MOTORIZED WHEEL CHAIR

CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

4. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. WORKING PROCEDURE

7. APPLICATION

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9. LIST OF MATERIAL

10. COST ESTIMATION

11. CONCLUSION

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

13. PHOTOGRAPHY
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

The Automatic wheel chair is very helpful for the handicapped people and it

is designed for their use. It is designed such that the handicapped person itself can

operate the chair without anyone’s help or rotate the wheel on their own.

Methodology:

This project is designed by following blocks,

 DC motor.

 Mechanical model.

 Key pad.

The block diagram consists of a keypad, a microcontroller, two DC

motors, and two DC driver circuits. The keypad is fixed to the chair such that it can

be easily operated by the person. The two DC motors are fixed to the wheel such

that one DC motor is fixed to the left wheel and the other one is fixed to the right

wheel.

According to the movement we required, we can press the keypad which is

having the direction notations. The microcontroller is programmed such that

according to the key pressed, the microcontroller should send the corresponding

output signal to the DC driver circuits, which in turn enable the two DC motors.

If we want the chair to move in forward direction, then both the motors

should be in the right direction, so we have to enter the key according to that.

Similarly to move the chair in reverse direction, both the motors should be in the

left direction. If we want the chair to move in 90 degree rotation, then one motor

should be in the forward direction and the motor should be in the reverse direction,

either in left or right side. Before implementing the microcontroller in this

hardware we have to program that.

The main purpose of this concept is used to implement the reverse gear for

handicapped vehicle. In this project we have fabricated the simple equipment for

the handicapped persons by using simple arrangements. These equipments are so

useful to the handicapped persons travel in reverse direction in his wheel chair.

.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF WHEEL CHAIR

A wheelchair is a chair with wheels, designed to be a replacement for walking.

The device comes in variations where it is propelled by motors or by the seated

occupant turning the rear wheels by hand. Often there are handles behind the seat

for someone else to do the pushing. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom

walking is difficult or impossible due to illness (physiological or physical), injury,

or disability. People with both sitting and walking disability often need to use a

wheelbench. In this project we are using two motors, battery, hand lever, control

unit and wheel chair model. The wheel chair model have a hand lever is fixed in

one side of it. The main motor is connected to the big wheel of the chair model; the

sub motor is connected to the small front wheel of the wheel chair model. The

small wheel also connected to the hand lever. The power is applied to the main

motor from control unit it moves forward direction. The man can move reverse by

the help of operating the hand lever the small wheel motor comes down and while

running on reverse direction and the main motor stops it’s running by controlled by

control unit so we obtain the reverse direction in wheel chair

History
The earliest record of wheelchairs dates back to the 6th century, as an inscription

found on a stone slate in China. Later dates relate to Europeans using this

technology during the German Renaissance. Harry Jennings and his disabled friend

Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel,

collapsible wheelchair[1] in 1933. Mr Everest had broken his back in a mining

accident. The two saw the business potential of the invention and went on to

become the first mass-manufacturers of wheelchairs: Everest and Jennings. Their

"x-brace" design is still in common use, albeit with updated materials and other

improvements.

Types

A basic manual wheelchair incorporates a seat, foot rests, handles at the back and

four wheels: two castor wheels at the front and two large wheels at the back.

Other varieties of wheelchair are often variations on this basic design, but can be

highly customised for the user's needs. Such customisations may encompass the

seat dimensions, height, seat angle (also called seat dump or squeeze), footrests,

leg rests, front caster outriggers, adjustable backrests and controls.

Everyday manual wheelchairs come in two major designs -- folding or rigid.

The rigid chairs, which are increasingly preferred by active users, have

permanently welded joints and many fewer moving parts. This reduces the energy

required to push the chair by eliminating many points where the chair would flex

as it moves. Welding the joints also reduces the overall weight of the chair. Rigid

chairs typically feature instant-release rear wheels and backrests that fold down

flat, allowing the user to dismantle the chair quickly for storage in a car.

Many rigid models are now made with ultralight materials such as aircraft

aluminium and titanium. One major manufacturer, Tilite, builds only ultralights.

Another innovation in rigid chair design is the installation of polymer shock

absorbers, such as FrogLegs, which cushion the bumps over which the chair rolls.

These shock absorbers may be added to the front wheels or to the rear wheels, or

both.

Various optional accessories are available, such as anti-tip bars or wheels, safety

belts, adjustable backrests, tilt and/or recline features, extra support for limbs or

neck, mounts or carrying devices for crutches, walkers or oxygen tanks, drink

holders, and clothing protectors.

So-called transport wheelchairs are usually light, folding chairs with four small

wheels. These chairs are designed to be pushed by a caregiver to provide mobility

for patients outside the home or more common medical settings.

Experiments have also been made with unusual variant wheels, like the omniwheel

or the mecanum wheel. These allow for a broader spectrum of movement.

The electric wheelchair shown on the right is fitted with Mecanum wheels

(sometimes known as Ilon wheels) which give it complete freedom of movement.

It can be driven forwards, backwards, sideways, and diagonally, and also turned

round on the spot or turned around while moving, all operated from a simple

joystick.

Manual wheelchairs are those that require human power to move them. Many

manual wheelchairs can be folded for storage or placement into a vehicle, although

modern wheelchairs are just as likely to be rigid framed.

Manual or self-propelled wheelchairs are propelled by the occupant, usually by

turning the large rear wheels, from 20-26 inches in average diameter, and

resembling bicycle wheels. The user moves the chair by pushing on the handrims,
which are made of circular tubing attached to the outside of the large wheels. The

handrims have a diameter that is slightly less than that of the rear wheels. Skilled

users can control speed and turning and often learn to balance the chair on its rear

wheels — do a "wheelie". The wheelie is not just for show — a rider who can

control the chair in this manner can climb and descend curbs and move over small

obstacles.

One-arm drive enables a user to guide and propel a wheelchair from one side. Two

handrims, one smaller than the other, are located on one side of the chair, left or

right. On most models the outer, or smaller rim, is connected to the opposite wheel

by a folding axle. When both handrims are grasped together, the chair may be

propelled forward or backward in a straight line. When either handrim is moved

independently, the chair will turn left or right in response to the handrim used.

Another alternative is a LeverDrive chair that propels the chair forwards by using a

lever that is pumped back and forth. Some chairs are also configured to allow the

occupant to propel using one or both feet instead of using the rims.

Attendant-propelled chairs are designed to be propelled by an attendant using the

handles, and thus the back wheels are rimless and often smaller. These chairs are

often used as 'transfer chairs' to move a patient when a better alternative is

unavailable, possibly within a hospital, as a temporary option, or in areas where a

user's standard chair is unavailable. These chairs are commonly seen in airports.

Special airplane transfer chairs are available on most airlines, designed to fit

narrow airplane aisles and transfer wheelchair-using passengers to and from their

seats on the plane.

Wheelbase chairs are wheeled platforms with specially molded seating systems

interfaced with them for users with a more complicated posture. A molded seating

system involves taking a cast of a person's best achievable seated position and the

either carving the shape from memory foam or forming a plastic mesh around it.

This seat is then covered, framed, and attached to a wheelbase.

Light weight and high cost are related in the manual wheelchairs market. At the

low-cost end, heavy, tubular steel chairs with sling seats and little adaptability

dominate. Users may be temporarily disabled, or using such a chair as a loaner, or

simply unable to afford better. Heavy unmodified manual chairs are common as

"loaners" at large facilities such as airports, amusement parks and shopping

centers. In a higher price range, and more commonly used by persons with long-

term disabilities, are major manufacturer lightweight chairs with more options. The

high end of the market contains ultra-light models, extensive seating options and

accessories, all-terrain features, and so forth. Reclining wheelchairs have

handbrake-like controls attached to the push handles or posts supporting the

backrest which, when pressed by the caregiver, allow the backrest to recline from

is normal upright position (at 90 degrees) to varying angles up to 180 degrees.

Electric-powered

Main article: Motorized wheelchair

An electric-powered wheelchair is a wheelchair that is moved via the means of an

electric motor and navigational controls, usually a small joystick mounted on the

armrest, rather than manual power. For users who cannot manage a manual

joystick, headswitches, chin-operated joysticks, sip-and-puff or other specialist

controls may allow independent operation of the wheelchair

Other variants

A Standing wheelchair is one that supports the user in a nearly standing position.

They can be used as both a wheelchair and a standing frame, allowing the user to

sit or stand in the wheelchair as they wish. They often go from sitting to standing

with a hydraulic pump or electric-powered assist.

A mobility scooter (see full article) is a motorized assist device similar to an EPW,

but with a steering 'tiller' or bar instead of the joystick, and fewer medical support

options. Mobility scooters are available without a prescription in some markets,

and range from large, powerful models to lightweight folding ones intended for

travel.

A bariatric wheelchair is one designed to support larger weights; most standard

chairs are designed to support no more than 250 lbs. on average.

Pediatric wheelchairs are another available subset of wheelchairs. Hemi

wheelchairs have lower seats which are designed for easy foot propulsion. The

decreased seat height also allows them to be used by children and shorter

individuals.

A knee scooter is a related device which may be substituted for a wheelchair when

an injury has occurred to only one leg, below the knee. The patient rests the injured

leg on the scooter, grasps the handlebars, and pushes with the uninjured leg.

A Power-Assisted wheelchair is a recent development that uses the frame &

seating of a typical manual chair while replacing the standard rear wheels with

wheels that have small battery-powered motors in the hubs. A floating rim design

senses the pressure applied by the users push & activates the motors

proportionately. This results in the convenience, small size & light-weight of a

manual chair while providing motorised assistance for rough/uneven terrain &
steep slopes that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to navigate, especially

by those with limited upper-body function.

Transfer, stretcher, or mechanical

Stretcher (or transfer) chairs are mobile chairs that can be adjusted to lay flat like a

stretcher to help in the lateral (or supine) transfer of a patient from a bed to the

chair. Once transferred, the stretcher can be adjusted to allow the patient to assume

a sitting position. Transfer chairs often use sliding sheets or inflatable sliding mats

with air bearings to facilitate the movement of the patient from the bed to the chair.

The patient in bed is rolled onto the transfer sheet or mat, and the sheet slides

between the bed and the chair (configured as a flat stretcher), carrying the patient

with it. Transfer chairs sometimes have separate manual cranks or electric winches

which attach to the sliding sheet and pull (or drag) the patient off the bed and onto

the chair. Such devices can also be used to transfer patients to standard gurneys.

Alternately nurses can lift or slide the transfer sheet and patient manually. Transfer

chairs are usually much more expensive than common wheelchairs. This is because

of the complex engineering required to be able of change the chair's configuration

from a stretcher to a mobile chair. This kind of lateral patient transfer requires a

stable platform to prevent injury (i.e., avoid patient falls). This stability
requirement makes transfer chairs larger, heavier, and less mobile than standard

wheelchairs.

All terrain variants

This wheelchair allow users to enter the water and provide a better mobility in the

sand and on uneven terrain. There are lots of different models available both

manual and battery driven. In many countries in Europe where the Accessible

Tourism is well set, many beaches are wheelchair accessible and provide this kind

of wheelchairs to clients free of charge.

Recent developments

Recent technological advances are slowly improving wheelchair and EPW

technology. Some wheelchairs, such as the iBOT, incorporate gyroscopic

technology and other advances, enabling the chair to balance and run on only two

of its four wheels on some surfaces, thus raising the user to a height comparable to

a standing person. They can also incorporate stair-climbing and four-wheel-drive

feature motorized assists for hand-powered chairs are becoming more available

and advanced. The popular Segway Personal Transporter is a mobility device that

was a direct outgrowth of the development of the iBOT wheelchair. The Segway,

which is basically an iBOT with two wheels removed, was developed explicitly to
increase the number of units produced and take advantage of the economies of

scale to make the iBOT affordable to wheelchair users. The $25,000 iBot, which

was developed as a joint venture between Johnson and Johnson's Independence

Technology and Dean Kamen's DEKA Research, was discontinued in January

2009.

The addition of geared, all-mechanical wheels for manual wheelchairs is a new

development incorporating a hypocycloidal reduction gear into the wheel design.

The 2-gear wheels can be added to a manual wheelchair. The geared wheels

provide a user with additional assistance by providing leverage through gearing

(like a bicycle, not a motor). The two-gear wheels offer two speed ratios- 1:1 (no

help, no extra friction) and 2:1, providing 100% more hill climbing force. The low

gear incorporates an automatic "hill hold" function which holds the wheelchair in

place on a hill between pushes, but will allow the user to override the hill hold to

roll the wheels backwards if needed. The low gear also provides downhill control

when descending.

A recent development related to wheelchairs is the handcycle. They come in a

variety of forms, from road and track racing models to off-road types modelled

after mountain bikes.

There have been significant efforts over the past 20 years to develop stationary

wheelchair trainer platforms that could enable wheelchair users to exercise as one

would on a treadmill or bicycle trainer.[3][4] Some devices have been created that

could be used in conjunction with virtual travel and interactive gaming similar to

an omnidirectional treadmill

A motorized wheelchair, powerchair, electric wheelchair or electric-powered

wheelchair (EPW) is a wheelchair that is propelled by means of an electric motor

rather than manual power. Motorized wheelchairs are useful for those unable to

propel a manual wheelchair or who may need to use a wheelchair for distances or

over terrain which would be fatiguing in a manual wheelchair. They may also be

used not just by people with 'traditional' mobility impairments, but also by people

with cardiovascular and fatigue based conditions.

The electric-powered wheelchair was invented by George Klein who worked for

the National Research Council of Canada, to assist injured veterans during World

War II.[1]
Design

Powerchair design may be categorised by drive system/chassis, battery, controller,

seat, and use.

Powerchairs are generally four-wheeled and non-folding, however some folding

designs exist and other designs may have some ability to partially dismantled for

transit.

Four general styles of powerchair drive systems exist: front, centre or rear wheel

drive and all-wheel drive. Powered wheels are typically somewhat larger than the

trailing/castoring wheels, while castoring wheels are typically larger than the

castors on a manual chair. Centre wheel drive powerchairs have castors at both

front and rear for a six-wheel layout.

Powerchair chassis may also mount a kerb-climber, a powered device to lift the

front wheels over a kerb of 10cm or less.

Some manual wheelchairs may also be fitted with an auxiliary electric power

system. This can take one of three forms: integrated with the hub of hand-propelled

wheels, so that any force on the pushrims is magnified by the drive system, or

mounted under the wheelchair and controlled as for a powerchair, but with the
motive force either transmitted to the main wheels via a friction drive system, or

delivered directly through an auxiliary drive wheel.

Some experimental all-terrain powerchair designs have been produced with tracks

rather than wheels, but these are not in common use.

Other experimental designs have incorporated stair-climbing abilities and Dean

Kamen's iBOT design featured both stair climbing and the ability to 'stand' on its

up-ended chassiss via the use of advanced gyroscopic sensors. The iBOT was at

one time a production model, but is no longer marketed.

Battery

The electric motors of powerchairs are usually powered by 4 or 5 amp deep-cycle

rechargeable batteries, similar to those used to power outboard boat engines. These

are available in wet or dry options. As wet-cell batteries may not legally be carried

on an aircraft without removing them from the wheelchair and securing them in a

shipping container, dry-cell batteries are preferred for powerchair use. Many

powerchairs carry an on-board charger which can be plugged into a standard wall

outlet; older or more portable models may have a separate charger unit.
Controller

Controllers are most commonly an arm-rest mounted joystick which may have

additional controls to allow the user to tailor sensitivity or access multiple control

modes. The controller may be swing-away to aid in side-transfers. For users who

are unable to use a hand controller various alternatives are available such as sip-

and-puff controllers, worked by blowing into a sensor. In some cases the controller

may be mounted for use by an aide walking behind the chair rather than by the

user.

'Thought-control' of powerchairs, actually working by the detection of brainwaves

or nerve signals via sensors on the scalp or elsewhere, has been demonstrated in

the laboratory environment.

Seat

The seating on a powerchair may be little more than the sling seat found on low-

end manual wheelchairs, but is generally more substantial, frequently a 'captain's

chair' design. Head rests are a common adaption and specialist seating solutions are

available for users who need individually tailored support. Leg rests may be

integrated into the seating design and may have powered adjustment for those

users who need to vary their leg position. Powerchairs may also have a reclining
facility for users who are unable to maintain an upright seating position

indefinitely.

Certain high-end powerchairs feature a 'standing' capability in which either the

entire seat elevates to bring the user to standing height or the seat-base, seat-back

and leg rests move in conjunction to bring the user into an upright position. The

powerchair may or may not be able to move while in the elevated position.
D.C MOTOR
D.C. MOTOR:

DESCRIPTION OF DC MOTOR

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical

energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is

placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic force whose direction is given by

Fleming’s left hand rule.

When a motor is in operation, it develops torque. This torque can produce

mechanical rotation. DC motors are also like generators classified into shunt wound or

series wound or compound wound motors.

FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE:

Keep the force finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand mutually

perpendicular to one another. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field

and middle finger indicates direction of current in the conductor, then the thumb indicates

the direction of the motion of conductor.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC MOTOR:

Figure I show a uniform magnetic field in which a straight conductor carrying no

current is placed. The conductor is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

In figure II the conductor is shown as carrying a current away from the viewer, but

the field due to the N and S poles has been removed. There is no movement of the

conductor during the above two conditions. In figure III the current carrying conductor is

placed in the magnetic field. The field due to the current in the conductor supports the

main field above the conductor, but opposes the main field below the conductor.
 The result is to increase the flux density in to the region directly above the

conductor and to reduce the flux density in the region directly below the conductor. It is

found that a force acts on the conductor, trying to push the conductor downwards as

shown by the arrow. If the current in the conductor is reversed, the strengthening of flux

lines occurs below the conductor, and the conductor will be pushed upwards (figure-IV).

Now consider a single turn coil carrying a current as shown in the above figure. in

view of the reasons given above, the coil side A will be forced to move downwards,

whereas the coil side B will be forced to move upwards. The forces acting on the coil

sides A and B will be of same magnitude. But their direction is opposite to one another.
As the coil is wound on the armature core which is supported by the bearings, the

armature will now rotate. The commutator periodically reverses the direction of current

flow through the armature. Therefore the armature will have a continuous rotation.

A simplified model of such a motor is shown in figure VI. The conductors are wound

over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles for producing flux. The

conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes

The conductors are wound over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles

for producing flux. The conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes let’s

start by looking at the overall plan of a simple 2-pole DC electric motor. A simple motor

has 6 parts, as shown in the diagram below.

 An armature or rotor

 A commutator

 Brushes

 An axle

 A field magnet

 A DC power supply of some sort

2. BATTERY:

INTRODUCTION:

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess

solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine

load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage. In fact for small

units with output less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the only technically and

economically available storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries

are high in capital costs. It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect

to available energy and local demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage

of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of properties:

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

(5) Low discharge

(6) Minimum maintenance

(A) Ampere hour efficiency

(B) Watt hour efficiency

 We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for

lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.

LEAD-ACID WET CELL:

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most

commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the

application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load

current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of

2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery

and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged.

The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage,

as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge

and discharge currents short ends the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile

battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest

output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a specified battery voltage.
CONSTRUCTION:

Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group

of plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte,

consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid

or framework, made of a lead-antimony alloy. This construction enables the active

material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a

forming charge produces the positive and negative electrodes. In the forming process,

the active material in the positive plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂). The negative

electrode is spongy lead (pb).

Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The

electrolyte is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to from the

plates. With maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added in normal

service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without provision for adding

water.
CHEMICAL ACTION:

Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell

discharges, lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to

form water and with sulfate ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative

plate with sulfate ions also produces he sulfate. Therefore, the net result of discharge is

to produce more water, which dilutes the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the

plates.

As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding

circulation of acid in the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the

outside terminals of old batteries. When the combination of weak electrolyte and

sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary.

On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The

reversed direction of ions flows in the electrolyte result in a reversal of the chemical

reactions. Now the lead sulfates on the positive plate reactive with the water and sulfate

ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric acid. This action re-forms the positive plates

and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric acid.

 At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react

with hydrogen ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative

plate to react with hydrogen ions; this also forms currents can restore the cell to full

output, with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and

the required concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.

The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is

Charge

Pb + pbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2pbSO₄ + 2H₂O

Discharge

On discharge, the pb and pbo₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of the

equation to form lead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation.
 One battery consists of 6 cell, each have an output voltage of 2.1V, which are

connected in series to get an voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in

series, to get an 24 V battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.

CARING FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES:

Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear

gloves, goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy

cotton and wool clothing.

The quickest way of ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave

them stand “dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a

chemical change in the positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide when

charge out lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead Sulfate State for a

few days, some part of the plate dose not returns to lead oxide when the battery is

recharged. If the battery remains discharge longer, a greater amount of the positive plate

will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the plates that become “sulfate” no longer store

energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis

can fail in less than one year.

Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a

hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are

cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be lower
than it should because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may not have mixed with

the “charged” electrolyte.

Check the electrolyte level in the wet-cell batteries at the least four times a year

and top each cell of with distilled water. Do not add water to discharged batteries.

Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are very discharged. If you add water at this time,

and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess.

Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten

or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a

hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you.

On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is

reversed. Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form

the lead and lead peroxide electrodes. Also the SO₄ ions combine with H₂ ions from the

water to produce more sulfuric acid at the left side of the equation.

CURRENT RATINGS:

Lead-acid batteries are generally rated in terms of how much discharge currents

they can supply for a specified period of time; the output voltage must be maintained

above a minimum level, which is 1.5 to 1.8V per cell. A common rating is ampere-hours
(A.h.) based on a specific discharge time, which is often 8h. Typical values for

automobile batteries are 100 to 300 A.h.

As an example, a 200 A.h battery can supply a load current of 200/8 or 25A, used

on 8h discharge. The battery can supply less current for a longer time or more current for

a shorter time. Automobile batteries may be rated for “cold cranking power”, which is

related to the job of starting the engine. A typical rating is 450A for 30s at a temperature

of 0 degree F.

Note that the ampere-hour unit specifies coulombs of charge. For instance, 200

A.h. corresponds to 200A*3600s (1h=3600s). the equals 720,000 A.S, or coulombs.

One ampere-second is equal to one coulomb. Then the charge equals 720,000 or

7.2*10^5ºC. To put this much charge back into the battery would require 20 hours with a

charging current of 10A.

The ratings for lead-acid batteries are given for a temperature range of 77 to 80ºF.

Higher temperature increase the chemical reaction, but operation above 110ºF shortens

the battery life.

Low temperatures reduce the current capacity and voltage output. The ampere-

hour capacity is reduced approximately 0.75% for each decreases of 1º F below normal

temperature rating. At 0ºF the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-hour battery

rating.
 In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an automobile battery unto

full charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily when diluted by water in the

discharged condition.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of

discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a

substance with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance,

concentrated sulfuric acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume.

Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it is

the reference.

In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in a

specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80ºF. as the cell discharges, more

water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150, the cell is

completely discharged.

Specific-gravity readings are taken with a battery hydrometer, such as one in

figure (7). Note that the calibrated float with the specific gravity marks will rest higher in

an electrolyte of higher specific gravity.

 The decimal point is often omitted for convenience. For example, the value of

1.220 in figure (7) is simply read “twelve twenty”. A hydrometer reading of 1260 to

1280 indicates full charge, approximately 12.50 are half charge, and 1150 to 1200

indicates complete discharge.

The importance of the specific gravity can be seen from the fact that the open-

circuit voltage of the lead-acid cell is approximately equal to

V = Specific gravity + 0.84

For the specific gravity of 1.280, the voltage is 1.280 = 0.84 = 2.12V, as an

example. These values are for a fully charged battery.

CHARGING THE LEAD-ACID BATERY:

The requirements are illustrated in figure. An external D.C. voltage source is

necessary to produce current in one direction. Also, the charging voltage must be more

than the battery e.m.f. Approximately 2.5 per cell are enough to over the cell e.m.f. so

that the charging voltage can produce current opposite to the direction of discharge

current.
 Note that the reversal of current is obtained just by connecting the battery VB and

charging source VG with + to + and –to-, as shown in figure. The charging current is

reversed because the battery effectively becomes a load resistance for VG when it higher

than VB. In this example, the net voltage available to produce charging currents is 15-

12=3V.

A commercial charger for automobile batteries is essentially a D.C. power supply,

rectifying input from the AC power line to provide D.C. output for charging batteries.

Float charging refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are always

connected to each other for supplying current to the load. In figure the charger provides

current for the load and the current necessary to keep the battery fully charged. The

battery here is an auxiliary source for D.C. power.

It may be of interest to note that an automobile battery is in a floating-charge

circuit. The battery charger is an AC generator or alternator with rectifier diodes, driver

by a belt from the engine. When you start the Vehicle, the battery supplies the cranking

power. Once the engine is running, the alternator charges he battery. It is not necessary

for the Vehicle to be moving. A voltage regulator is used in this system to maintain the

output at approximately 13 to 15 V.
 The constant voltage of 24V comes from the solar panel controlled by the charge

controller so for storing this energy we need a 24V battery so two 12V battery are

connected in series.

It is a good idea to do an equalizing charge when some cells show a variation of

0.05 specific gravity from each other. This is a long steady overcharge, bringing the

battery to a gassing or bubbling state. Do not equalize sealed or gel type batteries.

With proper care, lead-acid batteries will have a long service life and work very

well in almost any power system. Unfortunately, with poor treatment lead-acid battery

life will be very short.

WHEEL

A wheel is a device that is capable of rotating on an axle through its

center, facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load (mass), or

performing labor in machines. Common examples found in transport applications.

A wheel, together with an axle, overcomes friction by facilitating motion by

rolling. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel

about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by application of another external force.

More generally the term is also used for other circular objects that rotate or turn,

such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel and flywheel.

 The wheel is a device that enables efficient movement of an object across

a surface where there is a force pressing the object to the surface. Common

examples are a cart pulled by a horse, and the rollers on an aircraft flap

mechanism.

Wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the wheel turns on the

axle, or the axle turns in the object body. The mechanics are the same in either

case.

Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest

and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a

"plain bearing").

Stability
 Static stability of a wheeled vehicle

For unarticulated wheels, climbing obstacles will cause the body of the

vehicle to rotate. If the rotation angle is too high, the vehicle will become statically

unstable and tip over. At high speeds, a vehicle can become dynamically unstable,

able to be tipped over by an obstacle smaller than its static stability limit. Without

articulation, this can be an impossible position from which to recover.

For front-to-back stability, the maximum height of an obstacle which an

unarticulated wheeled vehicle can climb is a function of the wheelbase and the

horizontal and vertical position of the center of mass (CM).

The critical angle is the angle at which the center of mass of the vehicle

begins to pass outside of the contact points of the wheels. Past the critical angle,

the reaction forces at the wheels can no longer counteract the moment created by
the vehicle's weight, and the vehicle will tip over. At the critical angle, the vehicle

is marginally stable. The critical angle θcrit can be found by solving the equation:

where

r is the radius of the wheels;

xcm is the horizontal distance of the center of mass from the rear axle; and

ycm is the vertical distance of the center of mass from the axles.

For small wheels, this formula can be simplified to:

The maximum height h of an obstacle can be found by the equation:

HOW TO DO STEERING THE CHAIR

 To steer accurately you should look well ahead at where you are going. You

must be able to operate the main controls without looking at them. Looking down

will result in your car wandering from side to side

Try to keep both hands although you should keep both hands on the wheel as much

as possible, there are times when you need to change gears or operate the lights,

wipers and other controls. When learning, find a straight, quiet road where you can

steer with one hand while you practice using the controls.

When approaching right bends, move your right hand to the top of the

wheel ready to pull it down to steer round the curve in the road. In the diagram

your right hand colored in red should always stay in the red colored part of the

steering wheel.

When approaching left hand bends, move your left hand to the top of the

wheel to pull it down to steer round the curve in the road. The left hand should stay

in the blue part of the steering wheel.

When turning, try not to cross your hands over one another, or in other words,

using the diagram above, try and keep your right hand in the red part of the

steering wheel and your left hand in the blue.

When turning left it is important for you to maintain a position about a

meter from the kerb.

PARTS OF MATERIAL

STREEING WHEEL

The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels

using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via

the steering column, which may contain universal joints (which may also be part of

the collapsible steering column design), to allow it to deviate somewhat from a

straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of

vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as

tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at

different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.

Basic geometry

The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in

the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods,

pivots and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle- each

wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend

to be self-centering towards the direction travel.

 The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually

conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact

that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the

outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not

suitable for turns.

Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the

steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear

gear that meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion

along the transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). This motion applies

steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints that replaced previously used kingpins

of the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the

steering arm.

The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of

feedback and direct steering "feel". A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so

that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.
DRAWING
 MERITS

MERITS
  Simple in construction

 Easy to maintain and repair

 Cost of the unit is less

 Automatic method

 Quick response is achieved

DE MERITS

 Operating of hand lever is manual

APPLICATION

 It is applicable in all types of handicappers’ vehicle.

 Used in industries for carrying objects.

 Used for hospital patients.

 Used in industries for carrying objects.

CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

This project which was enhanced with the scope of conserving the conventional

fuels is successfully completed. The main objective, to increase the usage of renewable

energy source for power generation is perfectly implemented. Taking into consideration

the future energy scenario in the world, solar energy would be a major energy source. We

wish that our project would be a mini encyclopedia for those who want to implement the

above system.
BIBILIOGRAPHY

BIBILIOGRAPHY
 Electrical Equipment – Author KOZLI

 ‘Stamford’ company manual

 ‘Kirloskar Electric Ltd’ company manual

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING-HAJRACHOU

 www.fbise.edu.pk