Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Department of Electronics Engineering

ECE 405 - DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND LOGIC DESIGN

FINAL PROJECT

Boolean Logic Controlled Traffic Light Design and Simulation

SUBMITTED BY:

CASTILLO, SOPHIA BIANCA G.

GACUSAN, JAMES KENNETH G.
MACATANGAY, EUNICE JOYCE R.
TACLOB, IVY MARIELLE D.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. RONALD B. PATRON

MAY 2023

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Department of Electronics Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Introduction/Background of the Project……………………………………………………3

Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………..4

Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………………...4

Limitations……………………………………………………………………………….…6

Related Articles/Cited References………………………………………………….………6

Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..…8

Boolean Functions………………………………………………….……………………….9

Karnaugh Maps, State Diagrams, Etc………………………………………….….………..9

Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………………………………11

Testing and Discussion of Results………………………………………………………...14

Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………………………………17

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………19

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Department of Electronics Engineering

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Traffic light control systems have become an essential part of modern transportation
systems. With the increasing number of drivers and pedestrians in urban areas, it is necessary to
use these systems to manage traffic flow in and out of cities. Many cities have implemented traffic
light control systems, and this trend will likely continue. However, despite their success, there is
still a need to improve these systems further.

One way to improve traffic light control systems is by using intelligent algorithms. These
algorithms are designed to interact collectively and intelligently with the environment to improve
city traffic control. The intelligent traffic light algorithm system is based on the logic that matches
and adapts to the traffic flow, making it more efficient and effective.

Traditionally, traffic signals work as though traffic generally exists and accept an
equivalent dispersion of traffic streams, even if there is no vehicle on a specific meeting. However,
there are better arrangements than this, as the length designated for every intersection is at a
consistent process duration. This fixed duration of the traffic signal cycle does not consider the
current traffic flow. For example, if the approaching traffic is in low condition and the heavy traffic
is in high condition, the traffic signal cycle is still in the decent time mode. The delivery time for
the approaching traffic is set on a significant stretch, but the delivery time for the busy traffic is
set for a brief period. This causes the active traffic to be clogged. Vehicles may sometimes get
stuck in the middle of the intersection, resulting in increased blockages and traffic congestion.

In the past, traffic in big cities was often heavy, and with the arrival of automobiles, it
became even worse. Traffic occurs when various pedestrians, vehicles, streetcars, and other
conveyances occur singly or simultaneously while using the public way for travel. Traffic is a
hindrance to those who are in a hurry and can also cause accidents. To avoid such occurrences,
traffic lights are adapted for street use. These are signaling devices positioned at road intersections
and other locations to manage competing traffic flows. They alternate the right-of-way of road
users by displaying lights of a typical color: green light allowing a car to proceed within the
direction indicated, yellow light denoting preparation to prevent in need of the intersection, and
red light prohibiting it from proceeding.

Modern traffic lights are time-controlled and sensor-controlled and implemented on

different types of road intersections like cross intersections, T intersections, and Y intersections.
Time-controlled traffic lights operate on a timing mechanism that changes the lights after a given
interval. In contrast, sensor-controlled traffic lights sense the presence and absence of vehicles and

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

react accordingly. These systems use motion sensors to trigger light changes, and detectors are
positioned on each lane at the cross-section to detect the volume of cars that have pulled up.

To govern the actions of the traffic system, algorithms are used, and Boolean logic is an
effective way to do this. Boolean logic consists of binary variables and a collection of logical
operations. These variables represent state transitions, and the logical operations are executed
using a Mealy model. The Mealy model is a sequential circuit that uses input actions, so the output
depends on the state and input combinational logic. The output combinational logic is a function
of the present state and input.

Researchers are eagerly working to develop new traffic light control systems that can
improve the efficiency and safety of traffic flow. By using the correct concepts and principles with
well-defined design parameters, they hope to develop the required output, which in this case, is
the proposed one-way light design. The successful implementation of intelligent traffic light
algorithms and systems will significantly improve city traffic flow and make transportation safer
and more efficient.

OBJECTIVE
1. To create a simulation and prototype of a traffic light for a one-way road intersection.
2. To control traffic light system using the application of Boolean logic
3. To test and verify such logic theories and techniques learn from the course

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally based on how they are
used in the study.

Algorithm. This term refers to a set of finite sequences of well-defined instructions for
solving a problem or accomplishing a task.

Binary Counter. This term refers to circuits that generate binary sequences that can be
associated with the number of clock signal pulses applied to the input.

Binary Digital Circuits. This term refers to electronic circuits implemented using various
logic gates and represents or manipulates information encoded as electric signals. The input signal
applied to these circuits is of digital form, which is represented in 0’s and 1’s binary language
format.

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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Alangilan Campus
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4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

Boolean Logic. This term refers to a form of algebra which is centered on three simple
words known as Boolean Operators: “Or,” “And,” and “Not”.

Clock Signal. This term refers to a particular type of signal that oscillates between a high
and a low state. The signal acts like a metronome, which the digital circuit follows in time to
coordinate its sequence of actions. Digital circuits rely on clock signals to know when and how to
execute the functions that are programmed.

Control System. This term refers to one which manages, commands, directs, or regulates
the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.

Detector. This term refers to a device or circuit that extracts information from a modulated
radio frequency current or voltage.

Digital Circuits. This term refers to formed from binary circuits including digital
computers.

Karnaugh maps (KM or K-map). This term refers to a method of simplifying Boolean
algebra expressions. Maurice Karnaugh introduced it in 1953 as a refinement of Edward W.
Veitch's 1952 Veitch chart, which was a rediscovery of Allan Marquand's 1881 logical diagram
aka Marquand diagram but with a focus now set on its utility for switching circuits. Veitch charts
are therefore also known as Marquand–Veitch diagrams, and Karnaugh maps as Karnaugh–Veitch
maps (KV maps).

LED Display Device. This term refers to a flat-panel display that uses an array of light-
emitting diodes as pixels for a video display.

Logic Circuit. This term refers to a circuit that executes a processing or controlling
function in a computer that consists of combinational logic and sequential logic circuit elements.

Sensor. This term refers to a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment.

Traffic lights. This term refers to sets of red, amber, and green lights at the places where
roads meet. They control the traffic by signaling when vehicles must stop and once, they can go

Traffic signs. This term refers to the signs erected at the side of roads to supply information
to road drivers and help regulate the flow of traffic.

Traffic signal regulator. This term refers to electronic devices located at intersections that
control the sequence of lights. It provides safe and smooth road traffic by conducting road traffic
control in accordance with the time of day and the road traffic conditions.

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

LIMITATIONS

This project primarily focuses on logic circuits, as well as demonstrating how and why
one-way traffic lights are employed. We created a logic circuit that simulates traffic lights.
Furthermore, it is assumed that there are numerous types of traffic lights on the roads, including
traffic lights for four streets, three streets, and others. However, the circuit we chose to construct
is solely for one-way traffic lights. A one-way stoplight layout was designed using the gathered
information as a guide. The project started with a specific goal in mind: to create a one-way
stoplight placed to a street crossing point with sensors that detect the presence of vehicles, causing
light advancements. Furthermore, this study intends to demonstrate how rational hypotheses can
be used to improve traffic signal control framework. Following that is the execution of consistent
actions of the look with the use of such model appearance.

RELATED ARTICLES/CITED REFERENCES

In reality, traffic signal frameworks are divided into two parts. The first segment is the
traffic signal, and the second is the regulator unit. At the crowded crossing places, traffic signals
are used to manage the flow of traffic. According to Normanyo (2009), a traffic signal sign or stop
light is a flagging device placed at street intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to
regulate the movement of vehicles and walkers. Additionally, traffic lights normally feature three
main lights: a red light that signifies "stop," a green light that denotes "go," and a golden light that
indicates "stop if possible".

Syed (2009) asserted that conventional traffic signal control systems based on accurate
models fail to handle the complex and changing traffic situation. They are displayed without even
taking into consideration the traffic situation in order to update the sign within the predetermined
time frame. Due to the fixed process duration, such logical frameworks do not take into account
which crossing point has a greater volume of traffic and should be kept green for a longer period
of time or should end before the whole process duration. In such cases, fluffy rule-based regulators
are proven to be excellent traffic signal system supervisors. Even with fragmentary evidence, fluffy
regulators can make decisions. By reducing the seasons of vehicle holding up, these calculations
are consistently improving security and productivity. Flags become stronger, and the flow of traffic
is smoother as these increase the pace of movement. In the 1970s, Pappis and Mamdani made the
first attempt to develop a fuzzy traffic controller. Then, in order to normalize traffic flow, experts
like Niitymaki, Kikuchi, Chiu, and others created various algorithms and logic controllers. A
simulator was also developed by Kelsey (1993) for signal control of a single-lane, isolated

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The National Engineering University
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4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

intersection. Niitymaki and Pursula both carried out the same action. They noticed that when traffic
gets heavy, a fuzzy controller decreases vehicle delays.

In the same manner, Wiering (2004) explained that the logic rationale provides a good
method for handling terms like "more," "less," "longer," and other similar expressions, thus
directives like "Assuming there is additional traffic from north to south, the lights ought to remain
green longer" can be discouraged. The traffic signal's period in a particular state before switching
to another state is determined by the fluffy rationale regulator. Although the request for states is
predetermined, the regulator has the option to skip a state if there is no traffic in a specific heading.
Similar to other, medium, and none, the amount of showing up and holding up vehicles is
quantified into logic factors. When there are 5 vehicles in the line, this might result in the
enactment of 25% of "many" and "75% of medium," as an enrollment work provides the beginning
of the factors experiencing the same thing. These criteria are used to figure out whether or not the
current status should be expanded. In experiments, the fluffy rationale regulators allow traffic to
stream more quickly and reduce waiting times. The regulator is doing itself a disservice by relying
so heavily on the predetermined evaluation values for the logic factors, according to all sources.

However, Azadeh (2008) asserts that the simplicity and accuracy of traffic light models are
crucial indicators of both their general growth and, more specifically, the development of the street
traffic framework. Given that complex models are computationally inefficient, cannot be used for
web-based control, and cannot be recreated for large frameworks, and that exactness tends to
immerse, the nature of models is unquestionably a compromise between them.

According to Hyong (1995), it is expected that right turn traffic does not disrupt any other
traffic flows in an intersection when direction-varying traffic signal control is used. Rezapour
(2009) introduced a fuzzy traffic signal control system that included phase selector and green
extender features and used simulation to assess how well it worked. They suggested a brand-new
approach to controlling phase-sequence signals. Based on Fuzzy Neural Network and Genetic
Algorithm, Tahere (2010) developed traffic signal control intersections. They pointed out that an
intersection signal control model should take three things into account: (1) Simplified computing
model, control schemes should output in a given period; (2) Consider both under intersection and
its adjacent intersection, for realizing linear or group control; and (3) Self learning capability.They
attempted to incorporate these elements into the intersection control model.

Likewise, Askerzade (2011) discussed the use of fuzzy logic technology to construct an
intelligent traffic control system that can operate traffic lights in a way that mimics human
intelligence. For the purpose of simulating an isolated traffic crossroads, they created MATLAB

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

software. As stated by Khalid (2004), the fuzzy control technique has been used in a number of
studies on traffic light control, but most often only one crossroads or traffic junction was taken
into consideration. They suggested a brand-new fuzzy traffic light control system that is suitable
for use in complex traffic junctions with numerous intersections. In accordance with traffic density,
vehicle wait times, and congestion, the system facilitates communication with nearby controllers
and regulates phase sequences and phase lengths adaptively.

Wiseman (2016) claims that when creating plans for a traffic light system, many factors
should be considered. If the designers ignore some of these factors, the traffic light may not only
be inefficient but also worsen traffic flow, produce more carbon dioxide, and, worst of all, result
in vehicle accidents. In order to meet this difficult objective, we provide a plan for a model of an
operational intelligent traffic light system in this study.

METHODOLOGY
This section will go over the process of developing a combinational logic circuit for a one-
way road intersection traffic light. The combinational logic circuit will be designed to control the
traffic light based on the input from timers. The output of the circuit will determine which light
should be turned on at any given time.

Figure 1. One-way Road Intersection Traffic Light Design

Designing a one-way road intersection, as seen in the figure above, is the main objective
of this project. In other words, a car coming from Road 1 can only turn left or straight. Additionally,
a car on Road 2 can go straight or turn right but is unable to turn left. This type of intersection is
commonly used to control traffic flow and reduce the risk of accidents. Two traffic lights are put

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

on both roads, and the lights are programmed to light up alternately based on their function. Each
light has a designated label that determines its color and position.

The creation of the circuit will revolve around the state diagram, which is shown in the
figure below. A typical traffic light has four states; however, an alternate cycle of lights is used if
it is applied to a two-way traffic light that is placed at a one-way intersection road. The state
diagram depicts the transitions between each state and the conditions that trigger them.
Understanding the state diagram is crucial for designing and implementing an efficient traffic light
circuit.

Figure 2. One-way Road Intersection Traffic Light State Diagram

The four states of a One-way Road Intersection Traffic Light are as follows; State 1: Green
1 and Red 2, State 2: Yellow 1 and Red 2, State 3: Red 1 and Green 2, State 4: Red 1 and Yellow
2. These states are achievable by obtaining the boolean function of each led light in both traffic
lights. Moreover, the binary representation of the state diagram should be tabulated and will be the
boolean function of the LED lights.

Table 1. Binary Representation of The State Diagram

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Table 1 shows the binary representation of the state diagram including the inputs and the
expected outputs with respect to certain combinations of inputs. The table provides a pattern that
is simple to remember while showing how input states affected output. The traffic lights will be
able to change states with the aid of this input state. Either the numbers are high or low. If the
value is 1, it is high; if it is 0, it is low. As shown on the table, the input 0 and 0 will turn the Green
1 and Red 2 LEDs on. For the next combination, the input 0 and 1 will turn the Yellow 1 and Red
2 LEDs on. It is followed by the input of 1 and 0 and turns the Red 1 and Green 2 LEDs on. Lastly,
the input of 1 and 1 will turn the Red 1 and Yellow 2 LEDs on.

Figure 3. Karnaugh Map

The figure above shows the Karnaugh mapping of all the LEDs. It aims to simplify the
boolean function that is used to construct the combinational logic circuit with two inputs and six
outputs. Since each of the LEDs is expected to light up in a certain period of time and sequence, it
is ideal to form individual boolean functions that are obtained by k-mapping.

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

Figure 4. Combinational Logic Circuit Diagram

The boolean functions obtained from the Karnaugh mapping are limited to two logic gates;
the NOT logic gate and the AND logic gate. These two logic gates are sufficient to represent any
boolean function. The NOT gate inverts the input, while the AND gate combines multiple inputs
to produce a single output based on its truth table. The boolean function for Red 1 is A, or tapped
directly on the input A. For the Yellow 1, its boolean function is A'B, or the AND of the input
from an inverter connected to input A and the input directly from input B. The Green 1 has a
boolean function of A'B', or the AND of the two inputs, which came from the inverters that are
tapped directly to the inputs A and B. The Red 2 has a boolean function of A', or the inverted
output from input A. Yellow 2 has a boolean function of AB, or the AND of the inputs A and B.
Lastly is the Green 2, which has a boolean function of AB', or the AND of input A and the inverted
output of input B.

The combinational logic circuit that is presented in Figure 4 requires two inputs with a
certain combination of high and low outputs. According to the binary representation of the state
diagram, the logic circuit will need a combination of 00, 01, 10, and 11 in inputs A and B,
respectively. Moreover, the cycle of the state requires some time to transition across the other
states sequence. To address the following condition, a circuit that can supply voltage in a certain
period of time should be constructed, and further, a binary counter should be used to attain the
required combination of inputs that will be fed into the combinational logic circuit.

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BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

Figure 5. 555 Timer Circuit Diagram

Traffic lights are a time-controlled system and run in a continuous sequence of states. This
project utilizes the use of 555 timer to produce continuous pulses with exact frequency based on
the value of the resistors and capacitors. The pulses signal will act as clock pulses that will be
needed in a binary counter to perform its function. In addition, the circuit above includes a 7805
IC or a voltage regulator that will supply the needed voltage across the whole circuit.

Figure 6. 4-Bit Binary Counter

Table 1. Binary Representation

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To obtain the required combination of input for the combinational logic circuit, the project
utilizes the 74LS93 IC or a 4-Bit Binary Counter. This IC has four outputs and is shown in the
table in Figure 7. It is observed that the Output 3 replicates the input required in Input A which are
0, 0,1, and 1 in strict order. It is also noticeable that the Output 2 replicates the required input in
Input B. Since the required input combination is already attainable in Output 2 and 3, then these
two outputs will serve as the source for Input A and Input B of the combinational circuit.

Figure 7. Operation Flow Chart

Figure 7 indicates the flow of operation on this project. All the circuits and IC are connected
to a single power source which is from the output of 7805 IC or the voltage regulator. The 555-
timer circuit will produce a continuous pulse for the binary counter to produce its output, and will
become the input for the combinational logic circuit.

Figure 8. Combined Circuit Diagram for a One-way Road Intersection Traffic Light

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
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Department of Electronics Engineering

The figure above shows the combined circuit diagram for a One-way Road Intersection
Traffic Light. This diagram includes the power source, 555 timer circuit, 4-bit Binary Counter,
and the combinational logic circuit. The main function of this circuit is to replicate the function of
commercial traffic lights that have state sequences for the alternation of the LEDs. The 555-timer
circuit is responsible for generating the clock signal that triggers the binary counter, which in turn
controls the state sequences of the LEDs. The combinational logic circuit is used to decode the
binary outputs of the counter and control the LED lights accordingly.

TESTING AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The illustration presented depicts how binary input states relate to logic gates and their
corresponding outputs. Through the use of truth tables, the researchers successfully developed a
unidirectional traffic light intersection. The upcoming section will assess each circuit's
performance by utilizing their corresponding input states and outputs. This will also serve as
verification for the information provided in Table No. 1 regarding the states and their
corresponding outputs.

Figure 9. Road 1, Road 2

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Figure 10. Road 1 (Green), Road 2 (Red)

As indicated in Table 1, when state A and B are turned off, the resulting output should be
G1 and R2. The circuit designed and simulated proved that G1 and R2 would indeed be the output
if both A and B were 0. It's important to note that a binary input was utilized for the timer to
determine whether to progress to the next state or not. To sustain this state, the timer must possess
a value of 0. However, the timer utilized in the diagram displays a value of 1, thus allowing the
circuit to advance to the following state while R2 remains the same. Since road 1 has a green light,
vehicles on that road can proceed straight or turn left, but due to road 2's red light, they can't turn
right.

Figure 11. Road 1 (Yellow), Road 2 (Red)

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Department of Electronics Engineering

It is now common knowledge that the output relies on both its present state and input, and
the circuit must load new information to advance to the next state. In Figure 6, state A shifts its
value from 0 to 1, while state B remains at 0. As a result, road 1 transitions from green to yellow,
but R2 remains unchanged as the timer has a value of 1, indicating that the state remains in the
same output. It's important to note that the timer initiates as soon as the state advances to the next.
The design circuit confirms that if state A is 1 and state B is 0, the output will be Y1 and R2,
consistent with Table 2. As a consequence, cars on road 1 should expect to stop since it's a yellow
light, while those on road 2 will remain halted.

Figure 12. Road 1 (Red), Road 2 (Green)

The traffic light shifts are stated in this illustration. It simply indicates that the timer has
been reset to start running again when the input "t" shifts from 1 to 0. However, the circuit shows
that the input "t" has a value of 1. This suggests that the circuit is in operation. As shown in table
1, the output will be R1 and G2 if state A is 0 and state B is 1. The proposed traffic light
demonstrates during simulation that the generated input combination will produce R1 and G2. As
a result, it is implied that Road 1 has a red light and that vehicles must stop. Therefore, the vehicle
from road 2 has a green signal. The car on that road must either turn right or continue straight.

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Department of Electronics Engineering

Figure 13. Road 1 (Red), Road 2 (Yellow)

Figure 13 shows that state A changes from 0 to 1 while state B stays the same. So, the color
of Road 2 changes from green to yellow. However, R1 remains unchanged since the timer's value
is 1. It shows that the output's state is continuous. As shown in table 1, the output will be R1 and
Y2 if state A and B are both 1. The planned traffic light shows that the given input combination
will produce R1 and Y2 during simulation. The above process will carry on as indicated by the
conditions of A and B. According to the illustration, the vehicle on Road 2 should stop because it
is approaching a yellow light, however the vehicle on Road 1 will remain stopped.

CONCLUSION

In this group project, the researchers were able to create a traffic control system by applying
Boolean logic. Using all the knowledge in the course digital principle and logic design, they
utilized different algorithms to have a one-way traffic light design on the intersection road with
the implementation of the given condition.
Upon successful completion of this activity, it is evident that the development and planning
of the one-way traffic system was proficiently strategized and implemented. The operation of the
circuit satisfies the developers' standards, which implies that the monitoring devices or sensors are
functioning properly with every aspect of the traffic designing procedure and that LED alterations
and transformations exhibit satisfactory responsiveness to the sensors. Each state transition
occurred as predicted. The detection of minimal discrepancies could have been prevented by
making sure to take into account each component of the design, specifically the wirings or
connections of multiple networks. The one-way traffic system was developed solely for design

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Department of Electronics Engineering

purposes and to highlight the significance of logic circuits and digital electronics in practical
applications. In this regard, supplementary improvements and innovations are necessary to support
and effectively carry out the mentioned scheme. The utilization of obsolete innovations is no longer
suitable for practical purposes due to the availability of higher-performing recent potential
solutions such as microcontrollers.

RECOMMENDATION
From the drawn conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby formulated.

1. Fully comprehend the fundamental electronic concepts, theories, computations and meanings
to effectively incorporate them in circuit design.
2. Check the accuracy of the circuit’s construction, following each wire to each connection point,
and verify these elements one-by-one.
3. Become acquainted with the key elements of various simulation collaborative platform to
easily simulate and design a given circuit.
4. Other logic circuit techniques are greatly proposed to be applied to prevent certain errors and
establish a productive strategy in developing such traffic light.
5. Future researchers may carry out a tangible experiment, in addition to an online simulation, to
examine and authenticate the functionality of the traffic light.
6. Further study could be undertaken to enhance the quality of the results achieved by the
researchers.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines
4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Department of Electronics Engineering

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Retrievefrom:https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Boolean+
Logic+Controlled+Traffic+Light+Design+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1650984342557&u
=%23p%3DwTaYGOEERZIJ

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