = 0.634
𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
−𝑟𝐴 =
𝑉
(40)(0.1)(0.634)
=
1000
= 0.00254 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
For stirring rate 210 rpm,
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋)
0.0355 = 0.1 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑋 = 0.645
𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
−𝑟𝐴 =
𝑉
(40)(0.1)(0.645)
=
1000
= 0.00258 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
For stirring rate 220 rpm,
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋)
0.0346 = 0.1 (1 − 𝑋)
𝑋 = 0.654
𝑣0 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋
−𝑟𝐴 =
𝑉
(40)(0.1)(0.654)
=
1000
= 0.00262 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Based on the data obtained, a graph of conversion against stirring rate and a graph of rate of
reaction against stirring rate can be plotted.
DISCUSSION:
Based on the data obtained and graphs plotted, as the stirring rate increases, the Conversion,
X increases. This also results in an increase in the rate of reaction. From the calculations made, the
Conversion, X and rate of reaction at a stirring rate of 200 rpm are 0.634% and 0.00254 mol/L.min
respectively, 0.645% and 0.00258 mol/L.min at a stirring rate of 200 rpm and lastly, 0.654% and
0.00262 mol/L.min at a stirring rate of 220 rpm. According to the collision theory, the increase in
stirring rate causes the molecules of the particles in motion to collide more frequently. As a result,
the rate of reaction increases.
Conclusion: From this experiment, we can deduce that the Conversion, X and rate of reaction are directly
proportional to the stirring rate. Based on the results obtained, the higher the stirring rate, the
higher the Conversion, X and rate of reaction. Thus, the objectives of this experiment are achieved.
Reference:
1. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Vapourtec. (2019, September 6). Retrieved June
24, 2022, from https://www.vapourtec.com/flow-chemistry/continuous-stirred-tank-
reactor-
cstr/#:~:text=A%20continuous%20stirred%20tank%20reactor,to%20attain%20a%20speci
fied%20output
2. Mettler-Toledo International Inc. all rights reserved. (2021, November 17). Continuous
stirred tank reactors (cstrs). Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors | Flow Technology.
Retrieved June 24, 2022, from
https://www.mt.com/my/en/home/products/L1_AutochemProducts/Chemical-
Synthesis-and-Process-Development-Lab-Reactors/continuous-stirred-tank-reactors-
cstr.html
