Sociology as a Discipline  Functionalist Perspective

 Each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to

 Scientific investigation of human culture and social behavior society’s functioning as a whole
 Discipline in social sciences concerned about human society and human  Goal as a whole is to achieve success
social activities  Believe that society is held together by social consensus, or
cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and
 Auguste Comte – father of sociology as he introduced the term work together to achieve what is best for society as a whole
‘Humanism’ in 1983.

GOALS  Conflict Perspective

 Focus on the negative and ever-changing nature of society
 Acquire knowledge about society like all the other social sciences  Challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when
discipline. this means social revolution), and believes rich and powerful
 Improve man’s adjustment to life by developing objective knowledge people force social order on the poor and weak
concerning social phenomena which can be used to deal effectively  Conflict theorist note that unequal groups have confliction
with social problems. values and agendas causing them to compete against one
 Understand how membership in one’s social group affects individual another
being.
 To understand how cultures and institutes interacts in different
society.
 To understand the meaning and consequences of modernity and the Perspective Level of Analysis Focus
new globalization
 To understand the causes and consequences of population Symbolic Use of symbols; F2F
Micro
composition and how population affects the environment and Interactionism interaction
development of societies.
 To provide info. that reflects upon diff. policy initiatives. Relationship between the
parts of society; how
Functionalism Macro
aspects of society as
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES functional (adaptive)

 Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Competition for scarce
 Directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of resources; How the elite
everyday life, what these symbols means, and how people Conflict Theory Macro
control the poor and the
interact with each other weak
 People attach meaning to symbols, and then act accordingly to
this subjective interpretation of these symbols
Political Science as Discipline Anthropology as a Discipline
 The study of nature, causes, and consequences of collective decision and  Study, analysis, and description of humanities past and presents
actions taken by groups of people embedded in cultures and institutions  Branch of knowledge which deals with scientific study of man, works, his
that structure power and authority body, his behavior and views, in time and space
 Deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities,
political thoughts, associated constitutions and political behavior
NATURE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

 Anthropology gives us info. on mans behavior in reflection on his

GOALS
social environment
 To address the concern with the process of growth, industrialization,  Mans physical, social, and cultural development
and change its impact on the government form and policies.  Provide insight into strange aspects of past or present societies
 To describe how various political systems function, and find more  Strange aspects – conflicts and violence, trial by ordeal, myths
effective political systems. and legends, superstition and witchcraft, fashion, and rituals
 To measure the success of governance and specific policies by concerning rites of passage, courtship, marriage, human sacrifice,
examining many factors, including stability, justice, and material etc.
wealth.
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

 To comprehend the fossil record of early people and their precursors

POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE just as archeological record of later ancient social orders
 To understand how we adopt to different environmental conditions
 Methodologically diverse and how we vary as a species
 Includes many methods originating in psychology, positivism,  To find out about both natural and social pairs of humankind all
structuralism, interactionalism throughout the planet and all through time
 Uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries  To comprehend the conduct of monkeys and gorillas in their regular
sought settings
 To apply anthropological info. to help forestall or take care of issues of
living people groups, including destitution, substance addiction and
HIV/AIDS

PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
 Holism
 Anthropologists are interested in the whole humanity, in how
various aspects of life interact
 By using a holistic approach, they ask how different aspects of
human life influence one another
  Anthropologist reveal the complexity of biological, social, or Culture
cultural phenomena
 EX. Cultural anthropologist studying the meaning of marriage  Powerful defining characteristics of human groups that shape our
in a small village perceptions, behavior, and relationship
 Study of the whole of the human condition: past, present,  Lifestyle
future  Human-made environment which includes all the material and non-
material products of group of life that are transmitted from one
 Cultural Relativism generation to the next
 Guiding philosophy of modern anthropology  Declaration of our temperament in our methods of living and thinking
 Idea that we should seek to understand another person’s  Composite/Multifactual areas that compromise belies, practices, values,
beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture attitudes, laws, arti., symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person
rather than our own
learns and share as a member of a society
 They do not judge other cultures based on their values nor do
they view other ways of doing things as inferior
 Culture is a product of human interaction.
 Ethnocentrism – opposite of cultural relativism, my beliefs are  Culture is a social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted.
always right and other are largely inferior  Culture is a distinguishing factor.
 Culture is an established pattern of behavior.
 Comparison  Culture is cumulative.
 Use to learn what humans have in common, how we differ and  Culture is meaningful to human beings.
how we change
 Compare ideas, morals, practices and systems between or
within cultures TYPES OF CULTURE

 Material Culture
 Fieldwork
 Comprises of articles that are identified with the material part
 Research in the field with species, civilization or groups of
people they are studying of our life
 Involves research method participation, observation fieldwork:  EX. Tangible Things like Technological Tools, Food,
participate to their lives Architectural Structure, Accessories

 Non-Material Culture
 Alludes to thought, standards, musings and convictions
 EX. Intangible Things like Ideas, Language and Symbols,
Thoughts, Religion, Behavior, Gesture, and Habits
ASPECTS OF CULTURE  Culture changes.
 Information, musing/customs that are lost as new social
 Language – Mother tongue, Lingo, Dialect
qualities are added
 Space – Spatial Exp., Functional Spaces, Living Spaces
 Experience – Rituals, Customs, Practices
 Culture gives as a scope of passable standards of conduct.
 History – Time Exp., Milestone, Myths
 Incudes how a movement ought to be directed, how an
 Identity – Self-consciousness, Self-esteem
individual should act properly
 Actions – Regime, Justice, Org., Work, Religion, Techniques, Science,
Art
 Culture is diverse.
 Validity – Values, Opinions, Laws, Meaning
 Framework that has a few common reliant parts

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGIST  Culture is ideational.

 Give a pattern of behavior to be acknowledge
 Edward Burnett Tylor
“Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art,
law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of a society”

 Robert Ranulph Marett

“Culture is communicable intelligence, conventional understanding, or
communicated ideas”

 Radcliffe Brown
”Culture is the process of transmitting and acquiring traditions as a
result of which society is perpetuated”

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CULTURE

 Culture is learned and acquired

 from folks, relatives, or the public

 Culture is shared by a group of people.

 Idea/activity shared and accepted by a gathering of individuals

 Culture is cumulative.
 Increasingly more info. is added as time elapses
Society  Society is a process not a product.
 Society exist just as a period arrangement It is becoming, not a
 According to Auguste Comte, it come from latin word “socious” which being: an interaction and not an item
means buddy, partner, accomplice or mate and the Greek word “lanos”
which intends to contemplate
 Society is a system of stratification.
 Gathering of individual who share a region, communicate with one  Gives an arrangement of definition of situation with classes
another and share a culture that every individual has a moderately steady and
 A product of human social process intended to meet basic needs for unmistakable situation in the social construction
survival
 An important product of human interaction and connectedness
 Symbolizes the group which human beings can live a total common life Politics
 Talks about collective decision of individuals based on defined rules of
SOCIOLOGIST society. These rules bind people together in order to preserve culture and
improve human life
 Auguste Comte
 Collective activity involving people who accept common membership or
“I am the father of sociology: I coined the word sociology from latin
at least acknowledge a shared fate
word socious”
 Involves reconciling through decision

 Karl Marx
“I developed a complex theory of history and society which has great GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS
influenced the modern society”
 Use or threat of use of legal force.
 Allow the legal authority to use force
 George Simmel
 David Easton – authoritative allocation of values
“For me society was the patterned interaction among member of a
 Dahl – power, rule
group”

 Interaction
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SOCIETY  Political system is a system of interactions to be found in all
independent society
 Likeness and difference in a society.
 perform the function of integration and adoption
 If people are all alike, their relationship would be limited
 Society need difference also for its existence
 Interdependence of parts
 When the properties of one component in a system change, all
 Cooperation and conflict.
the other components and the system as a whole are affected
 Collaboration and struggle are general components of human
existence
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
CULTURE RELATIVISM VS. ETHNOCENTRISM

 Culture Relativism
 Practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather
than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture
 Ruth
 Ethnocentrism
 Involves a belief or attitudes that one’s own culture is better
than all others (sociologist William Graham Summer, 1906)
 Can be