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Advanced Level Pure Mathematics Muwandi

The document introduces complex numbers. Complex numbers are numbers that can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = √-1. Complex numbers are needed to solve quadratic equations that have no real solutions. Addition and subtraction of complex numbers involves adding or subtracting the real and imaginary parts separately. Multiplication of complex numbers follows algebraic rules but requires care when dealing with powers of i. A complex conjugate is a pair of complex numbers where the imaginary parts have opposite signs but the real parts are the same, such as 2 + 3i and 2 - 3i. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is always a real number.

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Solomon Muwandi
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142 views6 pages

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics Muwandi

The document introduces complex numbers. Complex numbers are numbers that can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i = √-1. Complex numbers are needed to solve quadratic equations that have no real solutions. Addition and subtraction of complex numbers involves adding or subtracting the real and imaginary parts separately. Multiplication of complex numbers follows algebraic rules but requires care when dealing with powers of i. A complex conjugate is a pair of complex numbers where the imaginary parts have opposite signs but the real parts are the same, such as 2 + 3i and 2 - 3i. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is always a real number.

Uploaded by

Solomon Muwandi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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advanced level

pure
mathematics

BY Solomon
Muwandi
Complex numbers
Complex numbers are often first encountered when solving a quadratic equation
of the type for which there are no real solutions eg; x2 + 1 = 0 or x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
(Because for both equations the discriminant, b2- 4ac, is negative i.e., <0).
NOTATION
Consider √(-1) = i this implies that (± i¿ ¿2=−1
THEN: (i) √−9=±3 i
(ii) √ (−3 )=i √ 3 .Basically √−18= √−9× 2=3 i √ 2
NOTE that
√−1is an imaginary number hence we use theletter i∈some text books they use j
Try these
( i ) √−75 ( ii ) √ −121 ( iii ) √−8 ( iv ) √−7 ( v ) √−125
(a )¿

COMPLEX NUMBERS; introduced


NOW LET’S CONSIDER the solutions of the following equations
(a) x 2+ 2 x +5=0 ( b ) 3 x 2 + x+ 2=0 ( c ) x2 + x +1=0
SOLUTIONS
−1 ± i√ 23 −1± i √ 3
(a) x=−1 ± 2i ( b ) x= 6
(c) x = 2
We notice that the solutions

are in two parts eg on (a) -1 ± 2i we have -1 which is real and 2i which


imaginary we say the solutions are said to be complex.
BY DEFINITION: A complex number x+iy is made up of two parts the real
part x and the imaginary part y
NOTE that any number real or imaginary can be written as a complex number
for example the following cases where;
(i) 5 = 5+0i
(ii) 3i = 0+3i
(iii) -7= -7 + 0i
(iv) -4i = 0 – 4i:
That is why the set of complex numbers C is the mother set of all types of
numbers.

N – Natural numbers

Z – Integers

Q – Rational numbers

R – Real numbers

C – Complex numbers

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


When adding and /or subtracting complex numbers the real part is added or
subtracted from the real part and imaginary likewise.
Exercise
Evaluate the following giving your answers in the form a + bi
(i) (2+i) + (-4 – 3i)
(ii) (-7+5i) – (2 – 4i)
3 2
(iii) ( 4 + 3 i ¿+(1−i)

(iv) (5 – 4i) – (5 – 3i)


(v) (7+i) – (-3 – 2i) + (1 – 3i)

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


Multiplication of complex numbers is almost an algebraic process BUT
special care should be taken on dealing with the powers of i
NOTE THAT: i2 = -1
(-i)2 = -1
i3 = -i
i10 = -1
i12 = 1
in = -1, if n is even but not a multiple of 4
in = 1, if n is even and also a multiple of 4
in = -i, if n is odd and n+1 is a multiple of 4
in = i, if n is odd but n+1 is not a multiple of 4
EXERCISE 1A
1. Evaluate the following giving your answers in the form x+iy where x,y∈ R
and i=√-1
(a) (3 – i)2
(b) (2 + 3i) (3 – 2i)
(c) (1+i) (1-i)
(d) 4i(1-i)
(e) (2+i) (3-i)
(f) (2+5i)3
(g) (1-i)6
2. Find the numerical values of x and y if the value of the following is x+iy
a) (4-3i)2
b) (3+2i)(1-i)
c) [(-5+2i)(2-i)]+[2x+3iy]
d) (9-2i)(1-9i)
e) –i(1+i)
f) 2i(3-i)
g) i(5+i)
COMPLEX CONJUGATE
Consider the following algebraic expressions and expand the brackets.
i) (x+y)(x-y)
ii) (2x-y)(2x+y)
iii) (3-x)(3+x)
iv) (x+1)(x-1)
v) (4x-1)(4x+1)
Solutions
i) x2 - y2
ii) 4x2 - y2
iii) 9 – x2
iv) x2 – 1
v) 16x2 – 1
Looking closely at the above it is realised that the simplified expansions
culminate to DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES. A closer look makes it to
be realised that in the expanded pairs of brackets are CONJUGATES.
Algebraically CONJUGATES simply mean a pair of two terms connected by
addition (x + y) and those two again connected by subtraction (x – y).
Geometrically CONJUGATES are a pair of points (x ; y) and (x ; -y) which are
a reflection of each other in the x-axis.
FINALLY we can define COMPLEX CONJUGATES as a pair of complex
number in which the imaginary parts are such that one is the opposite of the
other in terms of signs while their real parts are the same, that is, (x + iy) and
(x – iy).
Below are examples of pairs of complex conjugates;
a) 2+3i and 2 – 3i
b) 1 – 4i and 1+4i
c) 1+i and 1- i
You can name more to your friends.
The product of complex conjugates obviously will result in “difference of two
squares” in a special form and a real number, as shown below;
(x+iy)(x-iy)= x2-ixy+ixy-i2y2 = x2+y2

Complex conjugates are used on division of complex numbers in REALIZING


the denominator i.e. making the denominator a REAL number ‘not complex’.
DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
When dividing complex numbers by a real number the process is just as any
other algebraic process.
EXAMPLES
6+9 i
i) 3
=¿ 2+3i

ii)

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