Psychology XI
Psychology XI
Psychology XI
ÓK˛yl
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ õyë˛ƒÓ•z
≤Ûï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
xl%Óyò
1– í˛ı x!˛õ≈ï˛y xyã˛yÎ≈ƒñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
2– í˛ı §%ˆÏò£÷Ïy ã˛Ü ˛Óï˛#≈ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
3– í˛ı !•ˆÏÕ‘y° Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4– xÙ,ï˛y ˆòÓÓÙ≈yñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
5– ˆ§yÙy°# Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓÙ≈îñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
6– í˛ı ˆ°y˛õyÙ%oy §y•yñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
7– !ÓçÎ˚y Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
8– §yÎ˚!hs˝Ü˛y ˆòñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈ly
1– ˆ§yly!° ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
2– •z®%ÙyôÓ ã˛Ü ˛Óï˛#≈ñ xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ !¢«˛Ü˛
3– ≤ÃÓ%Âô§%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
4– ˆ§Ô!Ùe !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛Ìl
çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye
fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ fl%Ò°ñ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z
!ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚˛) õˆÏÓá˚ yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛#Ó Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚
!¢«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Órô •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ
fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l
xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál•z §Ω˛Óñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã•#ï˛y
ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l x!lÓyÎ≈– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚ §)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl•z Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàˆÏÓñ GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól ܲï˛ê˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ !ܲÇÓy GˆÏòÓ˚
fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ò%!Ó≈£Ï• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ §Óê˛y•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~•z Ó•z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y Ó•zˆÏï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ~•z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓy˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y
~•z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ≤âǧy çylyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ
ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ •!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓlñ •z!ï˛•y§
!Ó˲yàñ ˆÜ˛y°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ xyÓ˚ !§ !e˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ
xôƒy˛õܲ §%•y§ ˛õy° وϕyòÎ˚àˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó•% !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z§Ó fl%Òˆ° Ï Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
xl%Ù!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ
~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zßΨ l˚ ÙsfˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ å~Ù ~•zã˛ xyÓ˚ !í˛ä ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚
~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ çyï˛#Î˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù)°ƒ §ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ìyܲy
~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü˛ï,˛≈ ˛õ«˛ §Ó≈òy ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÜÏ ˛ fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z
§ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ lÓ#lï˛Ù !ܲv o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y !ÓK˛yl– x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÎ
~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y!∑!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ç#Ó !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚G ¢ï˛y∑# •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓK˛yl ï˛Ìy ˆË˛Ôï˛˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyÎ˚ •GÎ˚y !Óܲy¢ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒ í˛zò‰âyê˛l
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ lï%˛l Ó˚yhflÏy á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– lÓà!ë˛ï˛ K˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚)˛õ ˆl•z Îy
x≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï x!ôܲ §yÌ≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓ§Ó˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
•z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•%¢yáyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ !°ál ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù!°ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ~ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
!ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Ù•y!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG !lˆÏÓ¢ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚îܲyÓ˚# myÓ˚y í˛zay!˛õï˛ !ܲS%È
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ¡y∫ ôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚G ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù Ó˚˛) õˆÏÓá˚ y
2005ÈüÈˆÜ˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î !lˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛yˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xyÙÓ˚y
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏly ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒñ xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ˜òl!®l ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌG Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ê˛°ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ~!ê˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ≤Ãôyl Óyôy!ê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •l ~!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ˆ¢áyˆÏly ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Óƒyáƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒ K˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl ~ܲ ˆâˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ
ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy¢y xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ xyl®ˆÏÓyô •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y G•z§Ó
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ˆ°ál ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏl xy¢yï˛#ï˛ §y•y΃ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôlƒÓyò
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ–
Change the World by Changing Me
National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi thanks Professor
Sushma Gulati, Head, Department of Educational Psychology and Foundations of
Education for her support during the various stages of textbook development.
Acknowledgements are due to Professor L.B. Tripathi (Retired, DDU Gorakhpur
University), Professor Sagar Sharma (Retired, H.P. University, Shimla), Dr. Kailash
Tuli (Zakir Hussain College, New Delhi) and Dr. Sarla Jawa (Lady Shri Ram College,
New Delhi) for the feedback and suggestions given for the improvement of the
textbook.
Special thanks are due to Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor, NCERT and Vandana
Singh, Consultant Editor for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant
changes.
The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Pavnesh Verma,
DTP Operator, G.R. Upadhyaya, Copy Editor, Rakesh Kumar, Proof Reader and
Pankaj Kakkar, Incharge Computer Station, in shaping this textbook. Last but not the
least, the efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT are also duly acknowledged.
The efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT in bringing out this publication
are also appreciated.
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
CHIEF ADVISOR
R.C. Tripathi, Professor & Director, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Jhusi, Allahabad
MEMBERS
A.K. Mohanty, Professor, Zakir Hussain Centre for Educational Studies, SSS II, JNU,
New Delhi
A.K. Srivastava, Reader, DERPP, NCERT, New Delhi
B.D. Tiwari, Professor, Department of Psychology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth,
Varanasi
B.N. Puhan, Retired Professor, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
C. Suvasini, Lecturer, Gargi College, New Delhi
Namita Pande, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad,
Allahabad
Nandita Babu, Reader, Department of Psychology, University of Delhi, Delhi
Neelam Srivastava, PGT, Vasant Valley School, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
Manas K. Mandal, Director, Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR),
Timarpur, Delhi
R.C. Mishra, Professor, Department of Psychology, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Shakuntla S. Jaiman, Principal, CSKM School, Satbari, Chattarpur, New Delhi
Sunita Arora, Senior Counsellor, Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School No.1, Roop
Nagar, Delhi
Sushma Gulati, Professor, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
Usha Anand, PGT, St. Thomas Girls Senior Secondary School, Mandir Marg, New
Delhi
MEMBER-COORDINATORS
Anjum Sibia, Reader, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
Prabhat K. Mishra, Lecturer, DEPFE, NCERT, New Delhi
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
!¢«˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ §Ó≈òy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ !ܲ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!m@¿ ÌyˆÏܲl– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xl%¢#°l Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl ï˛Ìy ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y Î!òGñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Èϫ˛˛õî ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎñ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ≈ !ܲñ xyÙÓ˚y
!¢«˛yòyl !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ Óy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ܲï˛ê˛y ï˛y Ó•l ܲÓ˚y–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢¢%ÈüÈ!¢«˛Ü˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ xl%¢#°l !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› xÌÓy K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ï˛Ìy §)ã˛# myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÎê˛y ÙylÓ Ùlñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y
ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà myÓ˚y ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !¢«˛yòyˆÏl §Ù˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚
K˛yl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•°ñ ôîydܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ !¢áˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyCyñ xܲ˛õê˛ï˛yñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ Óy çyà!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !Óܲy¢ ï˛Ìy !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
çlƒ ôîydܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y !lˆÏçÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G §•yÎ˚ܲ–
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ K˛yl ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ §%ˆÏÎyà
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ≤çAà ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛!Ó˚ xy˛õlyÓ˚y !¢«˛yòyl !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl
ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ í˛zòƒÙ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– à“ñ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ≤ß¿ñ
í˛z˛õÙy §Ù§ƒ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õyˆÏë˛ƒÓ˚ xhs˝@˝Ã≈!Ìï˛ xÇ¢– ~•zê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÓ
Î!ò !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏÓ˚ à“ ~ÓÇ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §ÙyˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚–
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ K˛ylç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ
ÈÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !l!Óí˛¸ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ xyòyl
≤Ãòyl K˛ylˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ≤çˆÏAà ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛y°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ xy˛õlyÓ˚y xy˛õlyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ç!í˛¸ï˛ !SÈ° xÌÓy ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ l!Ì ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z Ó•z
ˆÌˆÏܲ à,!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~•z ˛õÓ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ !¢ál í˛y•z!Ó˚ Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÓñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˜òl!®l
ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒ ï˛Ìy !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~Ùl lÎ˚!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
à!ë˛ï˛– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢ál °«˛ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §%Ó˚% •Î˚– Ù)რ§)ã˛#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ K˛ylˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ÌƒÙ)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §)ã˛ly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° §)ã˛# ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚îñ !ã˛eîñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ Óy: !Ó!«˛Æ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï §yÓ˚yÇ¢ Îy ˛õí˛¸y Óy ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ
˛õ%îı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ï˛Ìy ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xy˛õlyÓ˚y §yÓ˚yÇ¢ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ°!kôñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ ˆÎyàyl
ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ê˛”˛GÎ˚yˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy x!˲K˛ï˛y
°yˆÏ˲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ°#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y
xÌ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~•zà%ˆÏ°y lï%˛l !¢ál §Ω˛yÓly ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xy˛õlyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Î!òG ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)ã˛#˛õe !Ó!˲ߨ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙ ˆÎÙlñ !¢álñ !ã˛hs˝lñ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚îñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ~ÓÇ ≤Èϫ˛y˲
•zï˛ƒy!ò myÓ˚y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ñ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó,•òyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl !ӈϢ£Ï §yÙ!@˝ÃÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ly– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xÌÓy à,•Ü˛yÎ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Îál !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ ò°àï˛ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È §Ç჈ÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÓyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛– ò° àë˛lñ ˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xylˆÏ®Ó˚ ˛x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
ˆlGÎ˚y ï˛Ìy ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §¡øyl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ò°àï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ≈
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y Îy ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡øylñ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
!ӈϢ£Ï Îb ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î xy°yòy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢!«˛Ü˛yG xy°yòyñ ~•z ܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤çAà xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•zê˛y §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎ ~•z ˆÜ˛y§≈!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏl §ˆÏã˛T˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ˛–
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù)° K˛yl ≤Ãòyl Óƒ!ï˛ï˛ñ ~•zê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z§yˆÏÌ
ˆòl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ §¡õ)Ù≈˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Èϫ˛˛õîG ܲÓ˚–
¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§)ã˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ìy xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛Ìy §)ã˛#Ó˚
Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy xyˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•zê˛y çylyÎ˚ ˆÎ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ !ܲ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ë)˛!Ùܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !ܲ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§)ã˛#˛õˆÏe Óy: ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçG xyˆÏSÈ– Óy:à%ˆÏ°y xyô%!lܲ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Îy ˜òl!®l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ï˛Ìy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z Ó•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ xá![˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!òàhs˝ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~•zà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y
í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~•z§Ó Îy !ܲS%È ˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ò,ì˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚yÇ¢ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xl%§,ï˛ •Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛
≤ß¿– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y §Ω˛Óï˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ß¿ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey ï˛Ìy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ •z!Aàï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~•zê˛y à%%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆòGÎ˚y Ù)áƒ˛õò ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇK˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢ˆÏáy– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ¢∑ˆÏܲy£Ï !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚â%ˆÏ°y §%flõT˛ ~ÓÇ ÙyçyÈüÈâ£Ïy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òyÓ˚%î §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ê˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yç ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~•z §Ó ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•zê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §Óà%ˆÏ°y
≤Ãܲ“ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ly !ܲv ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙçyòyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyFSÈ– Îï˛•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÓñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲˆÏܲ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ôy˛õ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ Úfl∫Û ~ÓÇ ˆÎ•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚SÈ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆáy°y xyˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çyˆÏly ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ùl §y•zê˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îy ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §)ã˛ly ˆòÎ˚–
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Part IV A (Article 51 A)
Fundamental Duties
Fundamental Duties – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for
freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people
of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers,
wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so
that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or,
as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
§) ã˛# ˛õ e
!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
!¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢
xôƒyÎ˚ÈüÈ1 1
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 22
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 43
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 64
ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 84
§ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 6 107
!¢ál
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 7 131
ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 8 149
!ã˛hs˝l
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 9 169
ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 188
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ lyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔÏ!°Ü˛ ˛x!ôܲyÓ˚
å˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 14ÈüÈ30 32G 226ä
1ä §yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z §Ùyl ~ÓÇ xy•zl §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
D çy!ï˛ñôÙ≈ñ Óî≈ñ lyÓ˚#ÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïñ çß√fiÌyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yT˛… ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D xflõ,¢ƒï˛y !l!£ÏÂô ~ÓÇ xy•zl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ò[˛l#Î˚ x˛õÓ˚yô–
2ä fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D Óy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y G Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ G !lÓ˚flf˲yˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÓï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D §Çâ G §!Ù!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó≈e fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#!Óܲyñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy ÓƒÓ§y Óy!îçƒ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
D ç#Ól G Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
3ä ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÏÂô x!ôܲyÓ˚ı
D ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Ü ˛Î˚ñ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y Óy ˆÓàyÓ˚ áyê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D ˆã˛Ôj ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ á!lñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ˛Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly !Ó˛õIlܲ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
4ä ôÙ#≈Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D §Ü˛° ôˆÏÙÏ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ùyl ◊Âôy G §Ùyl !lÓ˚y˛õ_yñ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôÙ≈yã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)î≈ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyly!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
D ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ òyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D Ó˚yT˛… ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ Óy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §y•y΃≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl !¢«˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛
Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
D §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ˆÎ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÙ#≈Î˚ xl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y–
D ôÙ≈ xÌÓy ˲y£Ïy!˲!_ܲ §Çáƒy°â% §¡±òyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®Ùï˛ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl fiÌy˛õl G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
5ä §ÇflÒÈ ,!ï˛ G !¢«˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lç !lç ˲y£ÏyÈüÈ!°!˛õ G §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
D ôÙ≈ çy!ï˛ Óy ˛Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l ܲyí˛zˆÏÜ ˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Îy•y΃ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢y!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
6ä §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ı
D ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ó°ÓÍ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ lyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y §%!≤ÃÙˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛ G •y•zˆÏܲyˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ°á çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆ•!ÓÎ˚y§ ܲ˛õ≈y§ñ Ùƒy[˛yÙy§ñ §yÓ˚!¢ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y•zñ ≤Ã!•!Ó¢l G Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y GÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏrê˛y–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 Sensory, Attentional
and
WhatPerceptual
What isisPsychology?
Psychology⁄
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
• Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
• ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ G ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~Ó˚
§¡õÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛ñ
• ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚G ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
§yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
Ùl G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)•
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ âê˛ly åÓy: 1É1ä
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛e§Ù)•
ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#
The growth of the human mind ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
is still high adventure,
Ù%áƒ˛õò–
in many ways the highest
adventure on earth. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛ õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)•
– Norman Cousins ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy–
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
§Ω˛Óï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# !¢áˆÏï˛ xy¢y ܲÓ˚⁄ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyey §!ï˛ƒ•z !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚–
x!ôܲyÇ¢ SÈyeÓ˚y !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ܲ# ˲yÓˆÏSÈ– !ܲv
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÙlG í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ!lˆÏçˆÏܲ çylyñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ çyly xÌÓy !ӈϢ£Ï !ܲS%È
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yó ˆÎÙlÈüÈÙyl%£Ï fl∫≤¿ ˆÜ˛l ˆòˆÏáñ ˆÜ˛l Ùyl%£Ï ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˙!ï˛•ƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£ÏÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •l ï˛y •° ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÜ˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l Ùyl%£Ï x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙÎ˚•z x§%á# ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl §%á ã˛yÎ˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄ §Ó K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•zñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ K˛yl G ÙylÓ
ܲ°ƒyˆÏî xˆÏlܲ xÓòyl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Î!ò ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ò%/ˆÏá ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– §Ω˛Óï˛ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ 9‡11 Óy •zÓ˚yܲ Î%Âô ˆÜ˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ !ò!Õ‘ñ Ù%¡∫y•zñ ◊#làÓ˚
xÌÓy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈yM˛ˆÏ° !lÓ˚#• Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l ˆÓyÙy G Ó%ˆÏ°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
!çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚%îÓ˚y §sfy§# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ !ܲv ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õG
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÙçÓ˚ ~•zã˛ñ !˛õñ ~§ xy•°%GÎ˚y!°Î˚yÓ˚ lyÙ ¢%ˆÏlSÈñ !Î!l ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yÙˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏã˛ ˛õ«˛yâyï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l Ùyí˛zrê˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ˚fiê˛˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~°⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!•§yˆÏÓ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ¢%ô%Ùye ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!jT˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› lÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xflõT˛ «%˛o hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ âê˛ly ˆÎÙl ˆã˛ï˛lyñ ˆày°ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lÓÂô ܲÓ˚yñ xÌÓy Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•#˛ ≤Ã!ï˛m®µ#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°yˆÏï˛ çÎ˚# •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛ã≈˛yG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÎ ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ ç!ê˛° ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §ÙhflÏ âê˛lyÓ˚ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y °«˛ƒl#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°y ~•z ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ xlƒylƒ !ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy Ù)°ï˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•ˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛y•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙlñ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ% l Ó˚ % ˆ Ï o ܲñ !¢álñ K˛ylñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ xl% Ë ) ˛ !ï˛ •°
ÙˆÏôƒG xˆÏlܲyLjϢ !˲ߨï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– í˛zlyÓ˚y ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ ~ܲñ ~!ê˛ Ü˛# xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ
xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ùyl!§Ü˛
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óy ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ˆçyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ≤ÃÌyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%!° !lˆÏÎG ˚ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ •Ï° Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ– xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ
xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy çylˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ç!Óܲ G §yÙy!çܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ¢%ô%Ùye x!˲K˛ï˛y≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛•z ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z í˛z˛õy_à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ~ÓÇ §K˛yl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
ÎyˆÏï˛ ~à%ˆÏ°y K˛yl xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Óy ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y
~áyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õòÈüÈÙyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ù,ï%˛ƒ˛õÌÎye# ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õ#í˛¸y Óy !≤ÃÎ˚çˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ˛õ#í˛¸yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •Î˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~SÈyí˛¸yG
Îál xyÙÓ˚y Ó!° ˆÎ x!˲K˛ï˛y •° x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲy!Ó˚˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Îy ˆÓ˚yÙy™ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xl%˲Ó
xyhs˝!Ó˚Üñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏÓyôñ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲS%È Ó˚•§ƒÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y Îál xyÙÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛!ï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙl
!ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲS%È çylˆÏï˛ Îál ~ܲçl ˆÎyà# ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒ hflψÏÓ˚
Óy ÙˆÏ l ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ã˛y•z ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚ y xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Îál
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲçl Ùyòܲy§=˛ Óƒ!=˛ñ ÙyòܲoÓƒ á%Ó•z «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ •GÎ˚y
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ– Îál xyÙÓ˚y §ˆÏcGñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyòܲ oÓƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_y° •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùyôyl xÌÓy !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò˛ çlƒ– x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲyÓ˚# Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~ÓÇ
!Ó!˲ߨ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õrÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ë˛í˛¸ ÓyˆÏ§
xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly ˆÎ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ @˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° ºÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ ˆÎ xfl∫!hflψÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ•zñ Î!òG ~Ó˚y ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆ§!ê˛ !ܲS%È Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓlˆÏ˲yçˆÏl ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!ôÜ ˛ÙîܲyÓ˚# ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !ܲv ~à%ˆÏ°y x!˲ߨ lÎ˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ àë˛l Óy xÓfiÌyl ˆl•z– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zayl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy xyÙÓ˚y ܲ!Ó˚ Óy ˆÎ ܲyˆÏç
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ •Î˚ Îál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ Ìy!ܲ– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ á%Ó
~•z çàˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îy ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏ«˛!˛õï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §Ó˚° ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
!Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y â!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òyÎ˚#– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õ°Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl !lˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÙÎ˚ •,òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y˛õ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Órô%Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛°!ã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ï˛ly fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò≤Ãò_ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚G xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÓ˚– xyã˛Ó˚î §Ó˚° Óy ç!ê˛°ñ Ü˛Ù Óy fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È
ˆÓ!¢– Îál xyÙÓ˚y â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛álG !ܲS%È Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyã˛Ó˚î xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒÙyl˛– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Óy
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál fl∫≤¿ ˆò!á ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È xyÓyÓ˚
!ܲS%È ï˛ÌƒG §Ç@˝Ã• ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎÙl òÓ˚çy áê˛áê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!ê˛°
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ï˛yG ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢áˆÏï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 3
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ˆÎÙl òyÓy ˆá°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌy!˛õï˛ •GÎ˚ y Ó˚ §y°!ê˛ñ ï˛ˆÏ Ó ˆ§!ê˛ •ˆÏ ° y 1879 §y°ñ
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ !°˛õ!çˆÏܲ– !ܲvñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylñ ~!ê˛ ~áˆÏly
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ ê˛yl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Îy flõT˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
xflõT˛ ï˛y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~!ê˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ lï%˛l !òܲ í˛z!òï˛
!ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •Î˚– •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyâ ˆòÏá ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv ~!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyŸã˛Î≈ ly °yày•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ
Óy Óyâ xyˆÏSÈ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ¢%ô% xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢•z lÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Gñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛¢yáyÎ˚
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ÙˆÏly!Óò xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ x!˛õ≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ fl¨yï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ fl¨yï˛ˆÏܲy_Ó˚
xl%£ÏAà !•§yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚•z– Ó•% SÈyeÓ˚y•z !ÓÉ~§É!§ñ ~ÙÉ~§É !§ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈
ò%!ê˛•z x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚– ÓyhflÏ!ÓˆÏܲñ ò%!ê˛ á%Ó í˛zò#Î˚Ùyl
ˆ«˛e Îy x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yl ôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åPsychology •ˆÏ°y fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
as a Disiplineä xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ≤Ã!ï˛Ù)!ï≈˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ o%ï˛ !Óܲy¢
ÎÌyÈüÈfMRI, EEG ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyˆÏlñ Îy Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
§!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ §Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚îñ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ Ùl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ xl%ôyÓl
Ü,˛!eÙ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ K˛yl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
SÈyí˛¸y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Î!òGñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ
Ê˛°yÊ˛° •Î˚ ï˛yG çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §yôyÓ˚î
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢yáy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Îy ˆË˛Ôï˛ ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z çà͈Ïܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô
ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛ í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õ«˛˛õyï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ¢yáy ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
•…y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîˆÏܲ
!Ù!°ï˛ •Î˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ G ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚
˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ xÓfiÌy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
ÌyˆÏܲl– xlƒÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ x!˲K˛ï˛y°kôܲyÓ˚#˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˜ç!Óܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyl !òˆÏÎ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ܲyÓ˚î
ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ~!ê˛
í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙylÓ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
•° Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyd í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly ~ÓÇ
ˆÎ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛¢,C°yÓÂô˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õy_˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛l xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲ!Ó˚ñ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏlñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚
≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù# ÙˆÏly!ÓòàîG
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •Ï° ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ çyly ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyd í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly
âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚
~ÓÇ xydK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfîG ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛ṏÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z xyã˛Ó˚îñ Ùyl!§Ü˛
!ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ly!ܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xÇ¢ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îylñ í˛zlyÓ˚y !lÎ˚Ùyl%ÎyÎ˚#
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛
~ÓÇ ˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õÌ
âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
ˆáÑyˆÏçl–
xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó•% ܲyÓ˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl–
Î!òG ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eñ !ÓK˛yl
ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢yáy ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–
!•§yˆÏÓ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ Î!ò ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚
4 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ xôƒÎ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£ ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç
åPsychology as a Natural Scicenceä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°ï˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §,!T˛G
~ê˛y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü˛í˛¸ ò¢≈ˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §Ùyç !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ
!l!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òGñ xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ç#Ó ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyà%!°Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~Ó˚ ~•z à“!ê˛ ˆò!á–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yl Ó›!l¤˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z x!ôܲ ˆçyÓ˚ Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ ~ܲ•z Üœ˛yˆÏ§ !SÈ°– Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z
ˆòÎ˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ≤Ãy!Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ùy˛õy Üœ˛yˆÏ§ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛G !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ §•Ùï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ç#Ól !SÈ° ~ܲòÙ ˛xy°yòy– Ó˚!Oï˛y !SÈ° Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚–
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˆí˛Ü≈˛yˆÏï˛§ åDecartesä ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ òyò%ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÈ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˲y•z §Óy•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏl !Óܲy¢ ~•z!ê˛˛ myÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– Ó˚!Oï˛y
Ó,!Âô °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hypothetico- ~ܲçl ˲yˆÏ°y ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y °Ç !í˛§ê˛ƒy™ Ó˚ylyÓ˚
deductive model – ~•z ÙˆÏ í ˛°!ê˛ xl% Î yÎ˚ # ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚– ˆ§ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù¢ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Órô%c ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ®
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ï˛ál•z •Î˚ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚Ïï˛–
ï˛_¥ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ GÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòyñ ¢ÓlÙ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙ
˛õòyÌ≈!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ xyˆÏSÈ˛ !ÓàÈüÈÓƒyAà ï˛_¥ åBig- ÌyܲˆÏï˛y– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~•z ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ òƈÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l
bang theoryä Ó°y •Î˚ ~•z!ê˛ Ó ·y[˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ S%È!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏl•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏï˛l– ¢ÓlÙ ~ܲçl ˲yˆÏ°y
ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛_¥ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z ly ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !¢“# !SÈ° ~ÓÇ âˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•zˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá Ó˚yÏáˆÏï˛y–
!ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° âê˛lyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆ§ á%Ó °yç%ܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ¢y ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ï˛ ly–
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ àï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl á%Ó Ë˛yÓ˚# Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲàî ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# lò#!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤’y!Óï˛ •Î˚– l#ã%˛ fiÌyˆÏl
≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛ xˆÏlܲ Óy!í˛¸ ÓlƒyÎ˚ ≤’y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y
Óƒyáƒy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §Çà,!•ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ myÓ˚y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚
xl%Ùyl!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ Óy !Ù̃y !ܲ ly ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ í˛z˛õy_˛ xy◊Î˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÓlˆÏÙÓ˚ âÓ˚!ê˛G ˆË˛ˆÏ§ ˆà!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•z ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!Oï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°–
!Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏܲ §Çà,!•ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ myÓ˚y ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly Ó˚!Oï˛y á%Ó á%!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ xl%Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!S°È–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !¢álñ flø,!ï˛ñ Îál ÓlƒyÓ˚ ç° Ü˛ˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó˚!Oï˛yÓ˚ Ùy ~ÓÇ ë˛yÜ%˛Ùy ¢ÓlÙÈüÈ~Ó˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ÙyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âÓ˚!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙ á%Ó
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ˛ ˲yˆÏ°y Órô%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y ÓyˆÏòG ÙˆÏly!Óòàî !ÓÓï≈˛lÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚!Oï˛y ~ÓÇ ¢ÓlÙó ò%çˆÏl•z ˛õ,Ìܲ Óƒ!=˛–
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlG ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ï˛yÓ˚y xy°yòy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ç!ê˛° §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ
ӈϰ çyly ÎyÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆÎÙl xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xy§!=˛ Óy xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xl%˲Ó
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õܲ≈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y !SÈ°–
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
åPsychology as a social scienceä !Ó!˲ߨï˛yG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSñÈ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl §•ˆÏç•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl
ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 5
xydÓ!°òyl# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏòñ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ Ó˚!Oï˛y âê˛lyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl# myÓ˚y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲçl
~ÓÇ ¢ÓlˆÏÙÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~•z Î%Óܲ ˆÎ ly!ܲ ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xyâyˆÏï˛ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ñ ˆ§ •y§˛õyï˛y°
âê˛lyˆÏï˛Gñ §Ó @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y•z §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ll ~ÓÇ ˆÌˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xy§° !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fïÏï˛ §Ó §¡±òyÎ˚•z ~ˆÏï˛y x@˝Ãî# •Î˚ lyó ÓyhflÏ!Óܲñ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Úlܲ°Û Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zlyÓ˚y ly!ܲ SÈpˆÏÓ¢#– ~•z
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ê˛y•z §ï˛ƒ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y x§yÙy!çܲ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ âê˛lyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏï˛yÎ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ñ ~•z ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó˛õò âˆÏê˛ ˆË˛yà!SÈ°– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl x«˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§
ï˛ál °%ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈ ã˛!Ó˚ï˛yÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ Ùl ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ˆÎ
~!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° Óy §Ùï%˛°ƒ– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî §%flõT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl Îy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ùyl§ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ xl%˲) !ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲçl ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– GÓ˚!l§ åOrnishä í˛zlyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z
åUnderstading Mind and Behaviourä
xôƒÎ˚Èlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚ xÓÓ˚%Âô ôÙl# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •° ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓÓ˚%Âô ôÙl# !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ §ÇÓy!•ï˛
!ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ¢ï˛Ü˛ñ •ˆÏFSÈ– !ܲS%È!òl §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z˛ xl%¢#°l!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà#!ê˛
ôˆÏÓ˚•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÙlÈ !l!£ÏÂô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛yÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚eyî ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ôÙ!lˆÏï˛ xÓÓ˚%!ÂôÓ˚
Ù)ï≈˛ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õò myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙyeyˆÏï˛G xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ •…y§ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ xÌ≈yÍ
xÓfiÌylˆÏܲG !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ÚÙlÛ
¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% !ÓK˛yl# ˆflõ!Ó˚ ܲyç 1É1
~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò ˆ˛õlˆÏÓ˚yçˆÏܲ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏ ç ˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z  ô, ï ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ y – ~Ó˚
ÚÙlÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ÙÎ≈yòy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy §• xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ 1É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓrô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÓrô !°áSÈ–
§¡∫!rôï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ (Unified theory of mind) í˛zqyÓlyÓ˚ ܲÌy 2É ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÌyÓyï≈˛y
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ~•z Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ~áˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°SÈ–
xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚– 3É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°SÈ–
Ùl ܲ#⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~ܲ⁄ ~!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ 4É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ê˛!˲ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ lyê˛Ü˛ ˆòáSÈ–
Ù!hflÏ‹Ò SÈyí˛¸y x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !ܲv Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xy°yòy 5É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Órô% ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲT˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§_¥y– ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙçyòyÓ˚ !ܲS%È âê˛lyÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°kô •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî 6É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òFSÈ–
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚˚ x!:!˛õê˛y° ˆ°yÓ!ê˛ˆÏܲñ Îy ly!ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ 7É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲçl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x!ï˛!Ì xy§yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#«˛yÎ˚
çlƒ òyÎ˚#ñ xflf ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚SÈ–
ò¢≈l§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl §!ë˛Ü˛ 8É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó=+˛ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚SÈ fl%҈ϰ Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ–
˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲçl xˆÏ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ 9É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y òyÓy ˆá°SÈ–
~ÌˆÏ°ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•%!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÏܲ° ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ •yÓ˚yˆÏ°G ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ 10É ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° xˆÏAܲÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Óy•% xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §M˛y°lG xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚SÈ–
Îál ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ!Ê˛ §yôy •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ Úx°#ܲ Óy•%Û !ê˛ Ü˛!Ê˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛z_Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛# ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲy˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ§ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù xlƒ
6 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
~Ùl ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùl myÓ˚y §,T˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !˲!_
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y åPhobiaä åÓ› G ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •° âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√£Ï–
xˆÏ•ï%˛Ü˛ ˲Î˚ä ~Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ K˛yl Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zq$ï˛ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ
K˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ í˛z q Ó •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È ÎyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛ Psychoneuro- §ÙÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ÎyÎ˚– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°
immunology Ó°y •Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y Ùl myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ !í˛í˛zܲ åDewck, 1975ä myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚l–
¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z!m@¿ !SȈϰl ÎyÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy Óy ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏ°•z ~•z ç!ê˛°Ï
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îy §Ù)• ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó!fløï˛ !SȈϰl ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
(Popular Notions about the discipline §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝y ӈϰ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §•ç §Ù§ƒy
of psychology) !òˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy§
xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!òló ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 ˆÜ˛Ó° ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ
§Óy•z ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y xyd!ÓŸªy§ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛
ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÏܲl ~ܲçl ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚Ï°ñ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– !í˛í˛zܲ ~•z xôƒÎ˚l!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆ§ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ã˛ê˛˛õê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ ••z– ¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ !ï˛!l ò%ˆÏê˛y SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ 25!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏAܲÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛_¥ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆòÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ §•ç §Ù§ƒy
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•z ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ܲÙ≈# xyˆÏàÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •° Îy ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– !mï˛#Î˚
xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚%ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòGÎ˚y ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ù◊ §Ù§ƒy xÌ≈yÍ §•ç ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙÓ˚y °y!ë˛G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï •°– flõT˛ï˛˛ñ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚– Îál•z
xy§ˆÏ°•z á%Ó xy°ˆÏ§– ~•z !Óáƒyï˛ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ~•z!ê˛ âê˛° !í˛í˛zܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°l ˆÎ
ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y Îy §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛yñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~G !ÓŸªy§ ˆòl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
§!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÎl ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ly ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛T˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!òG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xˆÏAܲÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòGÎ˚y
§yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒyà%ˆÏ°y xy§ˆÏ° §Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏôyòÎ˚ •°– !í˛í˛zܲ §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Ùye ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó x“ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §•ç §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ê˛°ï˛y
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Órô% ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛•z ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ñ GÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~áyˆÏl ò%!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §Ê˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y ò%•z!ê˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!Óáƒyï˛ í˛z!=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛î •ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Ú ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ âyê˛!ï˛–
xyí˛¸y°ÛÛñ xyÓyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •°ñ ÚÚò)Ó˚c •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨•ˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ~áyˆÏl xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ò%ˆÏê˛y !ÓÓ,!ï˛•z ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ lyG ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~ê˛y ˆÓ!¢!òl xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy lÎ˚ñ ˆÎ
§!ë˛Ü˛– ˆÎ•z Óƒyáƒy!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlˆÏÓ ~•z!ê˛Ó˚ !˲!_ •ˆÏÓ !ܲS%È §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y Ùyly •ˆÏï˛y ˆÎ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ܲ# ˆÓ!¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÓ!¢
âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲçl lï%˛l Órô%
áÑ%çˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏ° ~•z ӈϰ ˆÎ ÚÚˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyí˛¸y° ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç 1É2
xyí˛¸y°ÛÛñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏç Óy xlƒÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆòˆÏá Ó°ˆÏÓ–
!Ù◊ ¢yáyÓ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Órô% áÑ%çˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ly •G ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Órô%Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆfl¨•˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚÚ ò)Ó˚c ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛°ly ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚y– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ°⁄
•,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆfl¨• Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ~•z ò%!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏï˛•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Çâê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 7
ò%â≈ê˛ly •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ • z ˆÜ˛Ù!Ó ç Ùƒy§yã% ˛ ˆÏ § ê˛§ å Cambridge,
!ã˛hs˝y•z x§ï˛ƒ– §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛hs˝y xyˆÏÓ˚yG ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ ~ܲçl MassachusettsäÈüÈ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l ÙylÓ Ùl xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÎyˆÏܲ
Îï˛«˛î ly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò# åfunctionalist ä ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y William James !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛l ˆÎ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÎ˚ˆÓÏ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xy§ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyÓ˚î xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈lˆÏܲ ¢%ô% §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
~•z xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îï˛•z ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò#Ó˚y ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ƈÏï˛ §«˛Ù
§¡õܲ≈#Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– William James ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
xyÓ˚G çylˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ˆçƒy!ï˛!£Ï ï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ •hflψÏÓ˚áy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y
˛õÓ˚#«˛yܲyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲyÓ˚î ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛°kô ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚)˛õy!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§•z
!lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õy_˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zlyÓ˚y ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# !¢«˛y!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !ã˛hs˝y!Óò John Dewey
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ l#!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ
(Evolution of Psychology)
çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ åGestalt Psychologyä
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyô%!lܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ !Óܲy¢ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ Ë%˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
myÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ ò, ! T˛!lˆÏ « ˛˛õ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ÙˆÏ l Ó˚
xyˆÏSÈñ Îy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l í˛z ˛ õyòyl§Ù) ˆ Ï • ò, ! T˛ !lˆÏ « ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ˆÏ ï ≈ ˛ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛
ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆò!áñ
xyô%!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ §)ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z!jT˛ – 1879ÈüÈ~ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù!T˛
•Î˚ Îál ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ !°˛õ!çà åLeipzigä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y Îy x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ
çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ í˛z°‰ˆÏ•Ù Ë%˛u˛ åWilhelm wundtä myÓ˚y fiÌy!˛õï˛ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ ˆÎyàyl åinputsä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
•Î˚– Ë%˛u˛ ˆã˛ï˛l x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl xy@˝Ã•# !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál Óy°‰ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y V˛°Ü˛yˆÏly
§Çàë˛Ü˛ åconstituentsä xÌÓy !Ó!”˛Ç ÓœÜ˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî (flashing) xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Ë%˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ §Ùܲy°#l ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y xhs˝ò¢≈l à!ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆò!áñ
myÓ˚y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÎ˚Ó §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›ï˛ o%ï˛àÙlܲyÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá
xÓÎ˚ÓÓyò# Ó°y •Î˚– xhs˝ò¢≈l åintrospectionä ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎáyˆÏl~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õy•z– x!˲K˛ï˛y •° ˆ•y!°!fiê˛Ü˛
Óy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õyeˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛y åholisticäñ ~•z!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ Óy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ– xyÙÓ˚y Îál
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òGñ xhs˝ò¢≈l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õM˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó ï˛ál
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §vT˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylÓ–
ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ~ˆÏܲ˛ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ï˛ ly ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÓyÓ˚G xÓÎ˚ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
xhs˝ò≈¢≈!lܲ !ÓÓÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyˆÏò åBehaviourismä ~Ó˚ xyàÙl •Î˚–1910ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lï˛%l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°ñ John Watson ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§,!T˛ •Î˚– Ùl ~ÓÇ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l Ivan
~ܲçl xyˆÏ Ù !Ó˚ Ü ˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl#ñ í˛z • z ! °Î˚ y Ù ˆçÙ§ Pavlov -~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y
åWilliam Jamesä !Î!l !°˛õ!çˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Waston ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ Ùl
8 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝ò≈¢≈l Óƒ!=˛!l¤˛˛ ܲyÓ˚î ~•zê˛y ~ÓÇ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y !flÒlyˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyç §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zÈüÈ~ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl Îy ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ Îyã˛y•zˆÏÎyàƒ Î!òG GÎ˚yê˛§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §•flÀ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò#Ó˚y
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ áy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSlÈñ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
~ÓÇ ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl §«˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà G x!˲Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
åí˛z j #˛õˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ä xôƒÎ˚ l !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó §ÇK˛y!Î˚ ï ˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l – G ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •!FSÈ°– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ !Î!l ï˛yÓ˚ ÙylÓ
GÎ˚yê˛§ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò í˛z˛õÓ˚v xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà myÓ˚y §yÓ˚y !ÓŸªˆÏܲ ly!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ
myÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyò# åbehaviouristä Ó°y !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l !§àÙyu˛ Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ åSigmund Freudä– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛
•Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ •ˆÏ°l !flÒlyÓ˚ åSkinnerä ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l •zFSÈy G mˆÏ®µÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° !Óܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
!Î!l xyã˛yÓ˚îÓyòˆÏܲ ≤âhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îÓyòˆÏܲ åpsychoanalysisä
1879 Wilhelm Wundt !°˛õ!çà‰ñ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ and Human BehaviourÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1954 ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# Abraham
1890 William James ÚPrinciples of MaslowÚMotivation and personalityÛ
PsychologyÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1895 !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyòˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y 1954 ~°y•yÓyˆÏò Bureau of Psychology fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚
•Î˚ – 1955 ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚ National Institute of Mental
1990 Sigmund Freud ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îÓyò !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Health and Neuro science (NIMHANS)
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
1904 Ivan Pavlov ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç Îy 1962 Ó˚yÑ!ã˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒ •y§˛õyï˛y° fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ 1973 ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ˛õ¢% xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ‡ !¢ál SÈyí˛¸y í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
1905 Binet Simon myÓ˚y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛y çlƒ Konrad Lorenz ~ÓÇ Niko Tinbergen
1916 ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yà ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ fiÌy!˛õï˛ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
•Î˚– 1978 Herbert Simon ï˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ (decision
1920 çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆàT˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çß√– making) ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–
1922 •z!u˛Î˚yl §y•z™ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ~ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lÈåIndian 1981 David Hubel ~ÓÇ Torsten Wiesel Ù!hflψϋÒ
Science Congress AssociationäüÈ~ ò¢≈lç!lï˛ Ü˛°yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 1981 Roger Sperry !Ó˲=˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÓ°
1924 Indian Psychological Association ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ !ÓçÎ˚# •l–
fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– 1989 National Academy of Psychology
1924 John B Waston ÚBehaviourismÛ Ó•z!ê˛ (NAOP) India fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy xyã˛Ó˚îÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1997 à%ÑÓ˚àyGñ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyˆÏï˛ National Brain Research
1928 N.N. Sengupta Radhakamal Centre (NBRC) fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
Mukharjee §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z 2002 Daniel Kahneman ï˛yÓ˚ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓ
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– åLondon Allen & Unwin ä !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î (judgement) ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ (deci
1949 Defence Science Organisation of sion-making)àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲
India ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ê˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1951 ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ Carl Rodgers Client 2005 Thomas Schelling lˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚
Centred Therapy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲyç xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe m®µ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
1953 B.F. Skinner xyã˛Ó˚îÓyòˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓyô¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Game TheoryÈüÈ~ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~Ó˚ çlƒ–
≤Ãôyl Ùï˛Óyò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÚScience
10 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~°y•yÓyò !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ UGC myÓ˚y xl%ˆÙÏ y!òï˛ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊¤˛ ˆÜ˛w xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 70 !ê˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤çˆÏAà !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ≤ç!Aàܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ
Durganand Sinha ï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z ÚPsychology in a xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚y ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!ç ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
Third World Country : The Indian ExperienceÛ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ lï%˛l àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚l ã˛y°yˆÏly
ˆÎê˛y 1986 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyô%!lܲ •ˆÏFSÈ–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ~ál !Ó!Óô Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù!ê˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye !ӈϢ£Ï §Ù§ƒyÎ%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
°y˲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛!SÈ°ñ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ñ Ùl/§Ù#«˛îÓyò ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y !Üœ˛!lܲƒy° §y•zˆÏܲyˆÏ°y!çfiê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ï˛Ìy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏFSÈlñ ÙylÓ §¡õò !Óܲy¢ òÆÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚lˆÏܲ ~í˛Ë˛yê≈˛y•z!çÇ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlñ Ü ˛#í˛¸y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ùñ 1960 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !SÈ° ˆÎ!ê˛ òÆÓ˚ñ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zߨÎ˚l !Ó˲yà ådevelopmentä ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáy myÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“G !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏFSÈl–
§¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù !SÈ°– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y
˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ≤çAà ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáy
Branches of Psychology
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy ≤ÃÓ˚ܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §y•y΃ ~ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– Î!òG 1960ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛§Ù§ƒy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏç ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ •ˆÏ Î ˚ GˆÏ ë ˛– ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ y ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛#Î˚ §ÙyˆÏ ç Ó˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl (Cognitive Psychology) ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
§Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G í˛z!m@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛l– í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ K˛ylyç≈lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛îñ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚îñ
§yÙy!çܲ ˛≤çˆÏAà ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyG í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó!¢T˛ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãôyl K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y •° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ flø,!ï˛ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˲y£Ïy– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zȈÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ~•z
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y
fl∫ˆÏò!¢Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 1970ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏܲ– ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚y Óƒï˛#ï˛ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà åecological approachä
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ G §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ xl%§Ó˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ùl ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ånatural settingä K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòl– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
@˝ÃrÌ ï˛Ìy ôÙ≈@˝ÃrÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ ˙!ï˛•ƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z fl¨yÎ˚%!ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ ˆò!¢Î˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˆÎ!ê˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çAà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zqy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˜çÓ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åBiological Psychologyä xyã˛Ó˚î
~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ï˛sf§Ù)• ÎÌy Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô
˙!ï˛•ƒÙ)°Ü˛ K˛yl ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ùyç ï˛Ìy ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ !SÈ°– Î!òG ~•z í˛zߨ!ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛sf G ≤Ãçll ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜çÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z fl¨yÎ˚%!ÓK˛yl#ñ ≤Ãyî#!Óòƒy!Óò˛ G
l,ï˛_¥!Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
12 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ÓܲyÓ˚Î%=˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ çlƒ !l!Óí˛¸ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ G í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñPsychiatrist ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° !í˛!@˝Ã §• ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yñ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏl
!ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•% ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy !lˆÏÎ˚G í˛z!m@¿– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛˛ ˆ«˛e
~ܲê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏ˲ò •° ˆÎ Psychiatrist Ó˚y Å£Ïô !°ˆÏá •ˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy åschool psychologyä Îy !¢¢%
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l G •zˆÏ°!Q…ܲ ¢Ü˛‰ (ECT) !ã˛!ܲͧy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §• xlƒylƒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
Îy !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ˆÓÔ!Âôܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚
!¢“‡§yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl (Industrial / ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÎ˚ ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
Organizational Psychology) ܲÙ≈# ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ˆÎ!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü ˛#í˛¸y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åSports Psychologyä ~Ó˚ ܲyç
xyã˛Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢“‡§yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y •ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ y ç%!àˆÏÎ˚
ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îñ ܲÙ≈ÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈ã˛yÓ˚# ÓySÈy•z Ü ˛#í˛¸y «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– !Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
~Ó˚ Ùylò[˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ˆ«˛e !ܲv §yÓ˚y !ÓŸª ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~!ê˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!lˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yˆÏ l Ó˚ xlƒylƒ í˛z ò #Î˚ Ù yl ¢yáy å Other
Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ÙƒyˆÏlçˆÏÙrê˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !òˆÏï˛ Emerging Branches of psychology ä
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óò ~ÓÇ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚•z K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î xhs˝à≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò,!T˛!lˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ¢yáy !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆÎÙl !ÓÙylã˛y°l ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ˆflõ•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ
!¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl åEducational Psychologyä ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚l!§Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ @˝ÃyÙ#î ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢°
xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó ˛ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá– !¢«˛y ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ÙƒyˆÏlçy!Ó˚Î˚y° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l!ê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ !¢«˛yfïϰ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈fïϰ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏî Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl–
14 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚y Î%!=˛ ˆòáylñ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïï˛y!sfܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚#ï˛y!sfܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛
•Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y lƒyÎ˚¢yflf§¡øï˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ≤Ãòyl
Îy ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ïï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ lyÓ˚#ï˛y!sfܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛z˲Î˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq$ï˛ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› 5 / ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà myÓ˚y ÙylÓ ˆ§•z ˆ«˛e ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– •Î˚ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó˲=˛ xÇ¢– !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ó≈òy ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ xˆÏlܲ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l çylˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢yáy ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ÚàˆÏÓ£Ïîy §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝Û
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xÌÓy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ!° !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~•z åresearch orientedä ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •ï˛ñ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝Û åap-
í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛ÙylˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ plication-orientedä ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãîy°# xÌÓy ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z ò #Î˚ Ù yl K˛ylˆÏ « ˛e ˆÎÙlñ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y àÙ) ° ܲ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛îÙ) ° ܲ
˜ï˛!Ó˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ K˛ylˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y àÙ) ° ܲ §Ùyç ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ
~ܲ•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ã˛yl– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ÈüÈ!Óܲy¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó›ï˛
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï ç!ê˛° ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó¢yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü) ˛ ° ˛õ!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø% á #l •Î˚ ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ • z ~•z fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛–
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y xï˛~Óñ xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà
x˲yÓ# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆl•z– ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ xlƒylƒ §Ùyç §yˆÏÌ ÎˆÏÌT˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õ%l/¢!=˛ §M˛y!°ï˛–
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy˛õܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ï˛ê˛y•z
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ §%flõT˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xy˛õl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ܲyÓ˚î §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ¢yáyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xï˛~Óñ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ á%Ó §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È Óy›!Óòƒyàï˛ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ¢!Ó£Ï Î ˚ Ü ˛ ÙˆÏ l y!ÓK˛ylñ
§ÇáƒÜ˛ fl∫ï˛sf ¢yáy í˛z!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥§Ù)•ñ §Ç!Ù!◊ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ
l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ âê˛ly ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢“ ~ÓÇ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ˆflõ•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylñ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
xÓfiÌylñ !lòy!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyñ !¢«˛yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñfl∫yfĩñ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ lï%˛l ~ÓÇ x@˝Ãî#˝ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛e
!Óܲy¢ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ~ÓÇ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢
!¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ §yÇàë˛!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢«˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Î%=˛ !SÈ°– ~•z lï%˛lï˛Ù í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢° ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy !ܲS%È ¢yáyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óò‰Ó˚y Óƒ!=˛ñ ˆày¤˛# xÌÓy ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
§Çàë˛lˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÓlyÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl Psychology and other Disciplines
Basic Vs Applied Psychology
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛ylˆÏ«˛e Îy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ã˛ã˛≈y ܲˆÏÓ˚
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
ˆ«˛eˆÏܲ Ú ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Û ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛Û ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !Ó!ôˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÙylÓ
Ó˚yáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ xyã˛Ó˚ î ˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛z ˛ õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ « ˛ˆÏ e Ó˚
!ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛yˆÏܲG fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòl– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚
~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y ˆÏ à Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y §) - !ÓˆÏ Ë ˛ò ˆl•z – xyhs˝ı!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓK˛ylñ
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 1 • ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ܲ#⁄ 15
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓmylÓ˚y xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl / §yÙy!çܲ
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xl%Ë˛Ó !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˲!àl# K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ã˛e 1É1 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒylƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ìy §Ù,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xÓòyl
§¡õÜ≈˛ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Óƒy!T˛àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl fl¨yÎ˚%!Óòƒyñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒyñ ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ ˆË˛y=˛y˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
!ã˛!ܲͧy¢yflf ~ÓÇ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ å ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ñ Ó,!Âô G !Óܲy¢ä §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆË˛y=˛y ˲yÓ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl l,ï˛_¥!Óòƒyñ !ï˛lçl ˛õ![˛ï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ í˛zlyÓ˚y
§Ùyç!ÓK˛ylñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ •°ñ
§y!•ï˛ƒ˛õyˆÏë˛ñ §Çà#ï˛ñ lyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~•zã˛ !§Ù§lñ !í˛ Ü˛y•ˆÏlÙƒyl ~ÓÇ !ê˛ !flÒ!°Ç– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yl §y!•ï˛ƒñ ÙˆÏï˛y xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛ylG ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÜ,˛T˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
ܲ°y ~ÓÇ §Aà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ¢yáyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï, ˛ ≈ ˆ Ï c Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì §¡õ!Ü≈ ˛ ï˛ §Ù§ƒyñ
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xlƒylƒ ≤ÃôylÈ K˛ylˆÏ«˛eà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚
•° /ÈüÈ xyã˛Ó˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy
~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛ xyã˛Ó˚ î ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ, Ì Ü˛ §Ùyç
ò¢≈l / |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl
§Çfl, Ò !ï˛Ù) ° ܲ ˛õê˛Ë) ˛ !ÙˆÏ ï ˛ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ í˛z ˛ õ°!kô ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !SÈ° ≤çAà Îy ~ál §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ §Ù!T˛àï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xyhs˝ˆÏày¤˛#
åܲˆÏrê˛¡õÓ˚y!Ó˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ä xÇ¢ ˆÎÙlñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲ# xÌÓy
m®µ ~•z ò%!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ•z °y˲Óyl •Î˚–
Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ – |l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢñ Wundt ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl / ~ܲòÙ ¢%Ó˚% ˆÌˆÏܲñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ÙylÓ ÙlˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲçl
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏrê˛¡õÓ˚yÓ˚# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
•Î˚– !ÓK˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ §ˆÏ_¥G ~•z!ê˛ ~ê˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ xl%Óï≈˛# ~ÓÇ ~ܲܲy°#l å§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y°
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ä ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ
˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ çylˆÏï˛– •z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚Ó˚y ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye xyÓ˚G x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ
Ó%!ÂôÙyl•z ÓylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yllyñ !ܲv ~Ùl Îsf ÓylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Å£Ïô / !ã˛!ܲͧܲÓ˚y ~•z ≤ÃÓã˛l!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ˛
§ÇˆÏÓòl ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ÚÚfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÛÛ ~!ê˛
!Óܲy¢ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛•z §!ï˛ƒ– x!ôܲ˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y§˛õyï˛y°•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
!lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xy•zl ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚yô!Óòƒy / ~ܲçl ò«˛ xy•zlç#Ó# ~ÓÇ
fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ VÑ%˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ Óyôy ˆòGÎ˚y x˛õÓ˚yô!ÓòˆÏܲ !ܲS%È ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
~ÓÇ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ í˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%fl∫yfĩ !Ó!ô!ê˛ ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎÙlñ ~ܲçl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%â≈ê˛lyñ
~•z •° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~•z ò%!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚!˛õê˛ Óy •ï˛ƒy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§
ˆ«˛e ~ܲ!eï˛ •Î˚– Îál ܲƒy™yÓ˚ñ ~•zí˛§ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyòy°ˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤Ã!ï˛Órô# ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óy •zˆÏrê˛!™Ë˛ ˆÜ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y !§Âôyhs˝ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ x˛õÓ˚yô
ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏܲ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏflfy˛õã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ °«˛î ÌyˆÏܲñ ܲ# ܲ# à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
˛õ) ˆ Ï Ó ≈ Ó ˚ Îb ˆlGÎ˚ y Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ y ÙˆÏ l y˜Ï Ó K˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚î ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲçl x˛õÓ˚yô#ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– ~ܲçl §Ê˛° òyÎ˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛⁄ Ü˛ï˛ ÙyeyÓ˚ ¢y!hflÏ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ¢%ô% Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ¢%ô% ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ §%fiÌï˛y•z °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ⁄ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ §%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG °«˛ Ó˚yˆÏál– ˆáÑyˆÏçl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlñ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~Ùl !ܲS%È §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
16 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛yl !¢«˛y !ÓK˛yl xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xyˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy•zl ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ñ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏà– Î!òG ~Ó˚y
àîÙyôƒÙ / ˛õ!eܲy ~ÓÇ Îy!sfܲ àîÙyôƒÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
• ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyô%!lܲ ˆ«˛e ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç!ê˛° Ùyl!§Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏܲ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ §Ùyç !ÓK˛yl !•§yˆÏÓG
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Ùï˛Óyòà%ˆÏ°y •°ñ xÓÎ˚ÓÓyòñ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyòñ xyã˛Ó˚îÓyòñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛Óyòñ
ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛îñ ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy–
• §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy •° lylyÌ≈ܲñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó•% ï_¥ G ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà§Ù)• ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf lÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ï˛_¥ ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •zFSÈyñ §,çl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈy G ÙylÓ
«˛Ùï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ Ó!•Èı≤Ãܲy¢ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!Óòàî !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y
!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
≤Ãôyl ¢yáyà%!° •°ñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ ç#Ó!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ fl∫yfĩñ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ñ
ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !lòy!lܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ !¢“ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒyñ Ü ˛#í˛¸y ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy–
• ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%‡xyhs˝!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲyÙƒ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏSÈ
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl– å ÎÌyñ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ñ Ó˚yT˛…!ÓK˛ylñ §Ùyç!Óòƒyä ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl åÎÌy fl¨yÎ˚%!Óòƒyñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒyñ Å£Ïôä
àîÙyôƒÙñ §Aà#ï˛ ~ÓÇ °!°ï˛ ܲ°y– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ Ê˛°≤ç) àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ !òܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ§•z ˆ«˛e lÎ˚ Îy ¢%ô% ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xÓòyl
Ó˚yˆÏáñ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~!ê˛ xÓòyl Ó˚yˆÏá– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lÎ%=˛ •lñ §ÙyˆÏç !Ó!Óô !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs≈˝àï˛ •lñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ •y§˛õyï˛y°ñ !¢“ñ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl§Ù)ˆÏ• ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z Óƒ!=˛àï˛ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
20 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ#⁄ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ ~ÓÇ à%Æ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
2ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
3ä !ÓÓ≈ï˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyG–
4ä ˆÜ˛yl‰ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ xlƒ K˛ylˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5ä ˛ õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy / ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ã˛!ܲͧܲ
6ä ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈òyï˛y ~ÓÇ !lòy!lܲ ÙˆÏly!Óò–
7ä ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
8ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢yáy!ê˛Ó˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ÓyrôÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó!ô≈ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
9ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙy!çܲ §Ù§ƒy ÎÌy x˛õÓ˚yô §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ¢yáy á%Ó í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ӈϰ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ˛õ¢yÎ˚ ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy ¢yáyÎ˚ ~ܲçl ÙˆÏly!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ !Î!l ly!ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ lyG– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ü˛ï˛à%!°Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §Ω˛yÓƒ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å1ä !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï
ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ å2ä xy˛õ!l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲˆÏ°ç‡!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~•z ¢yáyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚
çlƒ å3ä ~áyˆÏl !ܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚Ó˚⁄ å4ä xy˛õlyÓ˚ çlƒ xy˛õlyÓ˚
˛õSÈ®§•z xyò¢≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl •Î˚ÈüüüÈxÌÓy xyò¢≈ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆl•z
å5ä ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xy˛õlyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ≈yê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2ä @˝ÃrÌyàyÓ˚ Óy Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyl Óy •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y åí˛z˛õlƒy§‡xÈüÈí˛z˛õlƒy§ Óy
!§ˆÏlÙyä Îy ly!ܲ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çAà !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õ≈yê˛
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy òyG–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
!ÓK˛yl !˲!_ܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !Óܲ“ ò,T˛yhs˝ §Ù)•
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åÓ: 2É1ä
˛ õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
§•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
˛ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy
ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î åÓ: 2É2ä
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y
ˆÜ˛§ fiê˛y!í˛
í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y
An idea that is developed and put into ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•
action is more important than an idea Ù%áƒ˛õò
that exists only as an idea. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– Gautam Buddha ≤Ãܲ“ §¡∫!rôï˛ ôyÓ˚îy
22 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚•z ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl •ˆÏFSÈ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl–
!lŸã˛Î˚•z ~ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° •ˆÏFSÈñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl⁄ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏ°ñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄ xlƒ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ÙˆÏly!ÓòàîG
ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚˛ Óî≈lyñ ˲!ӣσÍÓyî#ñ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!°•z ~ˆÏܲ
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl
ܲyÓ˚î ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ß¿à%!° Ó•%ôy !Ó˲=˛ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê Ùye ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly x§Ω˛Ó– ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îñ §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó•%° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôylñ ܲ#
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ G í˛z˛õy_ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xlƒylƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
1 2
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã•
xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ñ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ Îsf ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
4
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly
3
!ÓòƒÙyl xl%ÙylˆÏܲ ˛õ%îÓ≈ƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y‡~ܲ!ê˛ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î
§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ xÌÓy lï%˛l ï˛_¥ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y– Ó˚y!¢!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
24 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ò%çl•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚G ˆÜ˛l !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Å£Ïô @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l ly⁄ä åàä Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˆày¤˛# ≤Ã˲yÓñ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó˚!•Ù ˆÜ˛l !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
˜òâ≈ƒ ÙyˆÏ˛õy ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%çl•z ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙ°yˆÏÙ¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏÓ– x˛õÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l ~ܲçl §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°Ü˛ ~ܲy §y•zˆÏܲ°
!ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ •° ~!ê˛ ˛ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
≤Ãîy°#ÓÂô åsystematicä xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óy ˛ôy˛õˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢# ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ä åâä ˆày¤˛# xyã˛Ó˚î åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
xl% § Ó˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ~ˆÏ ï ˛ Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S Èñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ î yàë˛l Ùyl%£Ï Îál ˆày!¤˛ÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál•z ˆÜ˛l ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õIlܲ xyã˛Ó˚î
åconceptualisationäñ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• åCollections of Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚⁄ä ~ÓÇ å.ä §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÜ˛l•zÓy
data äñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ådrawing conclusionsäñ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l xlƒ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §Ê˛° •Î˚⁄
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥ åtheoryä å!ã˛e ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲçl Ùy!°Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy Óyí˛¸yÎ˚⁄ä ~•z
2É1 ˆòˆÏáyä– ã˛° xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ôy˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ Ó•% ò#â≈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚– ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˆÏï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zͧ%ܲ G !çK˛y§%
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l •Gñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~çyï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
åConceptualising a problemäı ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ï˛ál Îál ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› Óy ≤çAà !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ í˛z_Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •lñ ~ˆÏܲ xl%Ùyl
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §Çܲ#î≈ï˛y xyˆÏl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È (Hypothesis) Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˛õ)Ó≈ ôyÓ˚îy Óy ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
!ӈϢ£Ï àˆÏÓ£Ïîy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y Óy §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zqÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ !ê˛!˲ˆÏï˛
xï˛#ï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !•Ç§ydܲ âê˛ly ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°ñ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyˆÏà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyG Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~ál
~ܲçl àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• !SȈϰy SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ly !Ù̃y ≤ÃÙyî
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ 2É í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• åCollecting Dataä ı
!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎ !ï˛!l ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ly Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ñ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ •ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y–
ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xy@˝Ã•#– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ §¡õ)î≈ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏl !Ó!Óô ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy Îy xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~Ó˚çlƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚– ~•z •Î˚û åܲä àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# åáä í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
§Ù§ƒy à%ˆÏ°y §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ åܲä xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ åàä àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ Îsf§Ù)• åâä í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# xl%Ë˛Ó Óy xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãîy°#– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ܲyÓ˚y
ܲ!Ó˚ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ò%ıá Óy ܲˆÏT˛ Ìy!ܲ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î Óy x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ!Ó˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y Ë%˛ˆÏ° Îy•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ñ Ù•y!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyeÓ,®ñ !¢«˛Ü˛Ó,®ñ
ˆÜ˛l⁄ä åáä xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ x!˲lÓ ÙƒyˆÏlçyÓ˚ñ x§%fiÌÓƒ!=˛ñ !¢“ܲÙ#≈ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çlˆÏày¤˛#ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
!ܲ xAÜ%˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ Ó%!ÂôÙyl⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xl%§rôyl°ÓÂô !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚
ܲyç §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄ ô%Ù˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ !ܲ !§Âôyhs˝!ê˛ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ñ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚yàƒ Óƒy!ô@˝ÃhflÏ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
26 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛í˛z !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Î!ò ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ ~ܲòÙ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl
!lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ !ã˛hs˝l ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ~•z ˆÎ ~!ê˛ !lˆÏç
ܲÓ˚y⁄ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ – ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%ô%
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!Ó˚ˆÏá Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyd§_¥yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y– ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ xÌ≈Ó• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õy_ Óy ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
åNature of Psychological Dataä ı ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •°ı
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õy_ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ åܲä çlï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ ı ~•z ï˛ˆÏ̃ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî lyly• ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎÙl ı lyÙñ ÓÎ˚§ñ !°Aàñ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ï˛y!Ó˚áñ §ˆÏ•yòˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒyñ
í˛zͧ •ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° lyly!Óô ï˛Ìƒ !¢«˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢yñ ˜ÓÓy!•Ü˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆ§•z ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ í˛z˛õy_ !ë˛Ü˛ylyñ çy!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yñ ˆ˛õ¢y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ӈϰ (Data) (Singluar = Datum) – Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆày˛õl Óy xyÎ˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
≤Ãܲy¢ƒ xyã˛Ó˚îñ Óƒ!=˛!˲!_ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ åáä ˆË˛Ôï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ı ~•z !Ó˲yà!ê˛Ó˚ xhs≈˝àï˛ •° Ó›ï˛y!sfܲ
§yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– í˛z˛õy_ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ å˛õy•yí˛¸#‡ÙÓ˚%xM˛° ‡ ÓlË)˛!Ùäñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyñ
ï˛Ìƒ (Input) !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ ~à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyñ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ âˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
!ܲS%È §#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ùyl ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ §%!Óôy§Ù)•ñ Îyï˛yÎ˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~Ùl §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓlyñ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ åàä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛z˛õy_ ı !ܲS%È xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ly Ë%˛° ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ê˛y ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ
ˆÓyV˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫yô#l §_¥y lÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ xÓ§yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyeyñ àƒy°Ë˛y!lܲ !flÒl ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛ƒy™
(GSR)ñ •z•z!ç (EEG) myÓ˚y Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õñ
âê˛lyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Îy ï˛_¥ G ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ í˛z˛õy_ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyeyñ fl∫ˆÏ≤¿Ó˚ ôÓ˚lñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ â%ˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆË˛Ôï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ âê˛lyñ ç!í˛¸ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ Îál !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y°ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ °y°y«˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùylñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫yô#l lÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y °yÊ˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ •yÓ˚ å≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeä ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y
Îál ~ܲy Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál ˆÎ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚î •Î˚–
ܲ!Ó˚ Îál ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Óy âˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ Ìy!ܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y åâä ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛Ìƒ ı ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y
Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !môyˆÏÓyô ܲÓ˚ !ܲv •Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°ñ Ó%!Âôñ
Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Órô%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÌyˆÏܲy ï˛ál ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛cñ xy@˝ à •ñ Ù) ° ƒñ §, ç l¢#°ï˛yñ xyˆÏ Ó àñ ˆ≤Ã£Ï î yñ
~ê˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲòÙ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚ñ xôƒy§ñ ºyhs˝!ÓŸªy§ñ xÙ%°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ
~ܲ•z xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ å§yˆÏ˲≈ñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ !ÓºÙñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆã˛ï˛lyñ Óƒ!=˛ï˛y!sfܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛î •zï˛ƒy!òä ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒG x!˲K˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒ!ò–
åˆÎÙlñ Óƒ!=˛ Óy ˆày¤˛#ñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Óy Ó,Âôñ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy flf#ñ ¢•%ˆÏÓ˚ Óy í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z!=˛ ï˛Ìƒñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲSÈ%ê˛y
@˝ÃyÙƒ •zï˛ƒy!òä í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ à%î Óy fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛– ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛‡!l¡¨ñ •Ñƒy‡lyä
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ˆÎñ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ §y!Ó˚!Ólƒy§ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛ÙˆÏÓyôܲ ï˛Ìƒ (Ordinal data) ≤Ãòyl
ˆlˆÏÓ ï˛ál ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆ§ G•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •°ñ ≤ÃÌÙñ !mï˛#Î˚ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ •zï˛ƒy!ò Óy ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚
28 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
Óy: 2É1 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ı
1970 §yˆÏ° ò%çl xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ñ !ÓÓ °ï˛yˆÏl åBibb Lataneä ~ÓÇ çl í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° åJohn Darleyäñ ~ܲ!ê˛
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ°y!¡∫Î˚y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyeÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ SÈyeˆÏܲ ≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ GˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ç Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl G•z Ó˚%ˆÏÙ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò%çl
ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ӈϧ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá !ܲv !ܲS%È SÈyeˆÏܲ ~ܲy•z Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– SÈyeÓ˚y ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ•z ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÊÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˲Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– ˆôÑyÎ˚yˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛lñ ã˛yÓ˚ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ó˚%Ù!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆÎ Ÿªy§ !lˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆÏòáˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •!FSÈ°– °yï˛yˆÏl ~ÓÇ í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z
çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ˆÎ SÈyeÓ˚y Ü˛ï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Ó˚%Ù ˆSȈÏí˛¸ xy˛õÍܲy°#l áÓÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà SÈye å75 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ÎyÓ˚y ~ܲy
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˆôÑyÎ˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv ÎyÓ˚y ò°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ü˛Ù– ˆÎ òˆÏ° !ï˛lçl fiÌyl#Î˚
SÈye !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 38 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ áÓÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ò%•z çl §•ˆÏÎyà# !SÈ°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !ܲS%È ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
!òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ùye 10 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ SÈyeÓ˚y•z ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
30 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ (Randomly)ñ Îy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z Ó!•ıfiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ùyl §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ
ã˛° åextraneous variablesä à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî !lÎ˚sfl !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ° àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ fl∫ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ xlƒ òˆÏ° ¢%ô%Ùye Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §%ã˛yˆÏ@˝Ã xylˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •l– xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÎ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !l˛õ%î
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ñ !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG •ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
åExperimental and Control Groupsä ı ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ã˛°ñ Îy !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z !lÎ˚sfî
˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛lôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÈüÈ ˜ç!Óܲ ã˛°
Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
åorganismic ä åˆÎÙlñ í˛z ˆ Ï m àñ Ó% ! Âôñ Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃË, ˛ !ï˛äñ
ò° •ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z ò° ˆÎ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%î
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ ã˛° åsituational or
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚˛– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛
Environmental variablesä Îy ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
!Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl xyGÎ˚yçñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ xyo≈ï˛yä ~ÓÇ
•Î˚ñ !ܲv ¢%ô% Ùye ~•z ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ã˛°
xl%ܲ !Ùï˛y §¡∫rô#Î˚ ã˛° åSequential variablesä– xl%ܲ !Ùï˛y
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ í˛yÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ °yï˛yˆÏl ÈüÈ ~Ó˚
§¡∫ r ô#Î˚ ã˛° ï˛ál•z à% Ó ˚ % c °y˲ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ Îál àˆÏ Ó £Ï î yÎ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛
ò° !SÈ ° – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y ˙ àˆÏ Ó £Ï î yÎ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ S È ˆÎ xÇ¢
•Î˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ xy°yòy Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ xÓ§yò xÌÓy x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛í˛z í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !SÈ° ly å!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°ä– xlƒ Ó˚%Ù ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îy àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚
ò%çl xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó§y !SÈ° å˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò°ä– ò%!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õÓ˚ !ܲS%È ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xlƒ ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ˛ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õrÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– !ܲS%È ò,T˛yhs˝ !lˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
˛õÓ˚ñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòlyˆÏܲ åˆôÑyÎ˚y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ä ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈§¡õyòlyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà · ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •ˆÏ° Ó!•ıfiÌ ã˛°à%!°ˆÏܲ •…y§
ï% ˛ °ly ܲÓ˚ y •Î˚ – ~áyˆÏ l ˆòáy ˆàˆÏ S È ˆÎ !lÎ˚ ! sf ï ˛ òˆÏ ° ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛y•z ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ òyÓ˚%î ˛õrÌy
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y xy˛õyÍܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ÓyÓ˚ •ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ – ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚#«˛îˆÏܲ ¢∑ˆÏÓ˚yô# Óy Óyï˛yl%Ü)˛°
fiÌylñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyGÎ˚yç ~ÓÇ
!mï˛#Î ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° åˆÎ òˆÏ° §•ˆÏÎy!àÓ˚y !SÈ°ä ÎyÓ˚y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ ò%Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
Ü˛Ù xy˛õÍܲy!°l !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîñ · x˛õ§yÓ˚î åEliminationä §Ó§ÙÎ˚ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~•z
˛õÓ˚ # «˛îÙ) ° ܲ !l˛õ% î ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y°ly (Experimental ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y
manipulation) SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §ÙhflÏ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ · ˜ç!Óܲ åÎÌyÈüÈ˲Î˚ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyä ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ã˛° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åÎÌyÈüÈ@˝ÃyÙñ ¢•Ó˚ñ çy!ï˛ñ §yÙy!çܲñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyä
ï˛yÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l– çlƒ §ò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚îG˛ åMatchingä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ –
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ˆôyÑÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ G xlƒylƒ xÓfiÌy !•§yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– xÌÓy §Ù@˝Ã ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛
!ï˛l!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z !SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ò,¢ƒ ˆçyí˛¸ !•§yˆÏÓ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
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32 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
§•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy åCorrelational Researchä ı ÙyˆÏl Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– xyÓyÓ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚G
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y
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ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎñ §•à!ï˛ §•àyAܲ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ôlycܲñ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ0É2 Óy É03– ~!ê˛ ~•z !lˆÏò≈¢
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§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z Óy ò%!ê˛ ã˛° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ lÎ˚–
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ åyä ÙyˆÏlÓ˚G Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Îál x ã˛°
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2004 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ Úxyí˛zê˛°%ܲ §yÆy!•Ü˛Û Ùƒyày!çˆÏlÓ˚ §%á#ñ 11 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ˆ°yܲ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï ò%•z!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà ˛õˆÏÓ˚l xÌ≈yÍ
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2ù ˆÙyê˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ x§%á#ñ 1ù xï˛ƒhs˝ x§%á#ä ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ 36 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y àyl ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ
í˛z_Ó˚òyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆlGÎy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 47 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ 23 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl Órô%§Aà í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ 15 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl
Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ó•z §%á#ñ 28 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ӈϰl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
38 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ˆÜ˛ï˛y!Ó Ó%!Âô •zï˛ƒy!òä ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y
à%îyÓ°#ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ l¡∫Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ä Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ (Limitation of psychological Enquiry) ı
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy G §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
!§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ òˆÏ°Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l xÌÓy ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒG ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ ˆÎ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓı
˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y 1É ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)lƒ !Ó®%Ó˚ x˲yÓ ı
•zˆÏï˛y˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ò¢Ù ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xˆÏAܲ˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åàí˛¸ñ ˆË˛Ôï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õl ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ¢)lƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓñ
ÙôƒÙyl ñ Ë)˛!ÙT˛Ü˛ä !Ó£ÏÙï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ å˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚äñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢#Î˚ Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ùy˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yGñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢)lƒ
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (quartile deviation) xyò¢≈ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ (Standard !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛Ùy˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~!ê˛G °¡∫y–
deviation)ñ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §•àyAà •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)%lƒ !Ó®% ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚•z Ó%!Âô ¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ xÌ≈Ó• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚•z !ܲS%È ly !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl Ó%!Âô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ÙˆÏly!Óò‰Ó˚y Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y xyl%Ùy!lܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢)lƒ
ÙylÓ x!˲K˛ï˛y á%Ó•z ç!ê˛°– ~•z ç!ê˛°ï˛y ò)Ó˚ •Î˚ Îál !Ó®% ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆll ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒy!ò ˛õyˆÏë˛ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆflÒyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù lÎ˚–
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!ò ï%˛!Ù çylˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ~ܲçl §hs˝yl•yÓ˚y Ùy ܲ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆflÒyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü ˛Ù ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yÓ˚ à“!ê˛ ¢%lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x˲#«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ l¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛Ü˛ !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚
•ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §!Iï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÈüÈ 1ñ 2ñ 3ñ 4ñ
Îsfly ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ü˛# xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÉÉÉ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy •° ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ !lÎ˚yÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï%˛!Ù §ÇâÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Óƒ!=˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !mï˛#Î˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y !ÓÊ˛° •ˆÏÓ– ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y Ó•% à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Óƒ!=˛mˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛ˆÏ§•z õyÌ≈ܲƒ lyG
í˛zqÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl¸ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 50 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ •° Óî≈ l yÙ) ° ܲ xyáƒyˆÏ l Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ Ÿ ’£Ï î (Narrative ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ 48ñ !mï˛#Î˚ 47 ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ 40– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈñ
analysis) – ~SÈyí˛¸yG í˛z˛õy_à%ˆÏ°y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ≤ÃÌÙ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– Îál àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î xÌÓy G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ü ˛Ù≤ÃyƈÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §Ùyl lÎ˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ál í˛z˛õy_ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,T˛yhs˝G ÓˆÏê˛–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüÈ ˆÎÙl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ 2É ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ı ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!lçfl∫ ¢∑ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y !Ê˛”˛ ˆlyê˛ñ !ã˛eñ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
§y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆlyê˛ Óy ê˛#ܲyñ x˲#«˛y !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y Îy ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆê˛˛õ‡!˲!í˛G ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ñ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~Ùl ˛õò ÌyܲˆÏÓ Îy
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly xÌÓy ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÃyÆ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ÈÈ ˆÎÙl Ó•%ï˛°
˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ÓÓ˚M˛ñ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚fiÌ xRy!°Ü˛yñ í˛zˆÏí˛¸yçy•yçñ ˆÙˆÏê˛∆y ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ (content analysis) ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà x˲#«˛y í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ ~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y fl∫FSÈ®ˆÏÓyô
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ¢∑Ù)° §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÙÓ˚¢%Ù# àySÈ Óy ≤Ãyî#Ü)˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˛õò§Ù)ˆÏ•ñ
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yàˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ lÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ
ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲˆÏÓ!¢ !ÓÓÓ˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
ˆòˆÏ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ x˲#«˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ •ˆÏï˛G
~ê˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õàï˛ G ˛à%îàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲#«˛yˆÏܲñ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛y
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà•z !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 2 • ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xl%§rôyˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• 39
3É ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ §yˆÏ˛õ« Óƒyáƒy ı ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ !ܲS%È ï˛Ìƒ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy
àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z Óƒ!=˛ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xlƒ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ í˛z˛õy_ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e !ܲS% È ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚ î yÙ) ° ܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏ l
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛– ~•z Óƒyáƒy §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y Óy
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈§¡õyòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ë%˛° ï˛Ìƒ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ê˛”˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ xˆÏß∫£ÏîܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ åˆÎÙlñ ï%˛!Ù á%Ó Ó%!ÂôÙylñ ï%˛!Ù xˆÏÎyàƒä–
myÓ˚y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ÎyÓ˚y §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ~•z çlƒ•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy xyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï xÌ≈ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛§¡õˆÏܲ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §•ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏÓl– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏ°y •Î˚ñ 3É flõT˛#ܲÓ˚î ı àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §ÙyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
Î!ò ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ~•z xÌ≈ ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §y!Ù° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Îál àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• (Ethical issues) ı ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– flõT˛#ܲÓ˚î xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ àˆÏÓ£îy ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çyˆÏly ˆÎñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xÓfiÌyl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆÎÙl !SÈ° ˆï˛Ù!l !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~•zçlƒ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ Îál
~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
!ï˛!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y àˆÏ Ó £Ï î y ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ó l ï˛ál !ܲS% È ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ Î!ò
ål#!ï˛àï˛!lÎ˚Ùä xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ~•z l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y •° ı Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏmà •Î˚ Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ
ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ §¡øyl ≤Ãò¢≈lñ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏî Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
ï˛y x˛õ§yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚–
˛õSÈ®ñ Óòylƒï˛yˆÏܲ §¡øyl ≤Ãò¢≈l xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
4É àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ı ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù «˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yñ lƒyÎ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §%Ê˛° §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
xy!§ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲ!Ó˚ G !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y– ~•z ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚)˛õ l#ˆÏã˛
àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ Óyôƒï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •° ı
ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÏΈÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà
1É ˙!FSÈܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ı ~•z l#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ !lˆÏ ï ˛ •ˆÏ Ó – Îál ï% ˛ !Ù í˛z õ y_ §Ç@˝ à ˆÏ • ˆàSÈ ï˛ál
G˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® xl%ÎyÎ˚# !§Âôyhs˝
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ܲS%È ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ ~ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏô ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y •° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù Îy ï˛òhs˝
ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óy xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çylyˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ !•§yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛
fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ly ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ !§Âôyhs˝
òy!Î˚c xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– ~Ó˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏl
ˆlGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ
ò%!ê˛ §%!Óôy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲñ ï%˛!Ù xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˛õ)Ó˚î
SÈyí˛¸y•zñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Gñ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÜ˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ò%•zñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛°
≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚–
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ çylyˆÏÓ Îy ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
2É xÓàï˛ §¡ø!ï˛ ı ~!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lï%˛l xhs˝ò,≈!T˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
5É í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y ı ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ
§ˆÏAà ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ– xÓàï˛ §¡ø!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ~•z
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ
ï˛Ìƒà%ˆ° Ï y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆày˛õl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)• ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓàï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ˆÏ¢ƒ•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z xy@˝Ã•#
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ
xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyòyl≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y
•zˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛∆ܲ ¢Ü˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛Ê˛°≤ç) í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚
åÎÌyñ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Óy x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ä í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
40 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
˛l!ÌÓÂô ly ܲÓ˚y– xÓ¢ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Ù%რ˛õò
~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– ~•z§Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õy_ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yí˛ l¡∫Ó˚
ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ñ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yñ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°ñ §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ lyÙ!ê˛ xy°yòy ܲˆÏÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£Ïîyñ í˛z˛õy_ñ flõT˛#ܲÓ˚îñ ˛!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ã˛°ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ò°ñ
Ó˚yáy •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ°•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ lT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛yñ xl%Ùylñ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛°ñ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
•Î˚– x˲#«˛yñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §•à!ï˛ñ lÙ≈ñ Ó›!l¤˛yñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ §¡õyòl# x˲#«˛yñ ôlydܲ §•à!ï˛ñ «˛Ùï˛y
x˲#«˛yñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yñ à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ñ ≤ß¿yÓ°#ñ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛yñ o%!ï˛ x˲#«˛yñ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ç!Ó˚˛õñ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ñ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yñ ã˛°–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° Óî≈lyñ ˲!ӣσmyî#ñ Óƒyáƒyñ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Îy í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚yñ í˛z˛õy_ §Ç@˝Ã•ñ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïîñ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%î!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~§Ó âê˛ly ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ xyã˛Ó˚î G x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lG •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ñ ˆÎÙl çl§Çáƒyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ï˛Ìƒy!òñ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ §Çà,•#ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• ˆÎ ï˛_¥ G ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ–
· ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ~Ó˚ l!ÌÓÂôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•î !Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yñ ~Ó˚ l!ÌÓÂôܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚# xÌÓy xÇ¢@˝Ã•î!Ó•#l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° G !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yô#l ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ fl∫yô#lã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
· §•à!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° ã˛° §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà ˲!ӣσmyî# ܲÓ˚y– ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ñ ¢)lƒ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Ùyl˛1É0 ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ 0É0 ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÈüÈ1É0 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ç!Ó˚˛õÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •° !ÓòƒÙyl ÓyhflÏÓï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyˆÏly– §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚
ˆÙ•zˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ß¿ï˛y!°Ü˛yñ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ç!Ó˚˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
· ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y •° xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó›!l¤˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î Îy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl
çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˲#«˛y ˲y£Ïyàï˛ñ ˲y£ÏyÓ!ç≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §¡õyòl# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌÓy ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ §%à˲#Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛§fiê˛y!í˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
· ~§Ó ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Çà,•#ï˛ í˛z˛õy_ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ G à%îàï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y– !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ÇáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !ӈϟ’£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy
à%îàï˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
· ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢)lƒ!Ó®%Ó˚ x˲yÓñ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ à%îàï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óƒyáƒylòyl •° ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y– ˛õÓ˚#«˛î˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˙!FSÈܲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓàï˛ ˛§¡ø!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Ê˛°yÊ˛°
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°y ˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° Îy àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
42 ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ÙylÓ xyã˛Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ !˲!_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 Sensory, Attentional
ThePerceptual
and Bases of Human
Processes Behaviour
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏÈlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
— fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˛xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— xyã˛Ó˚î !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏî §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ –
— õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•îñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
— ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛ §ˆÏAà
§¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–
!Ó£ÏÎÓ˚ ›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ xsfı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î G
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌï˛sf
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ı !çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î–
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ ı xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy
˜ç!Óܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l
There are one hundred and §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ninety-three species of monkeys
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î
and apes. One-hundred and
ninety-two of them are covered with ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î
hair. The exception is the naked Ù%რ˛õò
ape self-named, homo-sapiens. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– Desmond Morris ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛§,!T˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓçy!ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ§!˛õÎ˚ylÓ˚y •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#Ó–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ïy!Î˚ï˛ Ù!hflÏflÒ
ï˛vÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó•% ç!ê˛° xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ç!ê˛° ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ˛˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ï˛yÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝lñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !˲!_ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õà%!°ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ù!hflÏflÒñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
!ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xllƒ xyã˛Ó˚î §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ˛– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚î ˛Óî≈ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚Ó– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎy≈Ó!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈G ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xhs˝/
«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!ŗÙ)• ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢñ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈G Ó%V˛ˆÏÓ–
~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚§ÇflÒÈ,!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ӈϟ’£Ïî–
í˛zò‰Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ï ≤Ãçy!ï˛•z ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó•% ≤Ãçß√ ôˆÏÓ˚ Îál
(Evolutionary Perspective)˛ ~§Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
!lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ ÎyÓ˚y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §«˛Ù
xl%ÎyÎ˚# Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛•z •Î˚– ˆÎÙl Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xl%˛õÙ Óy xllƒ– ~•zÈüÈxllƒï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛Ù ~ÓÇ o%ï˛ï˛Ù ¢yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ çß√ ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÎyàƒï˛y •°
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛Ùï˛y Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛zò‰Óï˛≈ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
~•z !ӈϟª °«˛ °«˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z fl∫ܲ#Î˚ ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ï˛c !Óò‰Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÓ˚l xyô%!lܲ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
~•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§à%!° •° ı
ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– 1ä í˛zß¨ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó,•Í Ù!hflÏflÒ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ K˛ylàï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÎÙl
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÙylÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ !lÎ˚ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ fløÓ˚î!Ü ˛Î˚yñ Î%!=˛ˆÏÓyôñ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfiÌyˆÏl í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ÓÓï≈˛l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Ü ˛!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ 2ä ò%•z ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§yçy •ˆÏÎ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y –
~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §¡õߨ 3ä •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÓ°#° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–
•Î˚ ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ô#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ï˛ ¢ï˛ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ç!ê˛°
Ù)°ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ÓÓï≈˛l §Ω˛Ó– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ÓÇ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í ~ÓÇ x!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ù!hflÏflÒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
çylñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛l ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏl ÙylÓ Ù!hflÏflÒ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ Gçl §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ 2É35 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~ÓÇ
§Ù@˝Ã ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ å•y!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~!ê˛
44 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
0É02¢ï˛yÇ¢ä– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı ÙylÓ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ïç!Óܲ !˲!_
xLjϢÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛– (Biological Basis of Behaviour)
~•z !ÓÓï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl•z §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
xyã˛Ó˚î !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl áyòƒ xˆÏ¡∫£Ïîñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
!¢Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ xyÜ ˛Ùî ˆÌˆÏܲ xydÓ˚«˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •°˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
~à%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!j˛õܲˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛
~•z çyï˛#Î˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ Îy ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xllƒ «˛Ùï˛y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í
˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ âê˛yÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˛ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§à%!° Ó˚§yÎ˚l §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã•îñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃçˆÏß√ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ã˛y!•òy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
§%ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l
§M˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚§yÎ˚l §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_
, #Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf åÙ!hflÏflÒ ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%‹øyܲyu˛ä ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
(Biological and Cultural Roots) ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•≈Ù%á# fl¨yÎ˚% §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ G @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ !òܲ •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_, #Î˚ åMuscles and glandä §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf
àë˛l– ~•z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ xÓòyl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 12 !Ó!°Î˚l !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
Îy xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ~!ê˛Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ï˛ál•z í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ܲ•z˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï˛à%!° í˛z˛õyòyl
G£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%â≈ê˛lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ ˆÜ˛y£Ï ôÁǧ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ñ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛§‰ ~ÓÇ xƒy:l–
•ˆÏï˛˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lyly ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢ •° ˆ§yÙy Óy ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•
x«˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ – ˛Ó•% !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ °«˛î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §M˛y!°ï˛ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ !çˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy– ÙylÓçy!ï˛ !çlà!ë˛ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ•z ~•z !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˆÜ˛y£Ï
!•§yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ xydfiÌ Ü˛!Ó˚ lyñ !Ó˲yçl G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î
~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲS%È §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚yG xyÙÓ˚y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ – ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ• §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙG åˆÜ˛y¢Ó˚§ä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyà%!° !˲ߨôÙ≈# – xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛§ •° !ӈϢ£Ï ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ¢yáy Îy ˆÜ˛y£ÏˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Óí˛¸ ••z ˆ§•z ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ §yÙO§ƒï˛y !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏò¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚– ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛È° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚˛ ܲyç •° ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌÓy
x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xhs˝Ù≈%á# fl¨yÎ˚%§ÇˆÏÓòl @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y– Îál
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õly ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚§yÎ˚l Óy ˜çÓ Ó˚§yÎ˚l xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛
§•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y G ã˛y!•òy §Ù)• xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆí˛lí»˛y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îsf ï˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•zñ
xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˲#£Ïî ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ï¢¢Óç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% í˛zj#˛õly ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• •ˆÏÎ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !lí˛zÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# §Ùhfl hflψÏÓ˚•z ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ – xƒy:l ï˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ å§%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏu˛
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˜ò!•Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÊ%˛ê˛ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflψÏflÒ ~Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ~Ü !Ù!°!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G
!˲!_G xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyl– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲÙä ~•z §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ܲï˛à%!°
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyLjϢ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– «˛%o ¢yáy ≤âyáyÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ãhs˝à%FSÈ Óy
46 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xÓfiÌyl
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ /
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf– fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ Îy
¢=˛ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ åܲˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyhs˝à%FSÈ
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚
òyly ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
!ã˛e 3É2ı §!ߨܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l Ù!hflÏ‹Ò å˛õŸã˛yÍ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ åí˛zôÁ≈àyÙ#
Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ Ùôƒ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˛õÌñ xhs˝ı!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl
~ÓÇ x@˝Ã Ù!hflÏ‹Òä ~ÓÇ xˆÏôyàyÙ# ˛õÌä
cleftä ӈϰ– fl¨yÎ˚% ˜≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl
ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° §!ߨܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ §ÇÜ ˛Ùî åSynaptic Transmissionä å§ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ åxy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛sf
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xƒy:ˆÏl ~•z fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ñ ˙!FSÈܲä x˜Ïl!FSÈܲä
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# §ÙˆÏÓò#
ã˛«%˛ï˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ x◊%à!r̈Ïܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
x◊% @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ ܲyç !lÓ,_
ã˛«%˛ï˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ °y°y!l/§Ó˚î Óyí˛¸yÎ˚
°y°y!l/§Ó˚î !lÓ,_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
•,òflõ®l ô#Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
•,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚
Ó«˛ˆÏ˛õ¢#Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó«˛ˆÏ˛õ¢#Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î âê˛yÎ˚ –
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ •çÙ !Ü ˛Î˚y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Î˚ •çÙ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÙyÎ˚–
xƒy!í» ˛ ly!°l !l/§Ó˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚
xˆÏsfÓ˚ •çÙ!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏsfÓ˚ •çÙ!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÙyÎ˚
48 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §Ù)• Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ܲyçÈ üÈ 3É1
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yà ı §ÙˆÏÓò# G ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#– Î!òG ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏܲ Ó° !ܲS%˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòl xlƒ !Ó˲yà!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ñ !lˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%!°Ó˚ lyÙ !°áˆÏï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%!° ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yá ~ÓÇ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚
ï˛Ó%G ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ò%!ê˛•z ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏï˛–
§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy˛õÍܲy°#l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ Îál ܲyç ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!Ù!lê˛ §ÙÎ˚ òyG ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó° ˙˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ o%ï˛ G ¢!=˛¢y°# ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÙl Î%Âô xÌÓy í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢ˆÏá !lˆÏï˛–
˛õ°yÎ˚l åfight Óy Flightä ˛˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ •çÙ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y §yÙˆÏl ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏÓ– !lˆÏçÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ¢#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ G•z xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ G•z xLjϢÓ˚ fiÌyl G
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ !lıŸªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ñ x!:ˆÏçl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•ñ •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚
à!ï˛ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Gçl •° 1É36 ˆÜ˛!ç ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 100
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ¢!=˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏî §Ç!Ÿ’T˛– ~!ê˛ !Ó!°Î˚l !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– Î!òGñ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò §¡õˆÏܲ≈ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛sf§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !lï˛ƒÜ˛Ù≈ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ï˛Ìƒ !lí˛zÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î
xy˛õÍܲy°#l xÓfiÌy ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ï˛ál ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yà ܲyç G !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛y•z ˆÓ!¢ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyˆÏl ¢yhs˝ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ à%Ó˚% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
åÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ÓÕÒ°ä ̃y°yÙy§
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ˆÎÙl •,òflõ®lñ !lŸªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪy§ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛
§M˛y°l fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– •y•zˆÏ˛õy ̃y°yÙy§
!˛õ!lÎ˚y° @˝Ã!rÌ
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (The Central Nervous System)
Ù!hflÏ‹Òò[˛
§ÙhflÏ fl¨yÎ˚%!Óܲ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w •° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò
xhs˝à≈yÙ# §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ §Ùß∫Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÓôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ K˛ylàï˛ ˆ§ï%˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åܲä Ù!hflÏ‹Ò §%£Ï%‹øy¢#£Ï≈
~ÓÇ åáä §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyu˛– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ Ù%რxÇ¢à%!°Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xÇ¢à%!° ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰
°â% Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òy!Î˚c ≤ÃyÆ ï˛y çylˆÏÓ– !˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ
§%£‹%Ï øyܲy[˛
Ù!hfl‹Ò ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î (The Brain and Behaviour)
!ã˛e 3É5 ı Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙylÓ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ
°«˛ °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌy!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç
~álG ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ – Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ flÒƒyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ
!ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÏÎ ˆÎÙl !ܲS%È Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ù xÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ çlƒ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚ y xyˆÏ S È ˆï˛Ù!l Ó•% ܲyˆÏ ç Ó˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈ T
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ Ù!hflÏ‹ÒÈüÈܲy[˛˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ܲÓ˚îG ܲÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
åBrain Stemä ~ÓÇ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò •ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù §Çàë˛lñ ˛õŸã˛yÍ xÇ¢ åOccipital Lobe ä ò¢≈ l fiÌyl !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ÓÕÒ° åCerebral Cortex) !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!„ï˛–
xyô%!lܲï˛Ù !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~ܲçl ≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚‹Ò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
52 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xƒy!í»˛ly° ܲˆÏê≈˛: !ܲS%È •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù!T˛˛ !lÈ/§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl lyÓ˚#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÎÔl !Óܲy¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù%áƒ
Ó°y •Î˚ ܲ!ê≈˛Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛§ åcorticoidsä ˆò• ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛y ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÏòáy
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîñ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl G˲yÙ åOvumä Óy !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ∈Ïê˛ñ ÎyÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙñ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî – Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ 28 !òl xhs˝Ó˚ ~ܲçl ˆÎÔl ˛õ!Ó˚lÙl §¡õߨ
~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày°ˆÏÎyà âê˛ˆÏ° fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG lyÓ˚#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !í˛¡∫yl% !lı§,ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl hflÏ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ñ ¢Ó˚ # ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˆày°ày° ˲yÓñ
xƒy!í»˛ly° ˆÙí%˛°y ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !l/§Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌy ~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l ˆ◊yl#ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òG ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° –
~ÓÇ lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l– åÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xƒy!í»˛ly!°l G lÓ˚xƒy!í»˛ly!°l ˆÎÔl !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏçˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÓ˚yl ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆl•z– ~Ó˚ ܲyç
lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ä §ÙˆÏÓò# ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ÎÌy •,òflõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ •° ˛çÓ˚yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ §Ω˛yÓƒ !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫yl% @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y–
à!ï˛ Ó,!Âôñ x!:ˆÏçl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ !Ó˛õyܲ#Î˚ à!ï˛ñ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ ¢!=˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãçll §¡∫rô#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ôܲ §Ó˚° ÌyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î
•zï˛ƒy!ò ~•z ò%!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !l/§Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly }ï%˛ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ˆÏl•z – ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢%Ü ˛y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~!˛õˆÏl!Ê ˛l G lÓ˚~!˛õˆÏl!Ê˛l xyÓyÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ¢%Ü ˛ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl lyˆÏÙ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› åStressorä §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î •Î˚– Ù%რ~ˆÏu»˛yˆÏçl •° ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l–
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÙl
•Î˚– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ Ù%á ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ܲt˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Ó˚
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ı àyΩ˛#Î≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ– ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚l ~Ó˚
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Î˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xAà ÎyÓ˚ Ù%რí˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ ˛yô ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚G §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~!ê˛ •zl§%!°l lyˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !•ï˛§yôˆÏl §Ü˛° •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zl§%!°l ÎÜ,˛ÍˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈– •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ !lı§Ó˚î Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xÌÓy ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛ @’y•zˆÏܲyˆÏçl §ÇÓ˚«˛î ˆÏò• ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˲y.ˆÏï˛– Îál §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl •zl§%!°l !lı§,ï˛ ã˛y˛õ Óy ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° Î!ò •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î Ó,!Âô ly
•Î˚ ly ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ Èí˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§ ˆÙ!°ê˛y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xÌÓy §•ç˲yˆÏÓ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!ê˛§– ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ly– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆàylyí˛È ı !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚î ly âê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õ!Ó˚lÙl
ˆàylyí˛È Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢%Ü ˛y¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ G ≤Ãçll ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚– ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ !là≈ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ı
!lÎ˚sfî G ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z §ˆÏAà flf#˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛≤Ãçll !çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ı xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ã!eÎ˚yˆÏܲG !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !lı§Ó˚î x@˝Ã!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ˛õy•z– ~ܲ!ê˛
myÓ˚y !là≈ï˛ ˆàylyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (gonado trophic !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ !çˆÏlÓ˚
hormon) lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl myÓ˚y §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ñ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
xllƒ §Ùy•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢
~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲyˆÏ° ˆàyˆÏlyˆÏí˛yê˛∆!Ê˛Ü˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ flõfiê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ã˛e ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚§)!ã˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚
!lı§Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ åÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 10 ˆÌˆÏܲ 14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ä
§)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ ˛õ)Ó≈çlˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ïò!•Ü˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ˆÏàylyí˛ˆÏܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚˛ çlƒ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚
Ó°y •Î˚ ˆçˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛§ ågeneticsä Óy ≤Ãçll !Óòƒy– !¢¢%Ó˚ ç#Ól
Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ù%რG ˆàÔî ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ åÙyï,˛ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚–
!í˛¡∫yl% !˛õï,˛ˆÏò•˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ¢%Ü ˛yl% myÓ˚y !l!£Ï=˛ •Î˚ä Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ–
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏçˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÓ˚yl í˛zͲõߨ
çy•zˆÏàyê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ˆÜ˛y¢ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 53
ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Ù)•– §Ù§ÇáƒÜ˛ !°Aà ˆÜ ˛ yˆÏ Ù yˆÏ ç yÙ å Sex Chromosome ä xÌ≈ y Í ˆÎ
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !çl §• !˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙÈüȈçyí˛¸y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !°Aà !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§)ˆÏe !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– !çl åGenesä ı
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ åchromosomesä ı ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl •° ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~•z !çl §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆçyí˛¸y ˆçyí˛¸y ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲyÎ≈ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ܲï≈,˛c ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l í˛zͲõߨ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˛õ,Ìܲ !ܲv ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ç#!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyl#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛ ô %Ó åConstantä – çll ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z!˛õܲ åPhenotypicä ≤ð«˛î à%!°Ó˚ ˛Ó!•≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏܲG
!lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ò,¢ƒÙyl ≤ð«˛îà%!°ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ
å¢%Ü ˛yl% G !í˛¡∫yl%ä 23!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚
åˆÎÙlñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛lñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ ¢!=˛ñ Ó%!Âô ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚ lÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ≤Ãçß√ §,!fiê˛ •Î˚ ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ≤ð«˛îä ˆÎ§Ó ≤ð«˛î §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
!í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ ~Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî–
•Î˚ !çlàï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ
àË≈˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ 46!ê˛
(genotype) ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyô%!lܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 23!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ
~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z!˛õܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
23!ê˛ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •yçyÓ˚
!˲ߨï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚–
•yçyÓ˚ !çl– Î!òG ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ å!˛õï˛yÓ˚ä !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ åÙyï˛yÓ˚ä ˆÌˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !çl !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
!çˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ 3É2
(Mutation) – ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y•z ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˲ߨï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l
!lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ı
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï˛≈l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓòƒÙyl !çˆÏlÓ˚
ÚÚÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !lí˛zÓ˚lñ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚ï˛_¥ !Óò‰ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y–ÛÛ
§ˆÏAà lï%˛l !çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%lı§ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– lï%˛l
~ܲò° ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆ«˛ Ó°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ xlƒò° ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó°ˆÏÓ– §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ ~•z !çl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢•z !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ çlƒ
xy°yòy •Î˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚– ¢%Ü %˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ 23l¡∫Ó˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÎyàƒï˛Ù–
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óí˛¸•yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x«˛Ó˚ X xÌÓy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ ı xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚î
Y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– Î!ò X ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%Ü ˛ˆÏܲy¢ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy¢ˆÏܲ !l!£Ï=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ (Cultural Basis : Socio-Cultural Shaping of
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫yl%!ê˛Ó˚ 23 l¡∫Ó˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y!ê˛ Behaviour)
•ˆÏÓ XX ~ÓÇ !¢¢%!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ Ü˛lƒy!¢¢%– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Î!ò Y ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ôyÓ˚îy
¢% Ü ˛ ˆÏ Ü ˛y¢ !í˛¡∫ ˆ Ï Ü ˛y¢ˆÏ Ü ˛ !l!£Ï = ˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ï˛ˆÏ Ó 23 l¡∫ Ó ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% xyã˛Ó˚î ˛•Ó˚ˆÏÙyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸y!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ XY ~ÓÇ !¢¢%!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï !¢¢%– ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•% xyã˛Ó˚î §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ–
ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !l!Ù≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy
ӈϰ !í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ åDeoxyribonucleic ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lÎ˚sfˆÏl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
Acid Óy DNAä– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çl Ù)°ï˛ !í˛É~lÉ~ xl% myÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !lÎ˚sfî
!l!Ù≈ï˛ – ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤ð«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ åTraitä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y !çl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆï˛Ù!l ÓyôyôÓ˚y å!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õƒyê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ä ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ
!lÎ˚sfܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z fiÌyˆÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îy ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï˛≈Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y fl∫ï˛sf ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ÙylÓ
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆçyí˛¸yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !çl xÓ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚ ~ܲÙye Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù •° ï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% ˆ«˛Ïe ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
54 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xyÙÓ˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚î ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xlƒylƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åˆÎÙl •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yï˛ áyGÎ˚y xÌÓy ã˛yÙã˛ñ ܲyê˛yã˛yÙã˛
ç#Óçhs%˝Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ç!ê˛°ï˛Ó˚– ~•z ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ S%È!Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ áyGÎ˚yä –
~•z ˆÎñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛° Îy xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl•z– ~ˆÏ§yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)° çy!l Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ç#ÓçvÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆîÏ ~ܲ•zÓÜ˚ ˛Ù
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ú«%˛ôyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl G ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ âˆÏê˛– ˆÎáyˆÏl ç#ÓçvÓ˚
˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚î á%Ó•z §Ó˚° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ xô#l å§Ó çv•z
§yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒñ !ܲv Ùyl%£Ï ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)!ï≈˛˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲäñ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xï˛ƒhs˝ ç!ê˛°– ˆÎÙlñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ !lÓ˚y!Ù£Ï Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y ~ï˛•z ç!ê˛° ˆÎ ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛yô#l !Ü ˛Î˚y
áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z xy!Ù¢y£Ï#– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!lÓ˚y!Ù¢y£Ï# Óy x!Ù¢y£Ï# •°– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÓ˚y!Ù¢y£Ï# !í˛Ù Ù%რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° §Aà# ÙˆÏlylÎ˚l– ~•z ÙˆÏlylÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ë!_ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z !í˛Ù áyÎ˚ ly– ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚⁄ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒy˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔl xyã˛Ó˚Èî ~SÈyí˛¸yG !Ó!˲ߨ !lÎ˚Ùñ xyò¢≈ñ
~ï˛ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ xyˆÏÓ˚y Î!ò xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ xy•zl myÓ˚y ¢y!§ï˛ •Î˚– Î!òG ~§Ó !lÎ˚Ù ~ÓÇ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏÓ áyòƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyò¢≈§Ù)• ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚G
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ xyô%!lܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙäñ Îy ~ˆÏܲ ˜ç!Óܲ §M˛y°l ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy
lyÙ §Ùyç ç#Ó!Óòƒy ~ÓÇ Îy ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒylƒ
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlàî myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ – xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˜ç!Óܲ §M˛y°ˆÏl ¢%ô%Ùye
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Úxhs˝Ë)≈˛!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÛÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y•z •° ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ¢%ô%Ùye ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚•z˛
xÌ≈ •° ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãçll Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÛ åˆÎÙl !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒ §Ù)•ñ
àï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî âê˛ˆÏÓ– àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî ÎyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛Ü˛àî ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ä– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛l
§yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl åˆÎÙl ˛õ)Ó≈Ó˚yàñ ≤Ãçllñ ¢%ô%Ùye xyhs˝ıÓÇ¢#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚– ôyÓ˚îy §Ù)• §M˛y!°ï˛
!¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°läñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˜ç!Óܲ §¡∫rô myÓ˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ç#Ó§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ •Î˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yÓ˚yG ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓÙ)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyò¢≈ !•§yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ˜ç!Óܲ ~•z ò%•z≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §yò,¢ƒÙÎ˚– ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
≤ÃÓlï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~!ê˛ §yÇây!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !¢ál myÓ˚y ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ~˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ˆ••z!í˛ ˆÜ˛°yÓ˚ åHeidi Keller)ñ ~ܲçl ≤Ãáƒyï˛ xÌ≈yÍ ï˛yÓ˚y fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ ly ly!ܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y
ÙˆÏly!Óòñ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ÓÇ¢àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yˆÏܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl Ù)°Ü˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛ï˛ §%fiÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
!çl ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢ ӈϰ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ åˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyã˛Ó˚î!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ §¡õߨ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ä
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚– !ï˛!l ÚÓÇ¢àï˛ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈlñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)°Ü˛Ìy §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˜Ïmï˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ x!hflÏc
•° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%ò«˛ ≤Ãy!Æ âˆÏê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z– ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl•z– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §¡õߨ •Î˚ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ §¡õߨ
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ •Î˚ Úí˛zÑã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lã%˛Û ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §hs˝ylä
ÓÇ¢àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚– ~•z §M˛y°l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •Î˚ Ú!lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zã%˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚Û åÎÌy !¢¢% ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä – ˜mï˛ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Î!òG
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓÇ¢àï˛ §M˛y°l ~Ùl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˜ç!Óܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ !˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyç
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
xllƒ ÙylÓ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyhs˝ıÓÇ¢#Î˚ !¢ál å!¢«˛l ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
58 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î Î!òG ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y (Parents)
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ú@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒÛ xyã˛Ó˚î !lÙ≈yl •ˆÏÓ– ï˛Ìy!˛õ !¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ •°
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ܲÙ%á# lÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚– !¢¢% !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ myÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚yG ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !ܲS%È xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z§Ó §ÙyˆÏçñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ §yÙy!çܲ ò° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ í˛zͧy• òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l Óy!ã˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ åˆÎÙl ≤âǧy
Óƒ!=˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ ˆ§ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚ä xÌÓy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õˆÏÌ åˆÎÙl ã˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ°ê˛ !ܲˆÏl
≤ÃÓç l åMigration) Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAàñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢%ôÙ% ye ~ܲÓyÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy !¢¢%Ó˚ xyܲyA«˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› !òˆÏÎ˚ä– ï˛yÓ˚y
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î •Î˚ ï˛y lÎ˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ ç#!Óï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° !˲ߨ !˲ߨ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÓ˚%ͧy!•ï˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚l x§•Ùï˛ Ù)°Ü˛
˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lı §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y xyhs˝ı§yÙy!çܲ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî §yò,¢ƒ á%шÏç ˛õy•z ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòl ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛˛õy•z– ò%•z!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y•z xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÏÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyl– !¢¢%Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚Ü
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°– §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢ál ~ܲ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚l
!¢«˛î– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏܲñ !˛õï,˛cÈüÈÙyï,˛c ˆÜ˛Ô¢° (Parenting Style) Ó°y •Î˚–
ˆl•z– §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ܲï,˛≈ c˛õ)î≈ (Authoritative)ñ ˆfl∫FSÈyã˛yÓ˚# (Authoritarian) ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!°Æ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà àîï˛y!sfܲ (Democratic)ñ Óy xl%ˆÏÙyòlܲyÓ˚# !˛õï,˛cÈüÈÙyï,˛c
!¢ál•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!°Æ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ âˆÏê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– àˆÏÓ£ÏlyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ï˛y•z §•ˆÏç•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !lˆÏçÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ G !lÎ˚sfî Ù)°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛˛Ó•% ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% !¢ál §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l åòy!Ó˚oƒñ x§%fiÌï˛yñ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛y˛õñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÎÔÌ Ê˛°ñ ˲y£Ïy !¢ál ~ܲ!ê˛ §%®Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ä •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó•z ï˛yÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál•z âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yˆÏÓl ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚Ùy
˲y£ÏyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ≤ÃÌ!Ùܲ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òy Óy òyò% !ò!òÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ â!l¤˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î !¢«˛yñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£Ïy !˲ߨ xlƒË˛y£ÏyÓ˚
§¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xÌÓy
!¢álñ ˆÎÙl ~ܲçl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y!˛õÎ˚yl !¢¢%Ó˚ !•!®ñ xÌÓy ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚–
~ܲçl !¢¢%Ó˚ Ê˛Ó˚y!§ ˲y£Ïy !¢«˛y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛
!Óòƒy°Î˚ (School)
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
!Óòƒy°Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô (Socialisation Agents) !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyê˛yÎ˚ ï˛y•z !Óòƒy°Î˚ •ˆÏ°y ~Ùl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó•% Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ~•z Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚÚ§yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà òyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÛÛ – !¢¢%Ó˚ ΈÏbÓ˚ xy•z!l òy!Î˚cG !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛G !Óòƒy°Î˚ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
lƒhflÏ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ Îb ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ÙyôƒÙ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÎ ¢%ô%Ùye
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ x!ç≈ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆÎyàƒï˛yà%!°Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Óܲy¢ K˛ylàï˛ ò«˛ï˛y åˆÎÙl ˛õë˛lñ !°álñ xAܲ ܲ£Ïyä !¢áˆÏSÈ ï˛y
âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓlï˛yà%!° •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ xÌÓy lÎ˚ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y åˆÎÙl ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óy
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% Ó,•Í §¡±òyÎ˚ G §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î
xÇ¢G ÓˆÏê˛ñ xlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ≤Ã˲yÓG åˆÎÙl !¢«˛Ü˛ñ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓä ~§ÓG !¢áˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y
Órô%àîä ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•z §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ lÙ≈ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xydfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ
≤Ã˲yÓà%!°Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 59
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚•z– xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ à%îyÓ!° ˆÎÙl xydÈüÈí˛zòƒÙñ Ó•z ~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çàÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à,• ~ÓÇ
xydÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfîñ òy!Î˚cK˛yl ~ÓÇ §,çl#¢#°ï˛y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy á%шÏç !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y ˛Ó•%
í˛zͧy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §Ó à%îyÓ!° !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ xyd !ç!l£Ï ~•z §ÙhflÏ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚%lÓ˚y
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Î!ò ~•z §M˛y°l §Ê˛° •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆlÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ı ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l
ò«˛ï˛y G K˛yl !¢¢% !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ– ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏl !•ÇflÀï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy !¢«˛Ü˛ G §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛Ó•% ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !•ÇflÀï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÜ ˛Ùlydܲ xyã˛Ó˚î
àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zçˆÏlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ˆÎ xyˆÏÓ˚y í˛z_Ù˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~Ùl!ܲ ò!Ó˚o !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚yG ã˛yl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z§Ó xlyܲy!A«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ly •Î˚–
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ˛˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î åAcculturation)
§ÙÓÎ˚§# ˆày¤˛# (Peer Gropus) ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
Ùôƒ ˜¢¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G Îy xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
§yÙy!çܲ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ Óƒy!ƈÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– ~•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Órô%ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly lï%˛l §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛
à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– Órô%c ¢%ô%Ùye !¢¢%ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §y•y΃ °y˲ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä xÌÓy ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲˆÏe àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óy xlƒˆÏܲyˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓäñ ~!ê˛ ˙!FSÈܲ •ˆÏï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈Ü ˛Ù åˆÎÙl ˆá°yä ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàG ˆòÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
à%lyÓ!° ˆÎÙl xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yñ çlƒ Óy ÓƒÓ§yÓy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˆà°ä xÌÓy x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ
!ÓŸªy§ñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yñ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚îñ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ xyÜ ˛Ùlñ
•zï˛ƒy!ò §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢Ó˚lyÌ≈# •GÎ˚yä– ò%•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z lï%˛l
•Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !¢áˆÏï˛ •Î˚ å~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢ˆÏáä xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y G Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ÈüȈlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç#Ól x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !¢ál G °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xydÈüÈfl∫Ó˚)˛õc !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó•% Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛# !Ó !ê˛¢ ç#Ól
§%àÙ •Î˚ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙÓÎ˚flÒ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜¢°#Ó˚ xyòÓܲyÎ˚òy xyÎ˚c ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ÙyôƒÙ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
§ˆÏAà !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ï˛y•z §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG ÎyGÎ˚y ˛˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÓï˛l˲yï˛y §• ܲyç @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç
âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Ù§,î ˲yˆÏÓ– ˆ˛õy¢yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç Óyܲƒy°y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
àîÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Media Influences) ~ÓÇ ôÙ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏ°ñ àîÙyôƒÙà%!°G §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ âê˛ˆÏï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ à%î xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò)Ó˚ò¢≈lñ áÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyàçñ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál ï˛y âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál lÙ≈ñ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲyçÈüÈ3É4 ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ%î/ !¢ál âˆÏê˛– ~•z §ÙhflÏ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÑyã˛!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ° G !ÓܲyˆÏ° xyôyârê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ çlƒ ˛õ%î/ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
G xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ 4ÈüÈ5 !ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~§Ó lï%˛l !ç!là%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢áy §•ç •Î˚ xyÓ˚ Î!ò ~•z !¢ál
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ñ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §Ê˛° •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– §•ˆÏç •ˆÏÓ ˆÏÎ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˛õ%e ~ÓÇ Ü˛îƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%flõT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ Ù§,î ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy•#l •ˆÏÓ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñxˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛l ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy
60 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ºÙî x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ã˛°!Fã˛e ≤Ãò¢≈l •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚y mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ù)• ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl
˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛T˛Ü˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ åStressä xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!°Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ §•ˆÏç•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îàï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óƒ!=˛ G ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲÙye §Ù§ƒy
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!° §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙlhflÏy!cܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– ˆÎ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xy!Ì≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §y◊Î˚#– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z •z!Aàï˛à%!° ºy!hs˝çlܲ–
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ 3É5
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ÓŸªy§ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ
!Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !ܲS%È Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ˲yˆÏÓ˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– çl ˆÓ!Ó˚ ï˛ÑyÓ˚
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ lyG ~ÓÇ
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãáƒyï˛–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛àï˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ lÙ≈ ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~ÓÇ
§yò,¢ƒ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §• Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó°– !ï˛!l ӈϰl ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#
Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!hflÏc Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚ly •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛•z mˆÏ®µÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ •zFSÈyÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
x!ï˛Óy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óy§lyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ m®µˆÏܲ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y Ùyey–
•ï˛ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ G •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
~ܲÙ%á#ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§¡ø%á#l •ˆÏFSÈl ï˛yÓ˚y àï˛yl%à!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xyô%!lܲ ~ܲ#˲Ól / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y
xÓfiÌyˆÏl x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •l– Î!òGñ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏï˛ x!˲˲y§l !ӣψÏÎ˚•z xy@˝Ã• ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ÎÌy !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ
ܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˆò¢#Î˚ G í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ë)˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyñ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊!Ü ˛Î˚y
Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆÏàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ç!lï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÏÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õrÌy ˆÏàˆÏ° ~ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ܲ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ •Î˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó•%Ù%á# – xy_#ܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y
Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xˆÏlܲ§ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lçfl∫ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ !Óly¢ âˆÏê˛–
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ Ú˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓÛ– !Ó!FSÈߨܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ !lçfl∫
Ó›ˆÏܲ!wܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜òl!®l xyã˛Ó˚î §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛y•z Ù)°ƒ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒ
~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;Î˚y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– ~•z §Ó ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚•z Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õcˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Óy!ß∫ï˛
!lÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl Ó•% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá–
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ò,T˛ •Î˚– ˲y£Ïyñ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛#ܲÓ˚î / ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl á%Ó x“ §Ω˛yÓly
˛ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈòñ ç#!Óܲy!lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÌñ à,• ~ÓÇ à,•§yÙ@˝Ã#ñ Óy xy@˝Ã• ÌyˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
x°ÇܲyÓ˚ñ xy§ÓyÓ˛õeñ !ÓˆÏlyòl ÙyôƒÙñ ≤ÈÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ xlƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚G á%Ó Ü˛Ù xy@˝Ã•
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 3 • ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ 61
˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~§Ó ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àî §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ܲ# ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛˛ !˲!_ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ
ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !§Âôyhs˝•#lï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛Ê˛°ï˛ı x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ à%îyÓ!°Ó˚ çlƒ•z •Î˚ ly–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ˆÎ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
¢%ô% ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !lÎ˚sflyô#l lÎ˚– §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z˛õyòylà%!° ˜ç!Óܲ ≤ÃÓlï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ
xyã˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙyˆÏç !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓÎ˚Ó °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ù)რ¢∑
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~•zÈ˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Óƒy˛õ# §Ù≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•îñ ˛õ)î≈ Óy ¢)lƒ à%î‡l#!ï˛ñ çyàÓ˚îñ xƒy:lñ
!Ó!¢T˛ lÎ˚ñ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îG §Ó≈òy ~ܲÓ˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Ù!hflÏflÒ Ü˛y[˛ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ °â%Ù!hflÏflÒñ à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏflÒñ
ly– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ SÈyí˛¸yG ÙylÓ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙñ ÓAܲ°ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ !í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !çl ˆÎáyˆÏl ˜ç!Óܲ xƒy!§í˛ (DNA)ñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õ !°ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§áyˆÏl xl%ܲÓ˚î ˆ°ˆÏá §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛lñ !çlñ ˆày°yÏô≈ñ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ñ ˆ•yˆÏÙy§ƒy!˛õÎ˚yl§ñ
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õ– !çl ~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚î ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒñ ˆ•yˆÏÙyfiê˛y!§§ñ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲñ
xl%ܲÓ˚îñ fl¨yÎ˚%˜Ï≤Ã!ï˛ñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛Ó!•≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒñ !ܲS%Èê˛y §ò,¢ ˲yˆÏÓñ !ܲS%Èê˛y !Ó£ÏÙ
xƒy!QˆÏ˲!ê˛Ç !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù åRASä ܲAܲy° ˆ˛õ¢#ñ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îñ
˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§yÙy åˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•ä ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ˛≤Ãçy!ï˛ñ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ òyly–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
D Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲy!ê˛ xhs˝§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ñ xï˛ƒhs˝ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî G §ÇˆÏÎyçl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ¢yáy Îy §ÙhflÏ
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı ˆÏò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf åÎy ܲAܲy°ˆÏ˛õ¢#ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ä ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
åÎy xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xAà§Ù)•ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ä– fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò# ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛–
D !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ Îy ˜≤Ã!ï˛@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ xƒy:lñ Îy ˜≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl Óy
ˆ˛õ¢#ï˛vˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛Ñyܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §y•zlƒy˛õ§– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆yl§!Ùê˛yÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈
xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ •Î˚ Îy xlƒ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏl ˛Óyï˛y≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù)° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢ ˛õŸã˛yÍ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò åÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲñ ˆ§ï%˛Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛Ü%˛°yÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ °â%Ù!hflÏ‹Òäñ
ÙôƒÙ!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ Ìƒy°yÙy§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ù)° xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà x@˝ÃÙ!hfl‹Ò ~ÓÇ à%Ó%̊Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚
ˆày°yô≈ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
D !°Ù!Óܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÎÙlñ Î%Âô ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !•ˆÏØyܲƒyÙ˛õy§ñ xƒy!ÙàˆÏí˛°y
~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
D xhs˝/«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ï˛sf ܲï˛à%!° @˝Ã!rÌ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ı ˛!˛õê%˛ƒ•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌñ Ìy•zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ @˝Ã!rÌñ xƒy!í»˛ly° @˝Ã!rÌñ x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆàylyí˛–
D ~•z @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/§,ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë%˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
D ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%!° SÈyí˛¸yG §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÙylÓ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ùl%£ÏƒÈüȧ,T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ
ÎyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y !òܲ xyˆÏSÈñ Ó›àï˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ!wܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲò° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ç#Ól˜Ï¢°# ÎyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈
~ÓÇ xl%¢#°l ÓÇ¢ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÎ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
62 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
D Î!òG ˜ç!Óܲ í˛z˛õyòyl §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §«˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲï˛à%!° ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ §«˛Ùï˛y
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚–
D xyÙÓ˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !¢!á §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!¢«˛y Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˙!FSÈܲ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
D §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛ylñ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° ˆày¤˛# ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲçl ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° •° !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ §ÙÓÎ˚§# ˆày¤˛#ñ àîÙyôƒÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
D ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy xlƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §Çflõˆ¢≈Ó˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ–
˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ~ܲ#˲Ólñ xy_#ܲÓ˚îñ !Ó!FSÈߨ
ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛#ܲÓ˚î–
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly Ù)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
2ä !lÏí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
3ä à%Ó˚%Ù!hflψÏflÒÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆày°yˆÏô≈Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°á– ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
4ä §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚Ï–
5ä xy˛õÍܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yÎ˚ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
6ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
7ä ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §•Ùï˛ ˆÎ Úç#Ó!Óòƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ §«˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È
˛≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚%˛õ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛Û– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
8ä §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%რ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
9ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î G §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
10ä ˛ õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•î ܲ# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù§,î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
11ä ˛ õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õÓ˚§Çfl,Ò!ï˛@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈
ç#Ól ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âôñ !Óܲy¢ñ
˛ õ!Ó˚lÙl ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛l åÓy: 4É1ä–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤çAà–
!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l
≤Ãy܉˛çß√hflÏÓ˚
˜¢¢Ó
I wish I could travel by the road that Óy°ƒÜ˛y°
crosses the baby’s mind, and out beyond !°Aà ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔl Ë)˛!Ùܲy å4É2ä
all bounds; where messengers run ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyôyÈüÈ!Ó˛õ!_–
errands for no cause between the
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ Óyô≈ܲƒç!lï˛ hflÏÓ˚–
kingdoms of kings of no history; where
Reason makes kites of her laws and flies Ù%áƒ˛õò
them, and Truth sets Fact free §yÓ˚yÇ¢
from its fetters. ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy–
– Rabindranath Tagore
64 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏl çˆÏß√Ó˚
˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ñ ˆ§ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Óy xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ àîly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !°áˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚yG !¢ˆÏá ˆlÎ˚– ˆ§
Órô%c fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÔÓlyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓÓy• ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ˛ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ìy!ܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Ñyê˛y ã˛°y ~ÓÇ ò%•z ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛
!¢ˆÏá ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ (Meaning of Development) ÙyˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%Ó!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•z ˆÓylˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆfl¨•Óͧ° ˲yÓ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xAà˲!Aà ܲÓ˚y Óy
xyÙÓ˚y ÎálÈÈ!Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z
~ܲçl !ܲˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆá°yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ò%/áñ §Ó•z •° §yÙy!çܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ˜ò!•Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ Îy ÙylÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yÈüÈ˛Ë˛y•zˆÏÓylñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ~ÓÇ
à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
!˛õï˛yÙ•ñ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ# ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚
Î!òG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ÙˆÏôƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ,Ìܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ
ˆÎ ¢%ô%Ùye ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lÈüÈ•z âˆÏê˛ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç xyÙÓ˚y
˜ç!Óܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hsy ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
§ˆÏAà â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙylÓ
§yÙy!çܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– ÙˆÏl
ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lÈ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ¢%ô% Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §#ÙyÓÂô lÎ˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏl §%§Ç•ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ /
ÌyˆÏܲ– !Óܲy¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ñ §%!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Óy §%¢,C°ñ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲy¢ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚
xl%Ùyl!˲!_ܲ ôÓ˚l Îy çß√°@¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ç#Ól !l¡¨!°!áï˛ xl%Ùylà%ˆÏ°y xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛–
Óƒy˛õ# ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Óܲy¢ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ó,!Âô G «˛Î˚ñ 1ä !Óܲy¢ •° ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ àË≈˛yÓfiÌy
å«˛Î˚ñ Îy Óyô≈ˆÏܲƒ §%!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ä í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ – ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,ÂôyÓfiÌy ˛õÎhs˝ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÓÎ˚/hflψÏÓ˚•z âˆÏê˛
!Óܲy¢ ˜ç!Óܲñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ ≤Ãy!Æ G «˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ç!í˛¸ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛˛ •Î˚– Ùyï˛yÈüÈ!˛õï˛y xyç#Ól à!ï˛¢#°Ë˛yˆÏÓ å~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÆ !çl myÓ˚y !Óܲy¢ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yä ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y
Gçlñ Ù!hflÏ‹Òñ •,òÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ˜ç!Óܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy §Ó•z ˜ç!Óܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ 2ä ÙylÓ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ˜ç!Óܲñ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §)ã˛Ü˛ °«˛î– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
x!˲K˛ï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎÙlÈüÈ !ã˛hs˝lñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ GˆÏï˛yˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ 3ä !Óܲy¢ Ó•%Ùyey˛ §¡õߨ– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyey
≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲy!Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ÈüüüÈ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Óy í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ xlƒ
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒylƒ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÏÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl •…y§G ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
Óy: 4É1 Ó,!Âôñ !Óܲy¢ñ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl ~ÓÇ !ÓÓï≈˛l (Growth, Development, Maturation and Evolution)
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xAàÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒˆÏAàÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ÈüÈxÌÓy §¡õ)î≈ §yï˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyê˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Óô≈lˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô Ó°y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ à%îàï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ í˛z˲Î˚•z ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ àë˛l
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Gçlñ í˛zFã˛ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– ˛õÎ≈yÆ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˜l˛õ%ˆÏîƒÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ç#Ól ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
Ó,!Âô ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l˛ •Î˚– !Óܲy¢ ˛õò!ê˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x≤Ã›ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎyçƒ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃÎ˚y§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y
!l!ò≈T˛ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y !l!ò≈T˛ °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ •Î˚ ly– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãfl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ xfiÌyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛ˆÏÙ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚§yÓ˚!î Îy ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ
ï˛y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ lÎ˚– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âê˛y §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lˆÏܲ•z !ÓÓï≈˛l Ó°y •Î˚–
~ܲ lÎ˚ñ xï˛~Ó xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Ó,!Âôä xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l •° ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy G•z §ÙhflÏ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å!¢¢% ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ •GÎ˚yäñ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å!¢¢%Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
òÑyï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyGÎ˚yä ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y xç≈l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z§Ó•z çlƒ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §«˛Ù– ~•z !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !Óܲy¢ Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xy!ò ÙylÓ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìy ÓylÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ˆÏï˛ xyl%Ùy!lܲ 14 !Ù!°Î˚l
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü ˛ÙˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓÇ¢yl%à!ï˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å~ܲ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ã˛!Õ‘¢ °yáä ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ– xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •ÏÎ˚È ˆÎ Ú≤ÃyK˛
åÓœ%!≤Ãrê˛ä myÓ˚y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Îy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙylÓÛ (Homo sapiens) ÎyÓ˚y xyl%Ùy!lܲ 50ñ000 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
§yò,¢ƒ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢¢%•z !Óly §y•yˆÏ΃ x!hflψÏc xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
66 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ó%!Âôñ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛yñ flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÓ˚!î ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó!FSÈߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !˲ߨï˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !˲ߨï˛y Ìyܲy x!hflÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z •ˆÏÎ˚
§ˆÏ_¥G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˆòˆÏá !ã˛!•´ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ xllƒ Óƒ!=˛–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ı xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ≤ÃyK˛ ÙylÓ– ~Ùl ܲ# ܲyÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ⁄ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ܲ#
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y
§ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚îG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ~ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ù%≈á# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y
ÓÇ¢˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ˆ§ ~Ùl ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó!•Ù%≈!áï˛y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚ y Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ Óï≈ ˛ Ùyl– ~•z ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚
!lÎ˚Ù§Ù)••z Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y Ó!•Ù≈%á# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ãçß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ°# ã˛° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎ ÚáyˆÏê˛yÛ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zFã˛ï˛y §¡õߨ !çˆÏlÓ˚˛Óƒ!=˛ Î!ò xï˛ƒhs˝ §%¤%˛˛ G ˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛!˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢG ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆ§ àí˛¸ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ °¡∫y
§)ˆÏe !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ly– ~ê˛y ò¢≈yÎ˚ ˆÎñ !çl §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ ~•z §#ÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çlàï˛ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !¢¢%Ó˚
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏܲ•z ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çlàï˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ !çl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ çyl ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!£Ï=˛ !í˛¡∫ˆÏܲy£Ï ÙylÓ!¢¢%Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ à% Ó ˚ % c ˛õ) î ≈ Ë) ˛ !ÙܲyG ˛õy°l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ •y!ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲáˆÏly•z §hs˝ylÈüȧhs˝!ï˛Ó˚y ܲ# ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆ§u»˛yflÒyÓ˚
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ly– (Sandrascarr, 1992) !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚
!çlàï˛ §M˛y°l ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyÙÓ˚y §hs˝ylˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y !ܲS%Èê˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Óƒy˛õܲ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò
§ÇáƒÜ˛ !çˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy•yÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ 80ñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y Ó%!ÂôÙyl ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚
000 Óy ï˛yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !çˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §hs˝ylÈüȧhs˝!ï˛Ó˚yG !lˆÏçÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó•z ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
!Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚Ïî ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çlàï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ~•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy myÓ˚y §Ó ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •GÎ˚yG §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– Ù)° ˲yˆÏ°y ˛õyë˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó•zÈüÈ˛õí˛¸yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà
!çlàï˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ˙!ï˛•ƒˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ åÎy ˆ§ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ myÓ˚y
!çˆÏ l yê˛y•z ˛ õ (genotype) Ó°y •Î˚ – Î!òG xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈä ˆÎÙl §•ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •GÎ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)ˆÏ• §ÙhflÏ !çlàï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ §%áܲÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ò,¢ƒÙyl xÌÓy §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏÎyàƒ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚y
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ x§•ˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !¢¢%Ó˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z Ú!çl≤ÃÓ˚)˛õÛ Óy ÚˆçˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ (phenotype) Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !lˆÏçÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ Gçlñ ˆã˛yá G cˆÏܲÓ˚ !çl≤ÃÓ˚)˛õ Óy ˆçˆÏlyê˛y•zˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢¢%Ó˚y §Aà#ï˛ñ ˆá°yô)°y
Ó˚Ç ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ Ó%!Âôñ •zï˛ƒy!ò §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ~Ùl
§,çl¢#°ï˛y ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛c– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ò,¢ƒÙyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ §Çà#ï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ≤ð«˛î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ xyhs˝/!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲçl ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸G ˆá°yô)°y
˛õ!Ó˚îyÙÙye– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çyl ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ •° !çlàï §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Îy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆáÑyç áÓÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜¢¢ÓyÓfiÌy
~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~•z !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ !çl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y !çˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°yG ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ç!ê˛°–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 4 • ÙylÓ !Óܲy¢ 67
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ Üœ ˛ y§ Ù!lê˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ !lÓ≈ y ã˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ !˲!_
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ SÈye •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó,•ÍÙ[˛°
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl !çlàï˛ ly!ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ !ÓŸ
~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !¢¢% ˆÎ ly!ܲ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó%!ÂôÙylñ Î!ò ÓôyÓ˚y Óy•ƒÙ[˛° ªy§
˲y Óy•ƒÙ[˛°
ˆ§ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x!Ë˛Óƒ=˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ly çyˆÏl ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§ ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù Órô% ÓyrôÓ °â%Ù[˛° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#
68 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%flõT˛ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ à,•ñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ §•˛õyë˛# •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ ÙylÓ ç#Ól !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏ ˆ Ï Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù x@˝ à §Ó˚ •Î˚ –
à!ë˛ï˛– §%flõT˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚ Îy !¢¢%Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲyˆÏ° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚SÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Óy›!ÓòƒyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyÏlà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüÈ åܲä ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ñ x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ !˲ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z
§òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ çyÎ˚àyñ ˆá°lyñ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ù)°Ü˛ ÎsfÓƒÓfiÌy ~ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# °«˛î Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
•zï˛ƒy!ò– åáä !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õë˛l ˛õyë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ à%îyÓ!° !¢¢% x!˲ߨï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï hflψÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüȧ%!Óôy§Ù)• °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ÈüÈ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy §«˛Ùï˛y Îy !òˆÏÎ˚
åàä !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Óy°ƒÜ˛yÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆá°yÓ˚ §yÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §Ù)•– ܲyç ı 4É1
~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ˆÜ˛Ùl •Ïï˛ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲy
!ܲv !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙhflÏ §%ˆÏÎyà §%!Óôy
!¢¢% Óy›ï˛ˆÏsf Ú˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l#Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚Û x•Ó˚• Ú§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛Û ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ó Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲ åxÌÓy ~Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒ!=˛ Ó,•Í G à˲#Ó˚ !l!•ï˛– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ Î!ò í˛zˆÏŒê˛y •ï˛ä– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y òˆÏ° ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙlñ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl lÎ˚– Óy›!ÓòƒyÓ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒñ !lÓ˚«˛Ó˚ï˛yñ ò)£Ïîñ çl§Çáƒy •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓT˛l# hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÈüÈ åÜ˛ä §yôyÓ˚î xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆË˛Ôà!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆá°yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ §%ˆÏÎyàÈüȧ%!Óôy
~ÓÇ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °Ë˛ƒ xlƒylƒ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ÎyˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óƒ!=˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ü,˛!ï˛c xÈçl≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ xlƒylƒ
Ó§!ï˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !Ë˛í˛¸ñ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ï˛y åáä çy!ï˛ñ ˆ◊!îñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚
Óî≈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãò_ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î ˆàˆÏSÈl– !lı§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲ
§% ˆ Ï Î yà §% ! Óôy ÎÌyÈüÈ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç°ñ !Óò% ƒ Í ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó yñ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ hflψÏÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
xyˆÏÙyòÈü≤ÈÏÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò– ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
ò,¢ƒÙyl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ~ˆÏܲ ò«˛ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï hflψÏÓ˚•z á%Ó §•ç ~ÓÇ §Ê˛° ˲yˆÏÓ !¢ál
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~•z §Ç§yôl Óƒ!=˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z
hflψÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ç#ÓlÜ ˛ˆÏÙ
ï˛y•zñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ï˛yÓ˚ Óy›ï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲï˛y ˆòáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚–
≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈçß√hflÏÓ˚ (Prenatal Stage)
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
(Overview of Development Stages) àË≈˛ôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ~•z hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ã˛!Õ‘¢ §Æy•
!Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° Óy hflÏÓ˚ ~•z ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏlSÈñ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚
¢ˆÏ∑ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˲y•zˆÏÓyl Óy !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ~Ùl!ܲ ï%˛!Ù !lˆÏçG !Ó!˲ߨ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãy܉˛çß√ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚Ü˛Ù xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˲Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ñ ˆòáˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !ë˛Ü˛ ≤Ãy܉˛ çß√hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ Ùyï,˛§¡∫rô#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y G
xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z ˛ÓƒÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ñ ˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛
ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌy– ≤Ãy܉˛çß√hflψÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà §ÇÜ ˛Ùî !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xyˆÏSÈ– í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl
70 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆê˛!Ó° 4É1 lÓçyï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛!Ü ˛Î˚y /
≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y Óî≈ly !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
ˆÓ˚y!ê˛Ç ày°ˆÏܲ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌy ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏly 3ÈüÈ6 ÙyˆÏ§•z !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~ÓÇ Ù%á ˆáy°y
ˆÙyˆÏÓ˚y Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛#Ó xyGÎ˚yç •Î˚ ï˛ál !¢¢% 6ÈüÈ7 ÙyˆÏ§•z ~!ê˛ !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÙÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ åÎ!òG ï˛#Ó xyGÎ˚yç ~Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y fiÌyÎ˚# Reflex
Óy•%ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–ä
Rooting
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•%ˆÏܲ ~ܲ §ˆÏAà
!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎl !ܲS%È xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Moro
xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚y Îál !¢¢%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ xy.%° xÌÓy xlƒ 3ÈüÈ4 ÙyˆÏ§•z !Ó°%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yl Ó› myÓ˚y ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÑÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
xy.%°à%!° ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚– Óò° •Î˚–
ˆÓ!ܲˆÏl!flÒ˛ Îál !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ •y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ ˆê˛yܲy 8ÈüÈ12 ÙyˆÏ§•z ~!ê˛ !Ó°%!Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚
Grasp
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˛õòyAà%!° ï˛ál §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ 9
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ Ù%ˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
Babinski
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ xÌy≈Í ~!ê˛ •° Ó› fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚
ÙˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– !¢¢%Ó˚y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ lyly ˙!FSÈܲ x˲yÓˆÏÓyô ~•z!ê˛ ˆ§•z ˆã˛ï˛ly Îy Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G
ï˛ÌƒyÓ!° xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îy xyê˛ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛yˆÏ° lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎñ ˜¢¢ÓyÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ÓfiÌy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïyàï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !˲!_ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ •Î˚˚ åˆê˛!Ó° 4É2 ˆòáä– ÌyˆÏܲ 3 ˆÌˆÏܲ 6 Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ xfl≥%˛ê˛ Óy܉˛myÓ˚y
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚ôÁ!l ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
˛õ!Ó˚˲y!£Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ˛ õrÌy˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ˛ xyÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl lÎ˚– §yÙy!çܲ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ !Óܲy¢
~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ (Socio-emotional Development)
~ܲ!ê˛ xyê˛ Ó£Ï#≈Î˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛§ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §yÙy!çܲ ≤Ãyî#– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%
˜¢¢Ó ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢% xÌ≈yÍ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ù%áà%ˆÏ°yˆÏÏܲ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y!Î˚Ç
ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ ày!@≈’Ç ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyñ flõ¢≈ñ Ù%á !òˆÏÎ˚ xyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ SÈÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyê˛ ÙyˆÏ§ !¢¢%Ó˚y x!ôܲ §M˛Ó˚î¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ
§y•yˆÏ΃ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆlÎ˚– lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óy§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ìyܲyê˛y x!ôܲ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˆ§ lï%˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ !ç!l§ !¢¢%Ó˚ ò,!T˛ xˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏàyã˛Ó˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù%á ˆòˆÏá Óy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚ ï˛ál
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl ˆá°ly ˆ§ ˲Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚ ܲyߨy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛Ó˚yà ˆòáyÎ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
°%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yá ˆÎê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál ˆSÈyR !¢¢% ~Ùl ˛õ%l!Ù≈°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ •y!§ñ xy!°Aàl myÓ˚y ˲yÓ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎl !ܲS%È•z •Î˚!lñ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§ ˆá°ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – !¢¢% ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ å˛õy°lܲï≈ ˛ yä ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ˆÎ
ly ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ê˛y ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆá°ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ˆl•z– xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ Órôl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xl%Ó˚yà (Attachment)
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ Ó°y •Î˚– •yˆÏ°≈y ~ÓÇ •yˆÏ°≈y ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚˛ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyê˛ â^˝ê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫!hflÏÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ çß√ •Î˚ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ܲˆÏ«˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ~ÓÇ SÈÎ˚ Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ú§Í ÙyÛ myÓ˚y
~Ùl ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z çà͈Ïܲ Îy !lÓ˚y˛õò ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
fiÌyl ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓyô
ï˛Ìy xlƒ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õí˛¸ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚– xˆÏô≈ܲ ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyFã˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
§%áyl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° x!˲˲yÓܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ myÓ˚˛y
ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y áyGÎ˚yï˛– Î!òGñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy
!Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ˛!˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ñ ˆfl¨•˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î ~ÓÇ
ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y áyòƒ@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚È ï˛Ìy!˛õ !¢¢% ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y
@˝Ã•î¢#° •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyÓ˚
ܲy˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆfl¨• ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
¢!=˛¢y°# !˲!_ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ flõT˛
!lÓ˚y˛õò xl%Ó˚yà !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïî Óy áyÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚
Î!ò !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y §ÇˆÏÓòl•#lï˛y ~ÓÇ x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy
ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç §Çflõ¢≈ G ï,˛!Æ•z x!ôܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòy£ÏÈüÈe%!ê˛ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚
xydÈüȧǢˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ •Î˚– !lÓ˚y˛õˆÏò Ìyܲy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆá°ly xÌÓy ܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ xl%Ó˚yà ˆòáyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !lˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛Ùl x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !ܲS%È ˆl•zñ ܲyÓ˚î !¢¢%Ó˚y çyˆÏl ˆÎñ ܲ¡∫°
ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆá°yô)°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl x§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲê%˛
xÌÓy ˆá°ly ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ~à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏܲ §%á !òˆÏÎ˚
ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y Óy x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !˛õï˛y ÈüÈÙyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îál
ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚˛§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xy°yòy •Î˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ÜÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yà
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z !ç!l§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ~ÓÇ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
xyˆÏÓà˛õ)î≈ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà â!l¤˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛•z
ÙylÓ !¢¢%Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚#
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôy˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÎyÓ˚y x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ G í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ ˆfl¨• ï˛yÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%Ó˚yà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Óy°ƒÜ˛y° (Childhood)
•Î˚– ~!Ó˚ܲ ~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛ xl%Ó˚yà ˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ô#Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §ÙÎ˚– ~!ê˛ !ÓŸªy§ G x!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
72 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Gçl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !¢¢%Ó˚y Îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y ˆòáyÎ˚
!¢¢%Ó˚y •Ñyê˛ˆÏï˛ñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ °yÊ˛ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ Ó° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§yÙy!çܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢¢%Ó˚ ~•z çàÍñ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛!Ó≈ •…y§ ˛ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛Ü˛yˆÏSÈÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ °y˲ ~ÓÇ ÙyÌyÓ˚ x!ôܲ o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
ܲˆÏÓ˚ – !¢¢%Ó˚y ˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ áyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ~ÓÇ !Óܲy¢ xï˛ƒhs à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˜¢¢Ó ܲyˆÏ° §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ §Ùß∫Î˚lñ
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ fl∫ï˛sfÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyÎ≈ ˆ˛õl!§° ôÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚y– Ùôƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚
§¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ §yÌ≈ܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏï˛
ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Gçl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛Aܲy° ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛§%ˆÏÎyàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó!ô≈ï˛ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó,!Âôñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ xAàà%!°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îÙl !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó,!ÂôG xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚î–
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !Óܲy¢ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ò%!ê˛ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ı å1ä ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
!Óܲy¢ ˆ§Ê˛yˆÏ°yܲí˛y° xÌ≈yÍ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Óy !¢Ó˚ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°ç xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎÌyÈñÈ Óy•% ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ ï˛Ìy xyd
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛Ìy !l¡¨yÇ¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚y– §)-
!l¡¨ xLjϢÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xyˆÏà °y˲ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y •° xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%îï˛y ï˛Ìy ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ
ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ ˆÎñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ≤Ãy܉˛ §Ùß∫Î˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° ΈÏÌT˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
˜¢¢ÓܲyˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Î˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy xÌÓy í˛yl •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
xÌÓy Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ •yÙyà%!í˛¸ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáy ˆòáˆÏÓ •Î˚– ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ §)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
ˆÎñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ •yï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !¢«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛!Ó° 4É3ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÌyˆÏܲ– å2ä Ó,!Âô ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒË˛yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ò)Ó˚≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xˆÏAàÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyÎ˚È ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!:ˆÏÙyܲí˛y° ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ xÌ≈yÍ
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢
!¢¢% ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ xAàà%!°Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ôˆÏí˛¸ !lÎ˚sfî °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÌÙyÓfiÌyÎ˚ !¢¢% ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yl Ó›Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÓ˚ çlƒ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑyܲyÎ˚ñ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly oÓƒ§yÙ@˝Ã# §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– Îy•zÈ ˆ•yܲñ ~•z
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎyàƒï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y •°
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏ Ó Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ xl% Ù !ï˛ ≤ÃòyˆÏ l Îy ly!ܲ ˆ§
x«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî â!ê˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ !¢¢%Ó˚yG ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏà•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
!ë˛Ü˛ xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y!°Ü˛y 4É3 ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ §)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õyòyl‡ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòl
ÓÎ˚§ ≤Ãôyl §M˛y°l Ù)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y §)- §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y
3 ÓͧÓ˚ °yÊ˛yˆÏlyñ °yÊ˛ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏly– ÓœÜ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!”˛Ç ÓylyˆÏlyñ ï˛ç≈l# G
xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y–
4 ÓͧÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !§Ñ!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛eàï˛ ôÑyôyÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yܲ
!§Ñ!í˛¸ ã˛í˛¸y ~ÓÇ lyÙy ˲yˆÏÓ §yçyˆÏly
5 ÓͧÓ˚ o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyñ •yï˛ñ Óy•% ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢
ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ xyl® í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚y– ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ ܲÏÓ˚y–
4É2 Gender ~ÓÇ Sex ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Gender and Sex Roles)
òyÓyˆÏá°y !ܲ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ly Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆá°y ly í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚⁄ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚y !ܲ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y !°Aà §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ly ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ⁄ ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hflÏ ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !°Aà í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#
!ÓòƒyÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ xÌÓy ~ÓÇ xl%˛õˆÏÎyà# xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áyÎ˚– !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲlƒyˆÏòÓ˚
!ê˛!˲Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Î%Óܲ Óy Î%Ó!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚çyï˛ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly flf#§%°Ë˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï§%°Ë˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ùl •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# çlƒ ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hflÏ ˆòÎ˚– §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ G !°Aà §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ӈϰ⁄ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%რxÓòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lÓ˚y !°Aà ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y fl%Ò° ÓÎ˚!§ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò° ÓÎ˚!§ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lá%Ñï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆSȈ° Ï ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏΈ˚ òÏ Ó˚ xy°yòy ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆcÏ
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y x!ôܲ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zë˛Ü˛ ˜Óë˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yñ ˆSÈyȈÏê˛y ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ xÌÓy ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÚÚ!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛îÛÛ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
•y•zÈüÈçy¡õ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ fl∫ï˛sfï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl– ܲyê≈%˛l ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ !ÓK˛y˛õl§•
˲yˆÏ°y ˆleÈüÈ•hflÏ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Ìy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ àîÙyôƒÙ !°Aà ~ܲyß∫!Î˚ï˛y !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛çyly ÎyÎ˚– !°Aà
ˆçyí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛xAàà%!° ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ lÙl#Î˚ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ~ܲyß∫!Î˚ï˛y !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ í˛zͧ ܲ# ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ~à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ á%Ó òÓ˚ܲy!Ó˚ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ܲï≈˛y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏe ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#° ~ÓÇ
Óy xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y ܲ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï flf#§%°Ë˛ §Ç°«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚ çß√yÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ Óy Ù!•°yÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ≤çyôl#Î˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#
~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï !ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï§%°Ë˛ §Ç°«˛î !lˆÏÎ˚ Óy ~•z ˜Ó£ÏÙƒà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ !Ó!Ü ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ü ˛#í˛¸yÓ˚˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ x!ôܲ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ çàˆÏï˛ Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛⁄ !¢¢% Îál ˛~ܲÓyÓ˚ õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢ˆÏá ˆlÎ˚
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çà͈Ïܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!°Aà Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§•z ÙyeyˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˆ≤ãÏîy Îy !°Aà !˲!_
Îy ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ Îy §ÙyçÈüȧyÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲyß∫Î˚#ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl
sex Ó°ˆÏï˛ ç#Ó !ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ÙyeyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Gender Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ– !¢¢% §!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ% Ó ˚ % £ Ï ~ÓÇ flf # çy!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ˛ ÙyeyˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ – ~áyˆÏ l §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !°Aààï˛ xyã˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î xl%§yˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !°Aà xyò¢≈ˆÜÏ ˛
Gender ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Ó˚#î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !°Aà í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# xyã˛Ó˚î ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•° ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ flf#Ó˚ !°Aà fl∫Ó˚)˛õcó Îy ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Îál 3 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSȈϰÓ˚y Ê˛ƒy™# ˆí»˛§ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚§%°Ë˛ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
ÓÎ˚§ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Îál âÓ˚ âÓ˚ ˆáˆÏ° ï˛ál ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÓ˚
ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ xyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !°Aà
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ®à%ˆÏ°y ˆá°ly ~ÓÇ ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲçl ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ܲ•z !°ˆÏAàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !°Aà Ë)˛!Ùܲy •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ ˆÎ!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyòÏ¢≈ ÓylyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !°Aà ê˛y•z˛õܲÓ˚î ï˛ál •Î˚ Îál
flf# Óy ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ï˛Ìƒ!°!˛õÓÂô ~ÓÇ §%§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zòƒï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòÎ˚– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Îy §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Óy xyò¢≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ù#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä !Óܲy¢ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ~!ê˛ Ó,!Âô G ˛õ!Ó˚îÙl ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ⁄
2ä !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3ä !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4ä Ú!¢¢%Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈÛÈüÈ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
5ä §yÙy!çܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
6ä !Óܲy¢Ùyl !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
7ä Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ° à!ë˛ï˛ xl%Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
8ä ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° ܲ#⁄ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9ä ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚yÓfiÌyÎ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õc !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛
Î%!=˛ òyG–
10ä ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ܲ# ܲ# ÓyôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚⁄
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä !Óàï˛ ò%•z !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyGı
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ÓÓyò •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ≤Ãôyl §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y – ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛#⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚G ˲yˆÏ°y
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
2ä Órô%ÈüÈÓyrôÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆá°yô)°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ)Ó≈ §!Ü ˛Î˚ydܲ hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ å4 ˆÌˆÏܲ 7 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ä
ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •hflÏ!°!˛õ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚– !ë˛Ü˛ xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy°#lˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒG~ܲ!ê˛ •hflÏ!°!˛õ ≤Ûï˛
ܲÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ò,¢ƒ ܲ# ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !˲ߨ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ !˲ߨ⁄
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ çyly
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
§ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ
ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
xlƒylƒ ÙylÓ §ÇˆÏÓòl§Ù)• åÓy: 5É1ä
◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
á![˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åÓy: 5É2ä
!fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åÓy: 5É3ä
xƒyˆÏê˛l¢l ˆí˛!Ê˛!§ê˛ •y•zxƒy!Q!˲!ê˛ !í˛§xí≈˛yÓ˚ Óy ADHD åÓy: 5É4ä
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà§Ù)•
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚#
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)•
fiÌylñ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y G ò%Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l
~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ §%e ~ÓÇ !mÈüÈã˛«%˛Ù%°Ü˛ §%e
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ l#!ï˛§Ù%•
xôƒy§
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ
The quality of life is determined Ù%áƒ˛õò
by its activities. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ß¿§Ù)%•
– Aristotle ≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
84 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õܲà%!°Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y ˆò•z– Î!òG !ܲS%È §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ xyÙÓ˚y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
ˆã˛yá ~ÓÇ Ü˛yläñ xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy Îy!sfܲ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ SÈyí˛¸y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ã˛«%˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ò¢≈l G ◊Óî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚
§ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !ܲS%È ÙçyòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï !Ó£ÏÎ˚ çylˆÏÓñ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ xyÙÓ˚y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G çylyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎÙl !ܲS%È xyܲyÓ˚ G SÈ!Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ Ë%˛° ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
86 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚ÏÓ– xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy: 5É1ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åDifferential •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
limenä ӈϰ– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚G !ã˛!lÓ˚ Îál xyˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈lç!lï˛
òylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎÙlñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ çˆÏ° @˝Ãy•Ü˛à%!°ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ò¢≈làï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ áy!° ç° •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ G•z Óî≈Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
!Ù!T˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !ÙT˛ï˛y!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– ~ál •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ åwavelengthä ≤çyÓ˚ 380 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚
≤ß¿ •° ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ 780 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ å~ܲ ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl ~ܲ !Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%!° !ã˛!lÓ˚ òylyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !ã˛!lÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó!°Î˚l ˲yàä– xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~•z ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇˆÏÓòl
òyly !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yò@˝Ã•î ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
òyly ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ §ÙÎ˚ ç°!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛ åHuman Eyeä
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !Ù!T˛ °yàˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ã˛!lÓ˚ òyly
ˆÙ¢yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !ÙT˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛eñ !ã˛e 5É1 ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yá !ï˛l!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xhs˝ï˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ÓyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏܲ•z
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ ˆŸªï˛˛õê˛° Óy ܲ!l≈Î˚y åCorneaä ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ë˛l
!ÙT˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy Óy Differential limen
ˆflœÒÓ˚y åScleraä ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˆã˛yá!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~!ê˛
(DL) Ó°y •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÏÎñ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ Ó˚yˆÏá– ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚
l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Îy ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏl
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yÓ˚GˆÏÎ˚í˛ åChoroidäñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó•% Ó˚=˛çy!°Ü˛y
˛õyÌ≈ Ü ˛ƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ §«˛Ù ~ˆÏ Ü ˛•z ≤ÃˆÏ Ë ˛òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏ Ó ˚ á y
Óï≈˛Ùyl– !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly åRetinaä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ˆÏï˛
Differential Thresold or DL ӈϰ–
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚!Ÿ¬ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ åPhotoreptorsä åÓ˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰
~ï˛«˛ˆÏl ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆàSÈ ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ä ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ çy!°Ü˛y–
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ã˛«%˛ñ ܲî≈ä !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åALä §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ åcameraä §ˆÏAà
~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy åDLä SÈyí˛¸y §ÇˆÏÓòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛y ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆã˛yá ~ÓÇ Ü˛ƒyˆÏÙÓ˚y
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– !ܲv Gê˛y•z ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– §ÇˆÏÓòl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛•z ˆ°™ åLensäÓï≈˛Ùyl– ˆ°™ åLensä ˆã˛yáˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚– K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Ùyl ≤ÈÏܲyˆÏ¤˛ åChamberä !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!° •° ç°#Î˚
Ù!hflψ‹ÒÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÌG ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ åaquaous chamber ä ~ÓÇ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ åVitreous chamberä– ç°#Î˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛!ê˛ ˆ°™ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!l≈Î˚yÓ˚
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ flõ®l !•§yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y oÓî ˲Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Îy
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ flõ®l åElectrical Impulseä °«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚ ~ˆÏܲ x!«˛ˆÏfl¨• åAqueous humorä Ó°y
flõ®lˆÏܲ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •Î˚– !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ˆ°™ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ G•z K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆç!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˲Ó˚y xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ oÓ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àë˛l Óy ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~!ê˛ Óy «˛!ï˛ åVitreous humorä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ï˛Ó˚° åFluidä ò%!ê˛ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
§ÇˆÏÓòl ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óy §¡õ)î≈ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ÎÌyfiÌyˆÏl ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y
ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl åVisual Sensationä ı ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ åAccomnodationä çlƒ ~!ê˛ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
§ÙhflÏ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò¢≈l åVisionä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyçl •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§Ó≈y!ôܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ xl%Ùyl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ò%Ó˚ˆÏc Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ°™ !lˆÏçÓ˚
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y 80 ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ !§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ åCiliary
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Óy•ƒçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ◊Óî musclesä myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ñ Îy ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ §ÇˆÏÓòlG à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò,!T˛àï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢à%!° ò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
G ◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly åflattenä ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛yܲy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ°™ˆÏܲ
§ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ åThicken ä ܲˆÏÓ˚y – ܲƒyˆÏÙÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆã˛yˆÏáG
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ• !òÓyÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ åPhotopic or
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Daylightä §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ í˛zFã˛ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Ù!î åIrisä ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ åhigh illuminatingä hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈Ù° ) ܲ åcolourä
lƒyÎ˚ Ó˚!.l !V˛!Õ‘ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ܲ!l≈Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl !fiÌï˛– ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá 100 !Ù!°Î˚l Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ≤ÈÏÓ¢Ü˛yÓ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ÙyeyˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ !Ù!°Î˚l ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ åfoveaä
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAܲyã˛l ~ÓÇ ≤çyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y– x“ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ xLjϢ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îy
ï˛yÓ˚y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zIµ° xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly Ùê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òylyÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˆ«˛eñ ~ˆÏܲ
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ ˛õ#ï˛ !Ó®%G åyellow spotä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ˆ«˛e!ê˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
§ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ åPhotosensitiveä ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛y«%˛£Ï ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yÓ˚ åvisual acquityä ˆ«˛e– xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
Ó˚í˛ årodsä ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl åconeä §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚ à%FSÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åganglion
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y!e˛ ò,!T˛Ó˚ åScotopic or night visionä §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛– cell) Îy xÓ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚–
~!ê˛ x!ï˛ «˛#î xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Óî≈•#l ò,!T˛
88 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!˲!ê˛∆Î˚y§ !•í˛zÙÓ˚
ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚y
ܲ!l≈Î˚y
ܲl#!lܲ !lܲê˛fiÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ
ç°#Î˚ !•í˛zÙÓ˚
xrô!Ó®% fl¨yÎ˚%
ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚rô
ò%Ó˚fiÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ
ˆ°™
xrô!Ó®%
!§!°Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly
!ã˛e 5É1 ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛Ó˚ àë˛l
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° åWorking of the Eyeä
ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y Ùƒy!ê˛!l ˆ¢yˆÏï˛ ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ܲlçyÇ!ê˛Ë˛y åConjunctiveä ñ ܲ!l≈Î˚y åCorneaä Îy•z ï˛ál •ˆÏ° ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ G•záyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó›à%!° ˆòáˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚yÓ˚rô åpupilä x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏ™ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ x§%!Óôy •Î˚– Î!òG 15ÈüÈ20 !Ù!lê˛ Ü˛yê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚!ê˛ly ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!§Ü˛y xô≈ ånasal ˆòáˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••z– ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆ¢£Ï •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Îál Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚
halfä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ åtemporal halfä ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ••z ï˛ál Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y ~ˆÏï˛y ï˛#Ó ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È•z
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ ålyˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈä Îy ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ly– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆáy°y Ó˚yáˆÏï˛G x§%!Óôy
!Ó®% ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ å°°yˆÏê˛Ó˚ •Î˚– Î!òG ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈä Îy ˆÊ˛y!ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏܲ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° !ë˛Ü˛ ˆòáˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õy•z – •ˆÏ ° ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏ Î yçˆÏ l Ó˚ ï% ˛ °lyÎ˚ ~•z
xô≈ Ó°y •Î˚– í˛yl ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ Óy!òˆÏܲÓ˚ xô≈ˆÏܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ o%ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ í˛yl ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ Óy !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ Úò,!T˛àï˛
ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ä Óy ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ í˛yl xô≈ˆÏܲ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÛåvisual adaptationä Ó°y •Î˚–
åxÌ≈yÍ Óy ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ly!§Ü˛yô≈ ~ÓÇ í˛yl ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ê˛ƒyˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° xô≈ä– xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åLight adaptationä Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z
ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ò¢≈l §¡∫!rôï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl «˛#î xyˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚
fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l x!ôܲ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÓÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z !Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫!ê˛ ˆ§yçy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛e 5É1 §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åDark adaptationä
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ x˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛#Ó xyˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛#î
xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆl•z– ~•z xLjϢ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl •Î˚– ~•zê˛y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ xrô!Ó®% åBlind spotä Ó°y •Î˚– ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyô â^˝ê˛y Óy ï˛yÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl åAdaptationä ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!°ˆÏܲ §•ç §Ó˚° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õÌG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙylÓ ã˛«%˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ~ܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ o%ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
90 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
•Î˚ ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ Óî≈!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈ÙÎ˚ åactrnomaticä ô)§Ó˚ Ó!•/ܲî≈ åExternal Earä ı ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
Óy §yòy Ó˚ˆÏ. ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ åcomplementaryä ÎÌy ˛õeܲ åPinnaä ~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈Ü%˛•Ó˚ (audimeatus) – ˛õe
í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ñ °y°ÈüȧÓ%çñ •°%òÈüÈl#°– °y°ÈüȧÓ%ç ~ÓÇ l#° Ó˚.ˆÏܲ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌï%˛°ƒ åcartilaginonsä Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚. åprimary colourä Ó°y •Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ åfunnel shapedä xÇ¢ñ Îy ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !Ù◊ˆÏî ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚. í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà åsound wavesä §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲî≈Ü%˛•Ó˚ åAuditory
§yôyÓ˚î í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°ñ ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õò≈y– ~ˆÏï˛ l#°ñ °y° ~ÓÇ meatusä •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ly!°Ü˛y Îy ˆ°yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÙyÙ myÓ˚y §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛
§Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó®% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ï˛l Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ù◊î !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚. ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ Îy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ˛õeܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˛õò≈y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ SÈê˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy xyÙÓ˚y !ê˛!˲Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ˆò!á– !lˆÏÎ ÎyÎ˚–
í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åAfter Imagesä ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ åMiddle Ear ä ı ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ˛õò≈y
åtympanumä ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •y°Ü˛y ˛õò≈y Îy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏl
~!ê˛ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly– ò¢≈l ˆ«˛Ïe ˆÌˆÏܲ
x!ï˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°– ~!ê˛ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛•ˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G G•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚
•zí˛zfiê˛y!¢Î˚yl ly°#Ó˚ åEustachian tubeä §y•yˆÏ΃ Ê˛ƒy!Ó˚.:ÈüÈÓ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ•z í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åafter imageä
åpharynxä §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ñ Îy ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓyÎ%Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ Ó˚yˆÏá–
Ó°y •Î˚– í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ñ §òÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
à•¥Ó˚ åcavityä ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ¡õl !ï˛l!ê˛ x!fiÌ ÎÌyñ ˆÙ!°Î˚y§
åpositive after imageä ~ÓÇ l~‰èÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
åmalleus or hammeräñ •zlܲy§ åineus or anvilä ~ÓÇ
ånegative after imageä §òÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ Óî≈ §¡õ,!=˛
ˆfiê˛!˛õ§ åstappes or stirrupä ˆÜ˛ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ – ~à%ˆÏ°y
~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ù%° í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ §ò,¢ƒ •Î˚– ~!ê˛
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yˆÏܲ 10 à%î Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl ˆã˛yˆÏá §yÙylƒ ï˛#Ó í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ l~è‰Ì≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z !Ó¡∫à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Îál xhs/ܲî≈ åInner Earä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ÎyÓÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó®%Ó˚ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° xÇ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !V˛!Õ‘ÙÎ˚
!òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xflõT˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ˆày°Ü˛ôyôy åmembranous labyrinthä lyˆÏÙ çyly ÎyÎ˚– Îy
ˆã˛yá §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ åˆÎÙl §yòy Óy ô)§Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°ä– Î!ò Óƒ!=˛ l#° x!fiÌÎ%=˛ xyÓÓ˚î åx!fiÌÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy Óy Boney lyabrinthä
Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° l~‰èÌ≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ •°%ò Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛– !V˛!Õ‘ÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ~ÓÇ x!fiÌÙÎ˚ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚
ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ!ê˛ l~è‰Ì≈ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ °!§Ü˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚y°!§Ü˛y
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó%ç Ó˚. ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– åPerilymphä Ó°y •Î˚–
Ó!•/ly!°
ܲî≈˛õeܲ ܲ܉˛!°Î˚y
•zí˛zfiê˛y¢Î˚yl ly!°
92 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛Ó˚ ˆ Ï A àÓ˚ §, ! T˛ •Î˚ Ù) ° ï˛ ÓyÎ˚ % Ü ˛îyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ y Î˚ Ü ˛ !Ùܲ
ܲyç 5É2
§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛yã˛lå compression ä ~ÓÇ xyÓy§ˆÏ l Ó˚
ådecompressionä Óy ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ årarefactionä Ê˛ˆÏ°– ò,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ◊Óî §ÇˆÏÓòlˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ §ÇˆÏÓòl
§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛yã˛l ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ï˛l% Ë ˛Ól ~ÓÇ ï˛l% Ë ˛Ól ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ˆÜ˛Ùl •ï˛ Î!ò ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ly Ìyܲï˛⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÇˆÏÓòl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà ã˛ˆÏÜ ˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ •Î˚– •yÓ˚yˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ˆÓ!¢ xyï˛!AÜ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛l •ˆÏÓ ⁄ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ°ˆÏáy–
Î!ò ï%˛!Ù Îyò%Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰ §ÇˆÏÓòl!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Îyò% SÈyí˛¸y ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~•z §ÇˆÏÓòlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛⁄ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚
~ܲ ã˛Ü ˛
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åATTENTIONAL PROCESSESä
!ã˛e 5É3 ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï˛#≈ xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ó˚˛) õ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈñ
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ
¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y– ÎyÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í §ÇáƒyÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ Ü˛ï˛ ã˛Ü ˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲˆÏܲ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
Ó°y •Î˚ •yç≈ åHartz or H2ä – ܲ¡õyAܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜ÏòˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õܲ≈– Îál ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál í˛z˛õÓ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ܲ¡õl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛ál ܲ¡õl ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ ï˛ál !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •Gñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ˆÏï˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ÙyeyG òÓ˚çyñ ˆòGÎ˚y°ñ çyly°yñ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° °yàyˆÏly SÈ!Óñ ˆê˛!Ó°ñ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlñ fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ åloudnessäñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ åpitchä ~ÓÇ SÈyeñ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Óƒyàñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓyï˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚
í˛z˛õfl∫låtimbreä – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢%ô% ~ܲÈüÈò%•z!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ôÁ!lÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ åamplitudeä myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z
•Î˚– Ó,•Í !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Î%=˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚Aà ï˛#Ó åloudä ¢∑Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åAttentionä ӈϰ–
•Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ «˛#î !ÓhflÏyÓ˚Î%=˛ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆÜ˛yÙ° åsoftä ¢∑Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~áyˆÏl °«˛ Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ !lÓ≈yã˛l SÈyí˛¸yG ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒ
≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆí˛!§ˆÏÓ° åDecibel or dbä myÓ˚y ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ~ÓÇ §rôyl •zï˛ƒy!ò–
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ í˛zFã˛hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ l#ã%˛hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y Ó°ˆï˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îy
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ¢yflf#Î˚ §Çà#ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §yï˛!ê˛ §%Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%ˆÏá í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ü ˛!Ùܲ Ó,!Âô Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ܲ¡õl ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
!lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲ¡õyAܲ í˛zFã˛ •ˆÏ°ñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙG í˛zFã˛ •ˆÏÓ– ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆòÔí˛¸ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚y ˆòÔí˛¸
≤çyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ 20H2 - 20,000H2 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •Î˚– í˛z˛õfl∫l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ ÓÑy!¢ ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy
~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ à%î Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï Ó›ˆÏܲ
àyí˛¸#Ó˚ •z!OˆÏlÓ˚ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlƒ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ò,!T˛Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá G•z Ó›ˆÏï˛
ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ïc Óy í˛z˛õfl∫ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ñ
ôÁ!lÓ˚ í˛z˛õfl∫l ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ~ܲçl SÈye !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲy@˝Ã •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ôÁ!l•z ç!ê˛° •Î˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 93
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yîy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ àu˛ˆÏày° Óy xyGÎ˚yçà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲÌyÓ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲçl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ §rôyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ •° ~•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Ùye !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
í˛z˛õˆÏ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ß¿ •° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˲y•z G ˆÓylˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xylˆÏï˛ ÎyGñ ï˛ál x§ÇრˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆSÈ ˆ Ï ° ˆÏ Ù ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï ò Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏ l ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆáÑ y ç ܲÓ˚ – ~•z §ÙhflÏ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî í˛zj#˛õܲ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w ~ÓÇ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ïáy ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !lÓ≈ y ã˛lÙ) ° ܲ ÙˆÏ l yˆÏ Î yˆÏ à ≤Ã˲yÓ!Óh fl Ï y Ó˚ Ü ˛yÓ˚ #
ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)• ı
~ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w Óy ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% åfocul point of
attentionä Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Îál Ó› Óy âê˛ly ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
xflõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆã˛ï˛ly •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §#ÙylyÓ˚ (fringe Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛
of attention) xÓfiÌylÓ˚ï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˛õyòyl ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yàï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛z ˛ õyòyl å Extenral factors ä à%ˆÏ°y
ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– xlƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !fiÌÓ˚
ˆ§à% ˆ Ï ° y •° !lÓ≈ y !ã˛ï˛ å selection ä ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÌyܲˆÏ° í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
åsustainedä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲òà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Ó,•Íñ í˛zIµ° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢#°
≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– xˆÏlܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ
§ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# í˛zj#˛õܲ x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ §yÙylƒ ç!ê˛° •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~Ùl Îál âˆÏê˛ñ ~ˆÏܲ !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ådivided ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
attentionä Ó°y •Î˚– Óy: 5É2ˆï˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛ál çyly ˆàˆÏSÈñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ!ã˛e åphotograpsä xlƒ !lç#≈Ó
~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl §Ω˛Ó– Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ á%Ó ¢#â •z ã˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏ§– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óyã˛!lܲ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ SȈϮyÙÎ˚ ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà åSelective Attentionä í˛zj#˛õܲ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ í˛zj#!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ≤Ãôylï˛ x“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ˛ Óy Ó› Îy xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲ!fløܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛#Ó í˛zj#˛õܲ xq$ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y
xà!îï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ӈϰ!SÈ ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î í˛z˛õyòyl åInternal factorsä §Ù)• Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y
94 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎÌyÈüÈ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl åmotivation factorsä xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚– xlƒylƒ
~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl åcognitive factorsä– ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z SÈyê˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y
í˛z˛õyòyl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ¢%ô% ~•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ••z Îy !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓl
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y «%˛ôyï˛≈ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •y°Ü˛y áyGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏrôÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ï˛l%ܲÓ˚î ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åFilter attennation theoryä
≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÜ,˛T˛ ••z– ˆÎ SÈyeˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓ=˛y •ˆÏ°l ÙˆÏly!Óò !ê˛∆§Ùƒyl åTriesmanäñ !Î!l Ó í˛Óƒyrê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ly ˆòGÎ˚y SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ~Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ï˛_¥
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xy@˝Ã•ñ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÎ•z í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌy– Ó› ~ÓÇ âê˛ly Îy xy@˝Ã• ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y xÓÓ˚%Âô •Î˚ ly–
§M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ï˛y á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È
§Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ•z §ÙhflÏ Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ü)˛° í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚–
ò,È !T˛Ë˛!Aà Ó˚y!á ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà á%Ó §•ˆÏç xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)•
≤Û!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñˆÎÔÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛yˆÏç ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ lyÙä á%Ó l#ã%˛ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçG
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ !ò¢yÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ¢yly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%Ó≈° •Î˚ñ
ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yG í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó%G ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ •Î˚ñ xlƒ í˛zj#˛õlyÎ˚ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ lÎ˚– Ùy!Œê˛ˆÏÙyí˛åMultimodeä ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ=˛y çlˆÏfiê˛yl ~ÓÇ
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)• •y•zlç åJohnston and Heinzä– ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
åSelective Attentionä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙl#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy xlƒ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÏΈÏܲyˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l !ï˛l!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ ï˛_¥ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ò,!T˛àï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ï˛_¥àˆ% °
Ï yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ y–
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õä ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ ¢∑àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈÓ›Ó˚
ÙˆÏ l y!Óò Ó í ˛ˆÏ Ó rê˛ åBroadbent 1956 ä •ˆÏ ° l
lyÙä ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ åFilter theoryä ≤ÃÓ=˛y– ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ
ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲÌyG Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
xˆÏlܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ à°yÓÂôåBottleneckä xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– «˛îfiÌyÎ˚#
ܲyç ≤ÃÌÙ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# å˛õ)Ó≈ !lÓ≈yã˛lä !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ å short term memory ä ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ
~ˆÏï˛ ï˛,ï˛#Î˚ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ åí˛z_Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛lä ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲÙ
!lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏî ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ¢%ô% ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ•z
≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
Óy: 5É3 ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åSpan of Attention ä
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÙlyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ 7 ! 2 ò%•z!ê˛
§#!Ùï˛ •Î˚– Ó›Ó˚ §Çáƒy ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z!ê˛ !ÙlyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ magic
åxÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲ xÇ¢ä ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ number !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õÑyã˛
ÙˆÏ l yˆÏ Î yˆÏ à Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏ î Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚ åspan of ˆÌˆÏܲ §yï˛!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îy Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ù#
attention or perceptual spanä Ó°y •Î˚– !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 9 Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÙyê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ §y•zˆÏܲ° ~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ܲv x«˛Ó˚ §• ã˛yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ l¡∫Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ ç!ê˛° !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ «˛!îˆÏܲÓ˚ V˛°Ü˛ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎñ •Î˚– ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ Ë˛yAàyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!°¢ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly
˛ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛Ìƒ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ ê˛ƒy!̈Ïfiê˛yˆÏflÒy˛õ l¡∫Ó˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x«˛Ó˚§• ÎyˆÏï˛
åtachistoscopeä myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ àˆÏÓ£îyÓ˚ l¡∫Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óy: 5É4 xƒyˆÏê˛l¢l ˆí˛!Ê˛!§ê˛ •y•z˛õyÓ˚ xƒy!Q!Ó!ê˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ åAttention deficifhyperactivity disorderä
x!ôܲ òyÎ˚#– Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl ADHD ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y Ùyly •Î˚–
§yôyÓ˚ î xyã˛Ó˚ î àï˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ – ~ °«˛î •° xyˆÏ Ó à¢#°ï˛y ADHD ~Ó˚ Ê˛°≤Ãò !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô Ùï˛y˜Ïlܲƒ
åImpulsivelyäñ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ åexcessiveä ˆ˛õ¢#Î˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Ó˚ê˛y!°l åRitatinä lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Å£Ïô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ~•z
~ÓÇ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y åinability to attendä– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó•%° ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ í˛zˆÏ_çly ~ÓÇ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yÓ˚
!ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSȈϰˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zß√yòlyˆÏܲ ܲÙyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
Î!ò ~•z !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ly §yÙ°yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ÓÎ˚/§!rôܲy° Óy Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– Î!òG ~!ê˛ ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ˚yÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚
≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚ˆÏflÒG fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl °«˛î •° ~Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˛õyŸª≈≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl í˛zFã˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ x§Ù̃ï˛y– Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ GçlÓ,!Âô òˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚y– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛
!¢¢%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~•z åBehaviroural management programmesä ˆï˛ ôlycܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y á%Ó•z í˛zß√yò@˝ÃfiÌñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈¢ ÙyˆÏl lyñ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ï˛Ìy !¢ál §yÙ@˝Ã# ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Û!ï˛
§ˆÏAà ˲yˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚!§Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ~Ùl •Î˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ï˛yÍ«˛!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛≤Ãy!Æ
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá– ï˛yÓ˚y !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ åimmediate feedbackä ~ÓÇ §Ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ó%!Âôàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ âyê˛!ï˛ ly Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ADHD ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° !lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ K˛yl §¡∫rô#Î˚ xyã˛Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Óy !¢áˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§%!Óôy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏlÓ˚ á%Ó Ê˛°≤ç%ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !˲!_Ó˚ ≤ÃÙyî ˛õyGÎ˚y Óyã˛!lܲ fl∫ÈüÈ!lˆÏò¢≈ lyÓ°# åÌyˆÏÙyñ !ã˛hs˝yܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ä ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ÎyÎ˚ lyñ x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛˛ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌñ ADHD ˆï˛
§ˆÏAàñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ âl âl ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ܲÙyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
§ÙyçÈüÈÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yG åí˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•z !¢ál xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xˆÏlܲ
˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚cä xlƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ADHD ~Ó˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–
96 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y åPerceptual Processesä ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyly •Î˚– !l¡¨àyÙ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆã˛lyÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ
~ÓÇ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zj#˛õly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î •° ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
V˛°Ü˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ àrô– ~•z ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ
Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çàï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó°y •Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlñ Îy K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ– ~!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z j #˛õly §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ Ó% V ˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ly–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚ # å T HE P ERCEIVER ä ı Ùyl% £ Ï Ó ˚ y ~•z
Óy•ƒ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%ô% Îy!sfܲ lÎ˚ !l!‹;˛Î˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛G
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yñ ôÁ!l ~ÓÇ §%àˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛zͧ
ÓˆÏê˛– ~Ó˚y §,çl¢#° §_y myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z Óy•ƒçàï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §ÇˆÏÓòl ï˛sf myÓ˚y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü˛yÓ˚#
ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤Ãòyl
§yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ˛ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛K˛ylñ
ܲ!Ó˚– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ flø,!ï˛ñ ˆ≤ãÏîyñ xyˆÏÓà
˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ ˆ§•z §yˆÏÌ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xÌ≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl ~áyˆÏl Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y
xÓôyÓ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ
•ˆÏ°y–
§)ã˛ly !ã˛lˆÏï˛ñ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy xÌ≈ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ Óy âê˛lyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy xÌ≈
ˆ≤ãÏîy åMotivationä ı
~ܲçl ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ xyܲyA«˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õÌ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%£Ï !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Óy•ƒ Óy x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÃyÆ Ó› Óy
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ xyܲyA«˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy•z ¢%ô% ܲˆÏÓ˚lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lçfl∫ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ •ˆÏ°y SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó› Óy âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ~•z
ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «%˛ôyÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ í˛z˛õ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yG Ó˚ˆÏΈÏSÈ– ~à%!° !ã˛e 5É4ÈüÈ~
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ xl%§rôyl ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Îál «%˛ôyï≈˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xflõT˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ˆ§ ˆ§•z SÈ!ÓˆÏܲ
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyl áyòƒÓ› !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï,Æ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ å«%˛ôy!Ó•#lä ï%˛°lyÎ˚–
åPROCESSING APPROACH IN PERCEPTIONä ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y Óy ≤Ãï˛«˛ƒç !Ólƒy§ åExpectations or
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ˚y ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ~ܲ!ê˛ Perceptual Setsä ı
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°yÙ¢ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ñ ã˛yÓ˚ ˛õyñ ˆã˛yáñ ܲyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Óï˛≈Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ ~Ó˚
ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ñ Óy ly!ܲ xyˆÏà Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yà%ˆÏ°yG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚⁄ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Perceptual familiariasation ~ÓÇ
≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Îál xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î (Perceptual Generalisation)
≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÎ˚ Ù)°ƒ !˲!_ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ӈϰ ~•z ò%!ê˛ âê˛ly ¢!=˛¢y°# ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ Îy ly!ܲ Îál
åbottom up processingä– Îál ≤Ãï˛ƒ!˲K˛y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ!Ó˚lyÙ ÎÌyÌ≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòáyÎ˚ ly ï˛álG
ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyly xyÙÓ˚y ï˛y•z ˆò!á Îy ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ò%ôGÎ˚y°y
ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛˛ !l¡¨àyÙ# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î åtopdown processingä ≤Ã!ï˛!òl §Ü˛y° 5É30 ê˛yÎ˚ ò%ô !òˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ñ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– í˛zôÁ≈àyÙ# ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà xl%ÎyÎ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ òÓ˚çyÎ˚ xlƒ ܲyí˛zÓ˚ ˆì˛yܲyÎ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ ò%ôGÎ˚y°y
°«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
98 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xˆÏlܲ !Ómçl ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ §Ó≈çl@˝Ãy•ƒñ ~•z xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ ıÈüÈ
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ܲò° àˆÏÓ£Ïܲñ ÎyÓ˚y ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!Óò 1– Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xyܲyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛
åGestalt Psychologistsä lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓ˚yܲyÓ˚–
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏ°l ˆÜ˛yʉ˛Ü˛yñ ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ GÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏò•zÙyÓ˚ 2– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
åKoffka, Kohher and Wintheimarä– Úˆàfiê˛yŒêÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ 3– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõT˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛
xÌ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ù)!ï≈˛ Óy xyÜ,˛!ï˛– ˆàfiê˛yŒê ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy!Ó•#l–
ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ ly 4– Ù)!ï˛≈!ê˛ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛ Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚
!ܲv §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!áñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !˛õSȈÏl ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ó˚ §ÙˆÏ@˝Ã !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ
Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ xLjϢÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ Ùye– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ òy!lñ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ à%FSȧ• •° §Ù@˝Ã– Î!ò Ê%˛°à%!° §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°y
•Î˚ñ ï˛Ó%G Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ •° Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛Ó˚
§Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ê%˛°§• ˛Ê%˛°òy!l!ê˛ •°
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ê%˛°à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸y •° xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ §Ù@˝Ã
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ åConfigurationä–
ˆàfiê˛yŒê ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ à%Ó˚% Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
ågood figureä Óy ˆ≤ÃàˆÏlç åpragnanzä– ~ê˛y•z •° ˆ§•z
ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y §Ó !ܲS%ȈÏܲ §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛e Ù)!ï≈˛ ˛˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲy•z !ܲS%È xyÜ,˛!ï˛
˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ §%flõT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛e 5É6 Ó˚%!ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê%˛°òy!l
xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲyàˆÏç ¢∑ Óy
ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly SÈ!Ó Óy ˛õy!áÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏ¢ Gí˛¸y ˆò!áñ ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yñ 5– Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ á%Ó §%flõT˛ñ §#!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈
SÈ!Ó ~ÓÇ ˛õy!áÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ù)!ï≈˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ«˛e!ê˛ á%Ó xflõT˛ñ x§#Ù ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õyï˛yñ ˆòÎ˚y° ~ÓÇ xyܲy¢ñ ˛ò)ˆÏÓ˚–
Îy Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ܲÌy çyly ÎyÎ˚ û ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z
~•z x!˲K˛ï˛y!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y !ã˛e
çà͈Ïܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly!ܲ !Ó!FSÈߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
5É6 !òˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáy – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛e!ê˛Ó˚ •Î˚ §yòy xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆòáˆÏÓñ Îy
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛Óyò#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !lÎ˚Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ
ly!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛°òy!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ lÎ˚ï˛ Óy ܲyˆÏ°y xÇ¢!ê˛
xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l Óy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆòáˆÏÓ˛ Îy ˆòáˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y–
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ù)• xÌ≈Î%=˛ §Ù@˝Ã Ó› Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y
ˆò!á ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÓ˚ !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
100 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛ åThe Principle of Closureä ı ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î åÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ܲyÓ˚î ä ı
í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎ áy!° xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y Ó›Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î xy°yòy xy°yòy xÇ¢Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál•z Ê˛°≤ç% •Î˚ Îál ï˛y ~ܲˆÏã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy •Î˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
Ìy!ܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ã˛e 5É13ˆï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛yÓ˚îà%!° !ã˛eܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ !mÙy!eܲ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó
l#ˆÏã˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÜ˛ylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !eË%˛çÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!á xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
â!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ˆÏܲ !ã˛e§¡∫!rôï˛ åPictorial cuesä
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî–
ܲyÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚– !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~Ü˛ã˛«%%˛Ù%°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !mÙy!eܲ ò%Ó˚c ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!ã˛e 5É14ˆÏï˛ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏÓ–
102 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈Ó,_ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy åÎ!ò ˆ≤’ê˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲlyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyç 5É4 ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy •Î˚ä ÙˆÏï˛y °yˆÏà– ~ˆÏܲ•z xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õl!§° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ôˆÏÓ˚y– í˛yl ˆã˛yá!ê˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c åBrightness Constancyä ı
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õl!§ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyG– ~ál í˛yl ˆã˛yá!ê˛ ˆáyˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ
ÓyÑ ˆã˛yá!ê˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ò%!ê˛ ˆã˛yá ò,¢ƒÙyl Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ÌyˆÏܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚– ˆ˛õl!§° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yòyñ ô)§Ó˚ Óy ܲyˆÏ°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG fiÌy!Î˚c
ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîG ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚–
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏÓ!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ˆ˛õ!¢ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ âlï˛y Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚ Îy xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly– ≤Ãò#!ÆÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚G
ò%Ó˚c ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zIµ°ï˛yˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲñ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ í˛zIµ°ï˛yÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åPerceptual constaniesä ı Ó°y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ Îy
Îál xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛¢#° ••z ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ §ÇˆÏÓòl#Î˚ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §yòy ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ï˛y âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G §yòy•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ܲÎ˚°y §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏ°y ˆòáyÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó› ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛G ܲyˆÏ°y ˆòáyÎ˚–
!ò¢yÎ˚ Óy xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly hflψÏÓ˚ ˆò!á ly ˆÜ˛l– §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy§ åIllusionsä ı
§Ç@˝Ãy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G Ó›Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ìƒyl%Ü)˛° •Î˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚c Ó°y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Ù)°Ü˛ fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏc ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy – Îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ~Ùl •Î˚ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏlÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y«%˛£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚– ÙˆÏôƒ x!وϰÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~•z xÙ%°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åSize constancyä ı K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Ë%˛° ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ•z §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xôƒy§
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!«˛˛õˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ~•z x!˲K˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ÛˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó› Îï˛ ò)%ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xôƒy§ˆÏܲ
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ §#Ùy˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó› ~ܲ•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Úxy!òÙ §Çàë˛l åPrimitive organisagionsä Ó°y •Î˚– Î!òG
~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò%Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÏ˛õÔÑSÈyGñ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Órô%Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ˆÓ!¢ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ál ï˛Ìy!˛õ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲàî xlƒ §ÇˆÏÓòlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åˆÓ˚!ê˛lyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õäÓˆÏí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ˆÏܲ x!ôܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢#≈ ~ÓÇ x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒy§ §Ó≈çl#l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ÌyܲyÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ•z xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy§ˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l
Ó°y •Î˚– xôƒy§ Óy fiÌyÎ˚# xôƒy§ åUniversal or Permanent
Illusionä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y
xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c åShape Constancyä ı ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly– !ܲS%È xôƒy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zß√%áï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õ x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óƒ!=˛àï˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚%˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ xôƒy§ åPersonal Illusionä Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ¢yáyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ó˚yˆÏeÓ˚ ˆË˛yçˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õ Gê˛y•z ÌyˆÏܲ– Î!òG x!«˛˛õê˛°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 5 — §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚y 103
çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ xôƒy§ åGeometrial Illusionsä ı xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~•z
çàÍ •%Ó•% ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ §Çàë˛ˆÏl ÓƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ
!ã˛e 5É16 ~ Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ åMullar Lyerä xôƒy§ ˆòáyˆÏly
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~!ê˛ í˛z!j˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ˆòá!SÈ ˆÓ˚áy A ˆÓ˚áy B ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y–
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ïñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
Î!òG ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy•z §Ùyl– ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆòáy
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xLjϢ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ flõT˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ÎyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yG
!ë˛Ü˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyç §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ
(Socio-Cultural Influence of Perception) :
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏ l y!Óòàî !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùyç §yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë) ˛ !ÙˆÏ ï ˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ§Ó ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆáÑyˆÏçˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%!° !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
A B
˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Ù)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l ~ܲ
!ã˛e 5É16 ı °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒy§ §Ùyl •Î˚ !ܲly⁄ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !ܲ §Ó≈çl#l ly!ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
§yÇflÒ,!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ܲyÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒy§ SÈyí˛¸yG xyˆÏÓ˚y ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ xy°yòy •Î˚–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ å˛õy!á ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒGä ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– !ã˛e !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ !Ófl∫y§# ˆÎ ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
5É17 ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ xôƒy§ ˆòáyˆÏly ~•z çà͈Ïܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÓ˚áy•z §Ùyl ï˛Ó%G xyÙÓ˚y í˛zÕ‘¡∫ ˆÓ˚áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !ӣψÏÎ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyܲyÓ˚ G
xyÙÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– SÈ!ÓÙ)°Ü˛ Ó›Ó˚ xôƒy§Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ– ÙˆÏly!Óòàî ~•z xyܲÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õñ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛y
~ÓÇ xlƒ xˆÏlܲ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§à° (Segall)ñ
ܲƒy¡õˆÏÓ° (Campbell) ~ÓÇ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲy!Ë˛ê˛§ (Herskovits)
!ã˛e 5É17 ı í˛zÕ‘¡∫ÈüÈxl%Ë%˛!Ùܲ xôƒy§ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏrô !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛zlyÓ˚y
xy˛õyï˛ à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ xôƒy§ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù#ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
(Apperent Movement Illusion) lÙ%lyò° !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z xl%§rôyˆÏl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yÓ˚
~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ ï˛ál xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ Îál !ܲS%È à!ï˛•#l SÈ!Ó ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ Óy!§®y xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇˆÏÓòly ˆÓ!¢ ˆÎáyˆÏl
˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ ÚÊ˛y•zÈüÈâê˛ly ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù# ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù%°yÓ˚ °y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòly
(Phi-phenomenon) Ó°y •Î˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ã˛°!Fã˛e ˆò!áñ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– xlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚G ~§Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ ˛õyGÎ˚y
xyÙÓ˚y xy§ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ ••z– ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˆàˆÏSÈ– xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yl ˛õyeÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ à•l ÓˆÏl Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !V˛!ܲ!Ù!ܲ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ï˛yˆÏܲ åí˛zòy•Ó˚îñ ÓˆÏí˛¸y àySÈä xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛yôܲ xyˆÏ°y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù#ˆÏòÓ˚#Î˚Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y lƒy΃ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲°!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~•z xôƒy§!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ GÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏò•zÙyÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚áyà%ˆÏ°y í˛zFã˛ï˛y Îy
í˛zIµ°ï˛yñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ fiÌyl#Î˚ xhs˝Ó˚y° ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲy!°Ü˛ ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Órô åˆÎÙl Óyly@˝Ãä ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§y!ߨˆÏôƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ xlƒ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚G °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó®% à!ï˛¢#° ˆòáyÎ˚ ly– ~ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z çyly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
!Ó®% xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ à!ë˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó®% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xy°yòy xy°yòy ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢áy •Î˚– !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
!ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly–
104 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ï˛Ìy Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ü,˛£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆ°yܲ–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zlyˆÏòÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ã˛eàï˛ Óƒyáƒy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
xlƒ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È !ã˛e ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •yí˛§l (Hudson) xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
xy!Ê ˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÎyÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ llñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛
ˆÎ ˆ°yܲ!ã˛e ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!òl ˆòˆÏá!lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ó›à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ G âê˛ly§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚–
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚ åí˛zòy•Ó˚î xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õîä
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ç!ê˛°ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ âˆÏÓ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y !lÎ˚ÙÓ!•≈Ë)˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x˲ƒy§àï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
!ã˛eàï˛ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ù%áƒ˛õò
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– !§l‰•y (Sinha) ~ÓÇ !Ù◊y (Mishra) !ã˛eàï˛
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛e !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §#Ùyñ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õñ !mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îñ !l¡¨ÈüÈí˛zôÁ≈àyÙ#
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ܲܲ!°Î˚yñ ˆÜ˛yîñ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlñ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !Ó!˲ߨ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛lñ ≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#Ùyñ !Ó˲=˛ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ •zí˛zfiê˛y!¢Î˚yl
í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlñ !¢Ü˛y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏl Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# çlˆÏày¤˛#ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ly!°ñ ˆ«˛e G Ù) ! ï˛≈ ˛õ, Ì Ü˛#˲Ólñ ˛õ!Ó˚ fl À y Ól ï˛_¥ ñ
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓlÈüÈï˛l%ܲÓ˚î ï˛_¥ñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ñ xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlñ
ï˛#Ó ï˛yñ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îñ xÓ˚àyl xÓ Ü˛Ó˚!ê˛ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛
fiÌy!Î˚cñ Ê˛y•zÈüÈâê˛lyñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚Çñ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyñ ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛y˛õ!§lñ
Ó˚í˛ñ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàñ í˛z˛õfl∫lñ
í˛zôÁ≈ÈüÈ!l¡¨àyÙ# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yñ ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ñ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâƒ≈–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
— xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl xy•Ó˚î §Ω˛Ó ¢%ô%Ùye K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl
~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï xLjϢ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ◊Óî ~•z ò%!ê˛ x!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl– Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y¢ ò¢≈l §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛§Ù)•– Ó˚í˛ x“ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y£Ï x!ôܲ ï˛#Ó xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y Óî≈Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Óî≈•#l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏÙ òyÎ˚#–
— ò¢≈ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛ly •° xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl– Óî≈ñ §¡õ,!=˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zIµ°ï˛y •ˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ùyey§Ù)•–
— í˛zj#˛õܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ôÁ!l ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl âê˛yÎ˚– fl∫Ó˚¢!=˛ñ fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ G í˛z˛õfl∫l •° ôÁ!lÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– xÓ˚àyl xÓ Ü˛!ê˛ Îy
ˆÓ!§°yÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%° xAà–
— ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà •° ˆ§•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ˚Ì≈ܲ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È xlƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ó˚– §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yñ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ~ÓÇ xl%§rôyl •° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
— !lÓ≈yã˛l Ù)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà •ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò– !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà G•z §ÙhflÏ x˲ƒy§Ù)°Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ flõT˛ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§–
— ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ •° 7!2 ~•z ˆÙ!çܲƒy° l¡∫Ó˚!ê˛–
— ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ!˲K˛ §Çàë˛l– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çàï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîyñ ã˛y!•òyñ K˛yÏl˜Ï¢°# ~ÓÇ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÓ˚áylƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò¢≈l ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– x!ï˛ xy!òÙ §Çàë˛l ˆ«˛e G
Ù)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
§Ù#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1– K˛yˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈Ù)°Ü˛ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2– xyˆÏ°yܲÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ÙÎ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
3– Ó˚Ç ò¢≈l ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ùyeyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
4– ◊ÓîÙ)°Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
5– ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG– ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6– !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
xy°yòy •Î˚–
7– ò¢≈lˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !ÓÓ,!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄
8– fiÌylàï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛⁄
9– à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ⁄ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî !mã˛«%˛Ù)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10– xôƒy§ ˆÜ˛l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
11– §ÙyçÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1– Ùƒyày!çl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò¢!ê˛ !ÓK˛y˛õl §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ÓK˛y˛õˆÏl ˆòGÎ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óyï≈˛yà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyàÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸y Óy •y!ï˛Ó˚ ˆá°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆòy£ÏÙ%=˛ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyG– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆá°y flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ òyG– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰy ˆÎ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óî≈ly !òˆÏï˛–
ˆá°lyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ òyG– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆá°lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åˆÎÙl !ê˛Î˚yä lyG ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˆòy£Ï˛õ)î≈ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~!ê˛ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ӈϰy– ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç G ܲ°Ù !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰy !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ xÑyܲˆÏï˛– ~ál ~ܲ•z !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ ò,!T˛Î%=˛ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆòáyG – GˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÏ̈Ïܲ !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ òyG ~ÓÇ ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ê˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏç xÑyܲˆÏï˛ òyG–
~ál ò¢≈ˆÏl e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏl e%!ê˛!Ó•#l !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ xÑyܲyà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ
˜Ó§yò,¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
106 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!¢ál
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 6 Learning
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õ G ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ˆÏò ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏl í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)•
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §Ù)•
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ‡ Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §Ù)•
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l G §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ı ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ åÓy: 6É1ä
Ù)° !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y åÓy: 6É2ä (Functional Fixedness)
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál
!¢álÈüȧM˛y°l (Transfer of Learning)
!¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•
!¢álܲï≈˛y ı !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà§Ù)•
Learning preserves errors
of the past as well as its Ù%áƒ˛õò
wisdom. §yÓ˚yÇ¢
˛õÎ≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
– A.N. Whitehead ˛≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ÙylÓ !¢¢% çˆÏß√Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ §«˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!ï≈˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
âˆÏê˛ Îál•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢¢%Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ !˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ •°ñ ˆÜ˛yl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ˆÎÙl ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyñ ÓyÓy xÌÓy òyò%Ó˚ SÈ!Ó
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ áyÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ã˛yÙã˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x«˛Ó˚ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ñ !°áˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y– ˆ§ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xlƒÓ˚y ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛yG °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›Ó˚ lyÙ
ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆÎÙl Ó•zñ Ü˛Ù°yñ xyÙñ ˆàyÓ˚˚%ñ ˆSȈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ xˆÏlܲ âê˛ly Óy Ó› °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢ˆÏá– Ó›à%ˆÏ°y
Úxy§ÓyÓ˛õeñ ÚÊ˛°Û •zï˛ƒy!ò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓyÓ˚ fl%Òê˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•zê˛y §Óê˛y•z !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ •Î˚ ˆÎ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛
ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù# xÌÓy xy°ˆÏ§ñ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl#ñ ò«˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ê˛y Ùyl%£Ï
ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÓÓ˚Ü˛Ù §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál G x!˲ˆÏÎyçl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y–
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ !¢álˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ï˛y
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xLjϢñ !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ âê˛ly Îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈yLjϢñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÓà G ≤çyÓ˚ !lî≈Î˚ܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢ál˜Ï¢°# ~ÓÇ
!¢álÙ)°Ü˛ x«˛Ùï˛y§Ù)•–
108 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ôÓ˚yÎyܲñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ process) ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y (performance) ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ–
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸SÈ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y°yÎ˚ ï˛y ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y Óy !Ü ˛Î˚y– ã˛ˆÏ°y
!¢áˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚SÈñ ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚◊yhs˝ xyÙÓ˚y Úxl%ÙylÛ (inference) ˛õò!ê˛ xÌ≈ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ñ ~•zê˛y •° Üœ˛y!hs˝Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y Ù%áfiÌ
ï˛y §yÙ!Î˚ܲñ ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ !¢ál !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ly– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°È– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛
!l•z– ôÓ˚yÎyܲñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏFSÈñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÓ,!_G ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ Ó˚yï˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÓ¢ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ã˛Ñƒyã˛yˆÏÙ!ã˛ ã˛ˆÏ°– ≤Ã̈ÏÙñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y myÓ˚y ~•z ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ xyÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚yê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Îy•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyGÎ˚yçê˛y Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ÓÓ˚!=˛ˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Îál ~•z xyGÎ˚yç •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ!Óï˛y!ê˛ !¢ˆÏáSÈ–
!ܲS%È í˛zß√%=˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛l (Orienting reflexes) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥§Ù)• (Paradigms of Learning)
~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï
¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~!ê˛G ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– !¢ál xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ í˛zòâyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È
•Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ x˲ƒy§ (habituation)ñ ~!ê˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õÂô!ï˛ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z
•Î˚ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ ÎyÓ˚y ÙyòܲoÓƒ xÌÓy áˆÏu˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
â%ˆÏÙÓ˚ Å£Ïô @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §Ó˚°ï˛Ù ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%Óï≈˛l (conditioning) Ó°y •Î˚– ò%•z
~•z!ê˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛l !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xfiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ÙyòܲoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •…yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z ï˛y (classical conditioning) ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚‡Îy!sfܲ
!l/ˆÏ¢£Ï •Î˚– xî%Óï≈˛l (operant/ instrumental conditioning)–
!¢áˆÏl ~ܲê˛y ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ âê˛lyÓ˚ Ü ˛Ù ç!í˛¸ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (observational learning),
~ê˛y §%flõT˛ •ˆÏÓ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y xyò¢≈ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yˆÏܲ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (cognitive learning), ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚– ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y (verbal learning), ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál (Concept learning)
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ°áy •Î˚ ~!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•#ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü ˛Ù ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál (skill learning) G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ı ≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l (Classical Conditioning) :
1ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà ܲï˛ê˛y çyˆÏl ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ
~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ivan P. Pavlov myÓ˚y xˆÏß!∫ £Ïï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õÓ˚#«˛î (pre-test) ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ˛õyã˛l !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,!_Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
2ä ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ K˛yl xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)!ã˛
xy@˝Ã•# !SȈϰl– ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ï˛!l °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ
≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓlñ
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy!ê˛ !SÈ° Îál ï˛yÓ˚y áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ áy!°
3ä ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ §)!ã˛!ê˛ lï%˛l K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yçyï˛ ˆ≤’•zê˛!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆòˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ
°y°y «˛Ó˚î ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y çyˆÏlyñ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌÓy
4ä ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ°ñ lï%˛l K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ å~ê˛y
Ù%ˆÏá !ܲS%È ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî °y°ÈyÈ«˛Ó˚î •GÎ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y–
•° !¢álä ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õƒy˲°Ë˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚
5ä !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yçyï˛ ï˛Ìƒ Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ
(recall) ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ܲê˛y
§yç §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ: Ó˚yáy •°– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
¢∑ çylï˛ñ G•z ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ál Îï˛ê˛y çyˆÏlñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáy •°– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È!òl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !òˆÏl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢ál •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚y •°– ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyê˛ xflf≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy •Î˚
~•z˲yˆÏÓñ !¢ál •° ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%!Ùï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (inferred
~ÓÇ Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛yÎ˚y° ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ÙyÌy í%˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛
110 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚Ü 2ä xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
(Determinants of Classical Conditioning) Type of Unconditioned Stimuli :
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl Ü˛ï˛ o%ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ù)°ï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ò% • z ≤ÃܲyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ≤ÃÓ, ! _Ù) ° ܲ (appetitive) ~ÓÇ !ÓÙ% á #
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ¡¨ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •° ıÈüÈ (aversive)– ≤ÃÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎÙl áyGÎ˚yñ
1ä í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ (Time Relations ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˆ§y•yà ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y xyl® G
between Stimuli äı È
112 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛zj#˛õܲ– ˆÎ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓˆÏܲ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
˛õ!Ó˚eyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ (Number of Reinforcement and other Features)
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y }îydܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xï˛~Óñ }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z §ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏᖠܲyë˛ çµy°yÎ˚ Óy ܲÌy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ xÌÓy ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !•ê˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ë˛y[˛y xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçl ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏáñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ åáyòƒ
ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ê˛y x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ë˛y[˛y xyÓ•yGÎ˚y ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ Óy ç° Óy ˆÓòlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óy ï˛#Ó ï˛y ܲyÓ˚ܲ ÙyôƒÙä @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ }îydܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢y!§ï˛ lÎ˚– ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zj#˛õܲ ܲ# ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆSÈy°y Óy ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ Óy òˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl }îydܲ ˛õ%l/¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲ¢!Ù¢ Óy ˆÜ˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚
~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y Óy ˛õ°yÎ˚l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ à%îÙyˆÏlÓ˚– §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ã˛y°Ü˛ Óy §•ã˛y°Ü˛ !§ê˛ ˆÓŒê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xƒyܲ!§ˆÏí˛rê˛ xy•ï˛ •GÎ˚y ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ
~í˛¸yÎ˚ xÌÓy ê˛∆y!Ê˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!°¢ myÓ˚y ç!Ó˚Ùyly °yàyˆÏlyˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yÎ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ à%î ÓyˆÏí˛¸–
~!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢y!hflÏ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ
!ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ òÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– •yÕÒy ï˛Ìy !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛#
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ¢y!hflÏ Îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •Î˚ òÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Schedules of Reinforcement)
ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ !ܲv ~!ê˛ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# lÎ˚– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛# •° xl%Óï≈˛l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲálG ܲálG ¢y!hflÏÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y ˆÓ!¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏcG ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ü ˛y°#l ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚ y í˛z ˛ õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ¢y!hflÏ≤ÃyÆ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚§)ã˛#
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!l•y Óy â,îy !Óܲ!¢ï˛ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xï˛~Ó
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §!Ü ˛Î˚
xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî#!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§
Óy: 6É1 ≤Ãyã˛#l ï˛Ìy §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ı ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ (Classical and Operant Conditioning : Differences)
1ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !ܲSÈ% í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y !lÎ˚!sfï˛ 3ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ US ~Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
•Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Î!òG §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– ~Ùl í˛zj#˛õܲ US Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ !¢ál •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Óñ US ~Ó˚ çlƒ
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y UR Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ– xï˛~Ó ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ≤Ãy!ˆÏî !l!‹;˛Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
˛õƒy˲°!˲Î˚l xl%Óï≈˛l ˆÎáyˆÏl US ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ çlƒ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%Óï≈˛l–
4ä xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ
Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xÌÓy §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛
¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ÎyˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó°y •Î˚ñ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl
2ä ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CS ï˛Ìy US §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏܲ US Ó°y •Î˚– US ~Ó˚ ܲyç ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CSˆÜ˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÎ%=˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l
•Î˚!l– ~ê˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲv §Ó˚y§!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ çyly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ CS myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
ÎyÎ˚ ly–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙçyòyÓ˚ âê˛lyñÎy xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚° ly– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚îyÙ– x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xÓ§yò@˝ÃfiÌ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ó°y •Î˚ x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y–
ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§!°àÙƒyl (Seligman) ~ÓÇ ÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ (Maier) ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ §rôyl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ VÑ˛yܲ ܲyˆÏç Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y x!ç≈ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑ (CS) ~ÓÇ x§•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ%°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ñ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢Ü‰˛ (US) ˆòy£Ï ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyî#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ Óy ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
¢Ü‰˛ ~í˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÌ !SÈ°ly– ~•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàê˛y ˆÓ¢ !mï˛#Î˚ ã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– x!ç≈ï˛
!ܲS%È ÓyÓ˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •°– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚y xl%Óï≈˛l x§•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ï˛Ìy ܲyç ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà
˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ü‰˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ÙyÌy ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ xôƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫“ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚
~•z ¢Ü‰˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓƒy•!ï˛ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õƒy˲°!˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ G ò%Ó≈° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•zê˛y x§•yÎ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ò¢yÎ˚–
xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# ¢Ü‰˛ ~Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ x§ÇრàˆÏÓ£Ïîy xyˆÏSÈ Îy flõT ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚# xÓ§yò ≤ÃyÎ˚¢
˛õy°yˆÏly Óy ¢Ü‰˛ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° ly– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ¢Ü‰˛ x!ç≈ï˛ x§•yÎ˚ï˛y myÓ˚y âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xÌÓy !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÈüüüÈ ˛õ% l ı§M˛y°l (Reinforcement), !Ó°% ! Æ
xlƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– xï˛~Ó ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ (Extinctinction) xÌÓy x§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (non-
§M˛y°l Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ xÌÓy x!ÓÓ˚yÙ– Îál ˆÜ˛yl xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ occurance of learned response)ñ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ó!° !¢áˆÏ l Ó˚ xlƒ í˛z j #˛õˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚ î #ܲÓ˚ î
Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ §!ÓÓ˚yÙ §ÙÎ˚§%ã˛#ˆÏï˛ (generalisation), ˛õ%lı§M˛y!°ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y G ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ܲálG ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲálG •Î˚ly– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ (discrimination) ~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆòáy ˛õ%l≤Ãy!Æ (spontaneous recovery)– ˛
ˆàˆÏSÈñ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l (Reinforcement)
ï˛%°lyÎ˚ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ x!ôܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l •° ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ
!Ó°!¡∫ï˛ ˛õl% ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l(Delayed Reinforcement) ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ~Ùl
˛õ% l ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏ l Ó˚ !Ó°¡∫ myÓ˚ y ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏ l Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy âê˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Óy §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÎ˚ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚òÓò° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°l ≤Ãòyl !Ó°¡∫ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG x˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ
~•zê˛y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ˆòáyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– !¢¢% Î!ò !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚
!ܲS%È ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ùl ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– }îydܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ò#â≈ xhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ê%˛!ܲê˛y!ܲ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆSÈyê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õSÈ® xÌÓy Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˜ç!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l åˆÎÙlñ ~ܲçl
Ù)° !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Key Learning Processes) «%˛ôyï≈˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ çlƒ áyòƒä !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ
í˛zj#˛õܲ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚
≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛l Óy §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï˛≈l ˆÏÎê˛y•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l Îál x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xç≈l
!¢ál •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ê˛yÎ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!Î˚ï˛ ê˛yܲyñ ≤âǧy ~ÓÇ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòyˆÏܲ
114 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ ¢!=˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ â^˝ê˛yôÁ!lä í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ñ CR å°y°y «˛Ó˚î xÌÓy xlƒ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ Ó°y •Î˚– ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛Óï˛#≈Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yä myÓ˚y xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xl%Óï˛≈l
¢,C°yÓÂô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyܲy!A«˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï •Î˚– fiÌy˛õl •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ CS ~Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ
!Ó°%!Æ (Extinction) åˆÎÙl ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl Óyçyä í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •°– ~•z xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î
!Ó°%!Æ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xò¢≈l Îy ~Ùl ˛˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyFã˛y !Ù!T˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
•Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ â!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı§M˛y°l xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ Îál ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy
x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏ° •Î˚– Î!ò ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl USÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ CS- xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆl•z ï˛álG ˆ§ ÓÎ˚yÙ!ê˛ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!T˛ áyÎ˚–
CR ly âˆÏê˛ñ xÌÓy !flÒlyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ: !°Ë˛yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~álñ !Ù!T˛à%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙ Ó˚yߨy
áyòƒ ˛õye ly xyˆÏ§ñ x!ç≈ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Ü ˛Ù¢ ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xò,¢ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ÓyFã˛y!ê˛ ÓÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ù!T˛ áyÎ˚– ~•zê˛yG
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
ÙyˆÏl Î!òG x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ~ál ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly ï˛Ó% âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌÓy ~ܲ lï%˛l í˛zj#˛õܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛ál
~ê˛y !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ï˛yˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î Ó°y •Î˚–
SÈyí˛¸y ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó˚ܲñ ˆÎê˛y
Ü ˛Ù¢ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï âê˛y Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y •° ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ– §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î •° §ò,¢ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Î!òG ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ •°
Ü˛ï˛«˛î §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y– ˆÎÙlñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~ܲçl
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° – ~!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y °¡∫y ˆàÑyÊ˛GÎ˚y°y ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸y Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛˛õyGÎ˚yˆÏï˛˛
ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ Îál ˆ§ xyÓ˚G
!Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ ï˛Ìy x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ~ܲçl °¡∫y ˆàyÊ˛GÎ˚y°y ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l
ÙyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ •Î˚ñ ˆÎ ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °«˛î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Î˚ §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ˆÏܲyl ï˛Ê˛yÍ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ xyÓ˚G ~ܲçl SÈy•zÈüÈÓ˚Ç ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ Üœ˛#l ˆ¢•z˲ ܲÓ˚y xˆÏã˛ly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ñ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yl ˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ !ã˛•´ ˆòáyÎ˚!lñ ~•zê˛y ˜Ó£ÏˆÏÙƒÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˜Ó£ÏÙƒÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
§M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲˆÏÙ !ÓˆÏ˲ò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó£ÏÙƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ÎyÎ˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ~•z ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ˆÎñ x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ åáyòƒ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ §Çáƒyä ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸ˆÏ°
!Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲˆÏÙ– 3
1 2
Î!ò x!ç≈ï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï˛≈
xç≈l !Ó°%!Æ
•Î˚ñ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xç≈l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒÓï≈˛l
(CS+US) (¢%ô%Ùye CS)
x!ç≈ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– (¢%ô%Ùye CS)
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ xç≈l ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ §!ÓÓ˚yÙ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
CR ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛
116 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ï˛Ìy ï˛y í˛zay!˛õï˛ •Î˚– xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlñ xܲfløyÍ §Ùyôyl ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏá– çyÙyܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õÓ˚yñ ã%˛° §IyÓ˚ ܲyÎ˚òy ï˛Ìy !lÎ˚Ùñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ã˛ˆÏ° xy§yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ Îál §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
!lˆÏç˛ §ÙyˆÏç ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó !ܲS%È xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ ~•zê˛y
ˆòˆÏá ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~ê˛yG ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛c §%flõT˛ ˆÎ ˆÎê˛y ˆ¢áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ G
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál myÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛ Óy §y!Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛
ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ ˛õÓ˚yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ï˛yñ ˲oï˛yñ l¡Àï˛yñ xôƒÓ§yÎ˚ñ Óy xy°§ƒ ܲyÎ≈§yôl G §yˆÏôƒÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛Ùye– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyÙfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ï˛Ìƒ §Ù§ƒyçlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (COGNITIVE LEARNING)
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál (Latent Learning)
!ܲS%È ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y !¢álˆÏܲ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ˛õÂô!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Îy G•z xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál •° xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál– xhs≈˝!l!•ï˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ âˆÏê˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢áy •Î˚ !ܲv G•zê˛y
ÌyˆÏܲñ ly!ܲ ¢%ô%Ùye S-R xÌÓy S-S §ÇˆÏÎyà ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ly ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòˆÏá!SÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ly– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃòyˆÏl
xï˛~Óñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ê˛°ÙƒyˆÏlÓ˚ (Tolman) xÓòyl xyˆÏSÈ– xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ !¢ál xhs≈˝ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !lˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
!¢ál ï˛Ìy xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢ál ~ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ê˛°Ùƒyl •zÑò%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°Ü˛ ôÑyôyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏ°l– ~ܲ!ê˛ òˆÏ°ñ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
xhs≈˝ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Insight Learning ) ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï áyòƒ á%шÏç ˆ˛õ° ~ÓÇ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§
ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ !mï˛#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ (Kohler) !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏí˛° ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl §%flõT˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
Îy xl%Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y §•ˆÏç Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ï˛!l !¢¡õy!OˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛•´Ùye ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ܲyˆÏ°ñ Îál •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ §y!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îܲyÎ≈ ã˛y°yl Îy ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôy!ê˛
ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ !¢¡õy!OˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÂô ˆá°yÓ˚ à![˛ˆÏï˛ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ ò°!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
Ó˚yáˆÏ°l ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ lyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ áyòƒ Ó˚yáy •°– ê˛°Ùƒyl ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚!l
òu˛ ï˛Ìy Óy: ~Ùl !ܲS%È §Ó˚OyÙ G•z çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy •° ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚•z ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈܲ ˆÓˆÏô !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!¢¡õy!Oà%ˆÏ°y xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xÌÓy ò[˛˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !¢álˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛
áyòƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛î !Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ñ ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ñ •zÑò%Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y
!¢ál ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y Ë%˛° ï˛Ìy ¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛lyñ ˆày°Ü˛ôÑyôyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÓ˚
!ܲv xyܲ!fløܲ ˛xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ó˚ V˛°Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– !¢¡õy!Oà%ˆÏ°y çlƒ fiÌyl §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xÓfiÌyl ï˛Ìy !ò¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ˆ§•z à![˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È«˛î ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •ë˛yÍ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ òu˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ò[˛˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y xylˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˆ§•z à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î lyàyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (VERBAL LEARNING)
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !SÈ°– ˆÜ˛y•°yÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xhs˝ò≈,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢ál ӈϰ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál xl%Óï≈˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §#!Ùï˛–
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl%£Ïñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Ùyl%£Ï Ó›ñ âê˛ly ï˛Ìy
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl flõT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ K˛yl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î xhs˝ò,≈!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ xl%£ÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
§Ù§ƒy í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ÌyˆÏܲ Îál ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§ ~ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢ál xôƒÎ˚l
ˆï˛Ùl flõT˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï •ë˛yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlñ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y ˆçyí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑ åí˛zj#˛õܲ ¢∑ä ï˛Ìy !mï˛#Î˚ ¢∑ •°
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˛˛õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl xÌ≈•#l ¢∑ñ çyly ¢∑ •z Ç ˆÏ Ó ˚ ! ç å≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛ Î˚ y ¢∑ä– !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏ Ù ò% ! ê˛
(familiar word), xçyly ¢∑ (unfamiliar word)ñ lÙ%ly í˛zj#˛õܲÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆçyí˛¸y ~ܲ§ˆÏAà ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
˛õòñ Óyܲƒ Óy xl%ˆÏFSÈò åˆê˛!Ó° 6É2 ˆòá%lä– í˛zj#˛õܲ §ˆÏAà í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õ%lÓ%̊ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y í˛zj#˛õܲ ¢∑ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
(Methods used in Studying Verbal Learning) xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ¢%Âô ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
1ä Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢ál Paired-Associates Learning: Î!ò ˆ§ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x§Ê˛° •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyˆÏly
•Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ §Ó í˛zj#˛õܲ å¢∑ä ˆòáyˆÏly
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ SS- xl%Óï≈˛l ï˛Ìy S-R !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùܲ«˛– ~•z •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ï˛ï˛«˛î ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î ly
˛õÂô!ï˛ Ùyï,˛Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ~ܲê˛yG e%!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y §Óà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù
≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î%ˆÏ@¬Ó˚ •Î˚– !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ Îï˛!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛Ìyñ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y Î%@¬ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ˛ ӈϰ àîƒ
¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆçyí˛¸yñ ~ܲ•z ˲y£Ïy xÌÓy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ò%!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˲y£Ïy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆÏê˛!Ó° 6É3ÈüÈˆï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
118 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
2ä Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢ál (Serial Learning :) !l!ò≈ T ˛ §ÙˆÏ Î ˚ Îï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ xl% £ Ï A à ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S Èñ
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ ï˛Ìy ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yÓ˚ñ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ï˛Ìy ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
ç!í˛¸ï˛ ï˛y §rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã̈ÏÙñ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ xl%Ü ˛!Ùï˛y §¡∫rô#Î˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛yñ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÌ≈yÍ non sense syllables, §Óã˛y•zˆïÏ ˛ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈•#l ¢ˆÏ∑ ~Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑ xÌÓy §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ¢∑ñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ §!•ï˛ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ– ~ܲ•z Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàܲyÓ˚# ï˛y!°Ü˛y
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ¢∑ •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˛õòà%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î§Ù)• ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ•z §y!Ó˚ÓÂô Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌñ !l¡¨ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà
≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ñ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õò!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚# ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ âê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÌÓy ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §¡∫rô ܲÙ
~ÓÇ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛ ÓylyˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò ˆ§ ÌyܲyÓ˚ òÓ˚%l !¢ál §ÙÎ˚ ÓyˆÏí˛¸– ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢
ÎÌyÎÌ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛Ù •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !mï˛#Î˚ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓñ !¢ál ï˛ï˛•z ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛¢y°# •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !l!Ó˚ˆÏáñ
˛õò!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál ~•z ˛õò!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ l#!ï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •Î˚– ~•z
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õò!ê˛ xÌ≈yÍ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ l#!ï˛ ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò ˆ§ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§•zê˛y Óƒï˛#ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
˛õò!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚ Îy ï˛ál ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ çlƒ í˛zj#˛õܲ •Î˚ ˛õò– í˛z˛õyòyl !¢áˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛•z !¢ál ¢!=˛¢y°#
3ä Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ (Free Recall ): •ˆÏÓ–
~•z˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Î!ò xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô !¢áˆÏl ÓÑyôy ly ˆòGÎ˚y
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎê˛y ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ¢∑ ~ܲ!ê˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛
!l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚– ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z !¢ál §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ˆÎ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l
•ˆÏÓ– ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ òˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲ ¢∑ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù Óy §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓy§!Ê˛”˛ (Bousfield)
˛õÓ˚#«˛î ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ¢ˆÏ∑ ≤ÛˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù !˲ߨ– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤ÃÌÙ ~ܲê˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l 60!ê˛
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xôƒÎ˚l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎê˛yÎ˚ 15!ê˛ ¢∑ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ (semantic) ˆ◊!îñ ÎÌy lyÙñ ˛õ¢%ñ ˆ˛õ¢y Óy
§Ó ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ xÌÓy ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y §!∂Ó˚ lyÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §•çñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ˆÏ ° yˆÏ Ù ˆÏ ° y˲yˆÏ Ó ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ y •Î˚ –
˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ ܲ!ë˛l– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°–
Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆ◊!î Ó˚ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ˛˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚°–
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ§Ù)• !ï˛!l ~ˆÏ Ü ˛ ÓˆÏ ° l ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚ Üœ ˛ yfiê˛y!Ó˚ (Category
(Determinants of Verbal Learning) Clustering)– ~áyˆÏl ~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ Î!òG
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛lÙ)°Ü˛ xl%§rôyl ¢∑à% ˆ Ï ° y ~ˆÏ ° yˆÏ Ù ˆÏ ° y˲yˆÏ Ó ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ° !ܲv
xÇ¢@˝Ã•lܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ◊!î xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xôƒÎ˚l !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî category
ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛
clustering âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ê˛yG ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÏÎ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲà%ˆÏ°y •° ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
§Ó§ÙÎ˚•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ (subjectively) §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– !Ó£ÏÎ˚#
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ•z ï˛y!°Ü˛y !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
§Çàë˛l ò¢yÎ˚ñ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢∑ Óy ˛õòˆÏܲ !lçfl∫˲yˆÏÓ §yçyÎ˚
˜òâ≈ ƒ ï˛Ìy í˛z ˛ õyòyl§Ù) ˆ Ï • Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˛ õ) î ≈ ï ˛y ~Ó˚ xhs˝ Ë % ≈ ˛ =˛–
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ï˛y xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 119
ܲyçÈ üÈ 6É3 ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛!îܲ §ÇˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Çñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ §Çáƒyñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ !fl¨?ôï˛yñ Órô%cï˛yñ
!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲyˆÏí≈˛ ˆ°á ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yÙ°ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ó°y
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó°– ò%ÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
•Î˚–
GˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÏܲyl Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !°áˆÏï˛ Ó°ı Ó•zñ xy•zlñ
˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ñ ¢yê≈˛ñ ˆÜ˛yê˛ñ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ñ ˆ˛õ!™°ñ !Ófl%Òê˛ñ ܲ°Ùñ ç#Ólñ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y
•z!ï˛•y§ñ ˲yï˛ñ ò•zñ ç%ˆÏï˛yñ §Ùyç!ÓK˛ylñ !Ù!T˛ñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ xy°%ñ §yôyÓ˚î xÌÓy ç!ê˛° •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !lÎ˚Ù •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
xy•z§!Ü ˛Ùñ ÙyÊ˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ àòƒ– ~•z í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ•z ~ܲ !lˆÏ ò ≈ ¢ – ôyÓ˚ î yˆÏ Ü ˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ ï ˛ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ °ˆÏ « ˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÌy !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
!ã˛hs˝y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ Ó°– xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ Ü,˛!eÙ ôyÓ˚îy G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy Óy ˆ◊!î–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õy_ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá ˆÎ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏo!Ü˛ï˛ Ü,˛!eÙ ôyÓ˚îy •° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y Îy §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çàë˛l xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly– §yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆÏ°y ÎÌyÎÌ G ò,ì˛¸– ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ôyÓ˚îy í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlܲyÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál §yôyÓ˚îï˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ !ܲv ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ G !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎ≈yÆ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ l!çÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ
x!lFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÌÓy ≤çAàÜ ˛ˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !¢áˆÏï˛ §Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy xÌÓy
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚)˛õ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù x«˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ◊!î §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §ÇK˛y!Ó•#l – ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî x§Çáƒ
fl∫Ó˚Óî≈ xyˆÏSÈ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚îy ç#Ó˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ Ó›ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
˙!FSÈ˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ í˛z˲Î˚•z– ˛õy!Ì≈Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ «˛ï˛!l!Ù≈ï˛ Ó› ˆÎÙl §Ó˚OyÙñ
ܲy˛õí˛¸ñ Óy!í˛¸ •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
ôyÓ˚îy !¢ál (CONCEPT LEARNING) ~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%ÈüȧÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– ~ê˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ °«˛î ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ x§Çრӛñ âê˛ly ï˛Ìy
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Óy•% myÓ˚y xyÓÂôñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ Óy•%Ó˚ §Ùyl ˜òâ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ §Ùyl
ç#Ó myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z Ó› G âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyÎ≈
ˆÜ˛yî– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# !˲ߨ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆÎê˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y •° Ó›ñ âê˛ly ç#Ó ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ G•z ˆ◊!î xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ çyly
ÎyÎ˚ Î!òG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !˲ߨ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˆ◊!îÓÂôܲÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy
!¢ál §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
ôyÓ˚îy ܲ# ⁄ (What is a Concept?)
120 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§ÇˆÏÎyçܲ !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛– §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál (SKILL LEARNING)
!lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛e 6É4 ˆòáy Îyܲ– ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ (Nature of Skills)
!ã˛ˆÏe 6É4ÈüÈ~ 16!ê˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ñ ò%!ê˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓà≈ˆ«Ï ˛e ò«˛ï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ç!ê˛° ܲyÎ≈ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õߨ
G !eË%˛çñ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚ÇÈüȈày°y!˛õ G ô)§Ó˚ñ G˛õÓ˚ G !lˆÏã˛ Ü ˛§ !ã˛•´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ ~Î˚yÓ˚ˆÏ≤’•zl ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ
~ÓÇ í˛yl xÌÓy ÓyÙ !òˆÏܲ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆày°Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ܲyí≈˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çy•yç ã˛y°yˆÏlyñ ¢ê≈˛Ï•ƒy[˛˛ ˆ°áy ï˛Ìy ˆ°áy G ˛õí˛¸y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ !lÎ˚Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚îy í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° x˲ƒy§ ~ÓÇ xl%¢#°l myÓ˚y ˆ¢áy
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÎ•z §Ù)• !ܲS%È !lÎ˚Ù myÓ˚y §ÇÎ%=˛ •Î˚ – ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛!lܲ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛ Î˚ y xÌÓy S-R
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ӈϰ– ˆÎ•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢,C° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
xyGï˛yÎ˚ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ӈϰ– ˆÎÙlñ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ ı
!ã˛e 6É4ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏí≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ üÈ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ Ó˚Ç í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ü ˛§ xÌÓy Ü ˛§ SÈyí˛¸y ~ÓÇ í˛yl xÌÓy ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál x§Çრà%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆày°Ü˛– ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ !lÎ˚Ù àë˛ˆÏl xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §%£ÏÙ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ã˛y!•òyܲyÓ˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y xyÓ˚G fl∫ï˛/fl≥%˛ï≈˛ G fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
í˛zˆÏ벖 ~ê˛yG ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
~ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ñ Îál ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
Ùyl §Ùyl ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛ñ ~ˆÏ Ü ˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ܲÙ≈ ò «˛ï˛y Ùy°Ë) ˛ !Ù
(performance plateau) ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •ˆÏ°
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl G˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#
âê˛ly Fitts myÓ˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢ál
!ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÌyı K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ñ §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ
~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛/fl≥≈%˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ xÌÓy hflÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢yÓ°# í˛z˛õ°!kô ï˛Ìy
!ã˛e 6É5 ı G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !ã˛e ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yçê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
!ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y xlyò¢≈– ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°y !eË%˛ç ï˛Ìy ô)§Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ §)eñ
Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy!ܲ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ– !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ç#!Óï˛
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù •° §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ– ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ
~ÓÇ !òܲˆÏܲ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ӈϰ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy!ܲ ò%ˆêÏ ˛yˆÏܲ x≤Ãy§!Aàܲ
§yLjÏÓò!lܲ •zl˛õ%ê˛ xÌÓy í˛zj#˛õܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y
ӈϰ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çlƒñ xyò¢≈ G xlyò¢≈
§ÇÎ%=˛– x˲ƒy§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ë%˛°ºy!hs˝ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ã˛e 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xT˛Ù xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl ôyÓ˚îy
ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚G Ü˛Ù °yˆÏà– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !lË%≈˛° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚ñ Î!òG !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §yLjÏÓò!lܲ •zl˛õ%ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù
xÌ≈yÍ fl∫ï˛/fl≥≈%˛ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy (attentional demand) ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ܲyÓ˚ܲ
xôƒyÎ˚ 6 • !¢ál 121
myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y •°– Î!ò ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆflÒyÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛l ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛yÓ˚ l) ƒ lï˛Ù ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §yˆÏ Ì fl∫ Î ˚ Ç !Ü ˛ Î˚ ï ˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ôlydܲ §M˛y°l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò ˆflÒyÓ˚
(automaticity) ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù •ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl }îydܲ §M˛y°l
~ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò ò%!ê˛ ò° §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˛ò¢≈Î˚
flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò¢≈yÎ˚ ˆÎ x˲ƒy§ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ÙyôƒÙ– ˆÎ §M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yÓ ¢)lƒ–
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l ï˛Ìy x˲ƒy§ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÏΈÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– x˲ƒy§ Îï˛ ~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ §M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlñ
Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓñ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚G Ü ˛ˆÏÙ Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !lË≈%˛° ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚l §M˛y°l ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l ~ê˛y ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ SÈy˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ˆï˛y Ó°y âê˛ly ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !¢ál §Ó≈òy ôlydܲ §yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°ˆÏl
•Î˚ Úpractice makes a man perfectÛ– ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ô%Ùye !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l ~Ùl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §M˛y°l
!¢ál §M˛y°l (TRANSFER OF LEARNING)
ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ôlydܲ xÌÓy }îydܲ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢)lƒ
≤Ã˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲñ Î!òG ÓyhflψÏÓñ §yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ¢)lƒ
!¢ál §M˛y°l ~•z ˛õò!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xl%¢#°l §M˛y°l xÌÓy §M˛y°l xy!_ܲ˲yˆÏÓ x§ÙÌ≈l#Î˚–
§M˛y°l ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ê˛y •° lÓƒ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈!¢áˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã˲yÓ– §M˛y°lˆÏܲ }îydܲ ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ Î!ò ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢ál §yôyÓ˚î åçy!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°lä
Óï≈˛Ùyl !¢álˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôlydܲ ӈϰ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y General (Generic) Transfer :
•Î˚ Î!ò lï%˛l !¢ál Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yl §•çï˛Ó˚ xÌÓy Ù®#Ë)˛ï˛
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÙyˆÏl ¢)lƒ §M˛y°l – ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y §M˛y°l §yôyÓ˚î §M˛y°l §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy xÌÓy §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
≤Ã˲yÓ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ lܲ¢y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– Î!òG ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢ál Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ê˛ lܲ¢y ˆê˛!Ó° 6É4ÈüÈ~ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •°– ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y çß√yÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !¢ál !¢«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zSÈ ˆÎ ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál ܲyÎ≈ §%!ÓôyÙï˛ !¢áˆÏï˛ í˛z_y!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ ~ܲçl
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !¢ál myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ !ܲly– ~ê˛y xôƒÎ˚l !Ü ˛ˆÏܲê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z•zˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl !lˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÙ%ly ò° !Ü ˛ˆÏܲê˛yÓ˚ °y!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ˛õy !òˆÏÎ˚ •ÑyˆÏê˛– ˆ§
ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y lÙ%ly ò°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ° ~ܲê%˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ !ì˛°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒyê˛!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏ¢ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ò%•yï˛ lyí˛¸yÎ˚–
~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xyÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ò«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ
òˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá Ó§yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl x§%!Óôyçlܲ– Î!òG ò% !ï˛l ˛õyï˛y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
~ÓÇ •zLjÏÓ˚ç#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y •°– !mï˛#Î˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛z_y!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ÓSÈÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ~•z ò°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y •° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !°ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏM˛ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò°!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ°áy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ê˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚
•zLjÏÓ˚ç# ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá!l~ÓÇ ~ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z_y!˛õï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !lıˆ¢!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– í˛z_y!˛õï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ¢%ô% ˆ§•z x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ò%•z
çlƒ ˆÊ ˛M˛ ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ܲyÎ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•°– ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ ˛ˆÏM˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c ˆflÒyÓ˚ à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y
122 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l (Specific Transfer) 3ä ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ !ܲv
Îál•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó !ܲS%È ˆ¢ˆÏáñ ~!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ôlydܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÎ≈ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §M˛y°l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ùy°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ 4ä ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨñ !ܲv
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z– xï˛~Óñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà lï%˛l
ÙyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈá ~Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲyÎ≈ ܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓÉÉÉÉÉÉ– xl%£ÏAà !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ôlydܲ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÆ
ܲyÎ≈ ܲÈüÈÓ˚ !¢ál ܲyÎ≈ áÈüÈÓ˚ !¢álˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ xÌÓy ܲ!ë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚–
ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ lyG ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 5ä ˛ õM˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ•zñ
~•zÓ˚)˛õ §M˛y°l ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲv xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
§yò,¢ƒÈüÈx§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zj#˛õܲÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !¢áˆÏl }îydܲ §M˛y°l âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ê˛y
§Ω˛yÓƒ §¡∫rô ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •°– ~Ùlñ ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˆ¢áy xl%£ÏAà lï%˛l xl%£ÏAà
!¢áˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xyˆÏl– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y 7Ù
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÚÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ÛÈüÈ~ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5 ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ !°ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ x§yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §¡∫rô
Ü ˛!Ùܲ lÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyÎ≈ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ Ùhs˝Óƒ
1 SA – RA SC – RD í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˲Î˚•z !˲ߨ
2 SA – RA SA – RA í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yG ~ܲ•z
3 SA – RA SA – RD í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ
4 SA – RA SC – R A í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y !˲ߨ !ܲv ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
5 SA – RA SA – RA ~ܲ•z í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y !ܲv xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y xyhs˝ı˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛–
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò#â≈ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ !¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆê˛!Ó° 6É5 ˆòáyˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤çˆÏAà !l!ò≈T˛ (FACTORS FACILITATING LEARNING)
§M˛y°l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚–
1ä ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l ܲyÎ≈ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ ˆÎÙlñ ≤Ãyã˛#l
ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒhs˝ !˲ߨ– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yl xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl CS ~ÓÇ US ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyñ §!Ü ˛Î˚
!l!ò≈T˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Î!òGñ §yôyÓ˚î xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒyñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó°¡∫ñ
§M˛y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ܲS%È ÙyeyˆÏï˛ ôlydܲ §M˛y°l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏl lܲ¢yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl G xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ï˛yñ
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó› ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚
2ä !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ•z !lÎ˚Ù ï˛Ìy ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õ– xï˛~Óñ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~álñ xyÙÓ˚y !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
§Ó≈y!ôܲ §M˛y°l âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !ܲS%È °«˛î#Î˚
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ôlydܲ §M˛y°l •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y à%%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
124 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly x§Ω˛Ó– xÌ≈yÍ Óƒ!=˛ ¢%ô%Ùye 2ä ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲ!Ó˚˛ñ §Ù§ƒy
ˆ§•z§Ó xl%£ÏAà ˆ¢ˆÏá ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ ç#làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã›ï˛– ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyôyl ܲ!Ó˚˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!Რï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
ôyÓ˚îy ܲ!rê˛lyÙ xÌÓy Ùyey !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ˲yÓy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ
ÎyˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆ§•z ˆ¢ál ܲyÎ≈ xÌÓy xl%£ÏAà xyˆÏSÈ Îy !ܲS%È ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §!Ü ˛Î˚‡≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lÙ)°Ü˛ñ
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ §•ç ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ xˆÏhs˝ ˆÎ•z§Ó xl% Ë ˛ÓܲÓ˚ y ‡ fl∫ K ˛yï˛ñ xl% Ó ï˛#≈ ‡ §yÓ≈ ç l#lñ
!¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ•z §ò§ƒÓ˚y ~ܲòÙ•z ≤Ã›ï˛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ü ˛Ù‡~ܲܲy°#l •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ˆ§•z§Ó ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ 3ä Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôÓ˚l •° ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
xl%£ÏAàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ §ò§ƒÓ˚y ≤Ã›ï˛ xÌÓy x≤Ã›ï˛ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ܲyÎ≈ !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv á%Ó ˛õSÈ®§•zñ x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ flõT˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ §Çàë˛l
ܲy!ë˛lƒ ~ÓÇ xôƒÓ§yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ– G ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚
!¢álܲï≈˛y ı !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛c ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚y
!¢¢%ñ ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ fl%҈ϰ ˲yˆÏ°y ˛≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y ~ܲ•z !¢ál ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xlƒÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È˛ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲçl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ~ܲ•z ˆ◊!îñ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ xˆÏ l ܲ Ùyey xl% § yˆÏ Ó ˚ !¢áˆÏ l Ó˚ ôÓ˚ l !˲ߨ •Î˚ ñ
§¡±òyÎ˚ xÌÓy xyÌ≈ÈüȧyÙy!çܲò° ï˛Ìy xlƒ !˲ߨ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Anderson !ӈϟ’£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚
!¢ál flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆê˛!Ó° 6É6 ~ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
!¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ܲçl !¢álܲï≈˛yÓ˚ !¢ál ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ôÓ˚lÎ%=˛ Ùyl%£Ï !ܲS%È
≤çˆÏAà ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y–
x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛– xlƒ ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y •°ñ ڈΠ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢%ô%Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ
!¢álܲï≈˛y ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ lï%˛l í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !ӈϟ’£Ïܲ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚lÎ%=˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÓ!¢
ï˛Ìy ç!ê˛° ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û ~ê˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !ÙÌ!‹;˛Î˚y §•ç˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ˆÏá Îál ï˛Ìƒ Cumulative sequential
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ pattern ~ ~ܲ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎê˛y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyàï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒ!=˛cñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xllƒ– ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó!˲ߨ SÈyeÓ˚yñ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ñ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õ ˛õSÈ® ˆfl҈ϰÓ˚ Ùyey Îy Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)˛õˆÏܲ í˛zay˛õl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÜ˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~!ê˛ á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§˛ åˆÎÙl ò,!T˛àï˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢álܲï˛#≈Ó˚ ~ܲy@˝Ãï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛ñ Ó!•≈Ù%á# Óƒ!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!òä !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÓ!¢ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏî !¢áˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù ••zñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# §•çï˛Ó˚ !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y (LEARNING DISABILITIES)
ܲˆÏÓ˚– SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ Îsf ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ¢%ˆÏlSÈñ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ xÌÓy ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ˆÎ •yçyÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l ≤Ãôylï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛Ìƒ •yçyÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y fl%҈ϰ !¢«˛y ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲!_≈ •Î˚– Î!òGñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ï˛Ìy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ lÙ%ly ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛y!•òy ˆÓ¢ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚
˛õrÌyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ Óî≈ly !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆÏòGÎ˚y •°– GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸y ÙyˆÏV˛•z ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ "drop-
1ä ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ out' Ó°y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ x§Çáƒ Ü˛yÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl §yLjÏÓò!lܲ
˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï!Ü ˛Î˚y– ~ê˛y •° Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õSÈ® ÎyÓ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y (sensory imparment)ñ Ó%!Âôçyï˛ x«˛Ùï˛y
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ◊Óîàï˛ñ ò,!T˛àï˛ñ (intellectual disability), §yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ §Ù§ƒy
â yîàï˛ñ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ ï˛Ìy flõ¢≈àï˛– (social and emotional disturbance)ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
1ä §¡õ)î≈ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚– 1ä §¡õ)î≈ SÈ!Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä–
2ä fl∫K˛yï˛ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– 2ä Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yë˛yÙÓÂô !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
3ä ÙylÓ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› xyˆÏSÈ ~Ùl í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î 3ä !l‹±yî G ˜lÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î á%Ó §•ˆÏç !¢áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y‡ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤çAà myÓ˚y á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
4ä ˲y£Ïyàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ôyÓ˚îy G ï˛Ìƒñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ 4ä !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy G x§yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛
Î!ò ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÌyˆÏܲ–
5ä x!¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÏ«˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆVÑ˛yܲ– 5ä !¢«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˆ«˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÏVÑ˛yܲ–
6ä ܲï,≈˛c Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ SÈyˆÏeÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ xÌÓy !môyÓ˚ 6ä xˆÏlƒÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ myÓ˚y á%Ó ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly–
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
7ä xl%ˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® 7ä xl%ˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛Ù≈ˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
8ä ôÓ˚l !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– 8ä ôÓ˚l x!ôܲyÇ¢ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ áy˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚–
128 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
— !¢ál xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy x˲ƒy§ myÓ˚y í˛zͲõy!òï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Óy xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ fiÌyÎ˚#
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~•zê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xl%!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˆÎê˛y !lÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ xyã˛Ó˚îÈüüüÈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •° ı ≤Ãyã˛#l ~ÓÇ §!Ü ˛Î˚ !¢álñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î !¢álñ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álñ
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !¢ál ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !¢ál–
—˛ õƒy˲°Ë˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !¢áˆÏl ≤Ãyî#
í˛z!j˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (CS) Îy xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (US) §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
(CR) í˛zͲõyòl ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ US- ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
— !flÒlyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xÌÓy Îy!sfܲ xl%Óï≈˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ÃÌÙ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §!Ü ˛Î˚ •° ç#ÓmyÓ˚y fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y– §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y Î!ò
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢!=˛¢y°# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùyey Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– OC- ~Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ §Çáƒyñ xl%§)!ã˛ ï˛Ìy !Ó°¡∫ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
—˛ õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ !¢álˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚îñ ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ !¢álG Ó°y •Î˚– ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ K˛yl
xç≈l ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Óy !ï˛Ó˚fl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓÎ˚Óñ ¢∑ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ï˛Ìy ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ §yò,¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z à%ˆÏFSÈ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ñ Î%!@¬ï˛ §•ˆÏÎyà# !¢álñ
Ü ˛!Ùܲ !¢álñ Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ §Çàë˛l !¢álˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ≤Ãy§!AàܲG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
— ôyÓ˚îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà– ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Óy !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §y!Ó˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛– ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
xÌÓy Ü,!eÙ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,!eÙ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü%˛§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– §%ÈüȧÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ÓySÈy•z ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xflõT˛ §#Ùy
xyˆÏSÈ–
— ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •° ç!ê˛° ܲyÎ≈ xlyÎ˚yˆÏ§ ï˛Ìy ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚y xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ x˲ƒy§ myÓ˚y ˆ¢áy •Î˚–
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°myÓ˚y §¡õߨ ܲÙ≈ò«˛ï˛y Ó,•Ú ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˜¢°# S-R ¢,CˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çàë˛l– ~ê˛y K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ñ xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ï˛Ìy fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚
˛ õÓ≈ myÓ˚y x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
— lï%˛l !¢áˆÏl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ !¢ál §M˛y°l ӈϰ– ~ê˛y §yôyÓ˚î åˆÎÙl ≤Û!ï˛ä xÌÓy !l!ò≈T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õ yˆÏÓ˚–
~ê˛y ò%!ê˛ !¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe S-R xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— !¢áˆÏl §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Û!ï˛–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l •° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !¢álܲï≈˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ lï%˛l ï˛Ìy ܲ!ë˛l ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲy@˝Ã •Î˚ñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
— !¢ál x«˛Ùï˛y åˆÎÙl ˛õí˛¸yñ ˆ°áyä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !¢álˆÏܲ §#ÙyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y •y•z˛õyˆÏÓ˚܉˛!ê˛Ë˛ñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˆã˛yá •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
— !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y §Çàë˛lñ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyñ !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲˲yÓܲÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§•z˲yˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ò,T˛yhs˝ ÓySÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Üœ˛yˆÏ¢ !¢«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ §M˛y°l §yˆÏÌ
~à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2ä Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÓyl Óy ˲y•z !ܲS%È xy˛õ!_ܲÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî !°Æ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyã˛Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚eyî ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §)eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
130 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 7 Sensory, Attentional
and Perceptual
Human Memory
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îy çylˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ ÈüÈ
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
¿ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ê˛yÍ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §Çàë˛l ~ÓÇ ≤Û!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ G ˛õ%là≈ë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à%îˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛–
¿ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !¢áˆÏï˛–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛° (The stage Model)
flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# G ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É1 ä
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l
ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ G ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ ı í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˲yà åÓy: 7É2 ä
flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ åÓy: 7É3ä
K˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc G flø,!ï˛ §Çàë˛l
flø,!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ı ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ò¢≈# G !Ù̃y flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É4 ä
~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !•§yÓ flø,!ï˛
Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚î
!ã˛•´«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ë)˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y
The advantage of bad
xÓò!Ùï˛ flø,!ï˛ åÓy: 7É5ä
memory is that one
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly
enjoys several times,
!ã˛eܲ°y G §Çàë˛l ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!l:
the same good things
for the first time.
Ù%რ˛õò
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
– Friedrich Nietzsche ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
flø,!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlÓƒy˛õ# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z xÓàï˛ xy!SÈ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲálG ~Ùl !ÓÓ ï˛ˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ lyÙ!ê˛ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SȈϰ ly ÎyÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰ ⁄ í˛z!m@¿ Óy x§•yÎ˚ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ⁄ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~álG !lË%≈˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yˆÏÓ°yÓ˚ ˆ¢áy !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y xyÓ,!_˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– flø,!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒ•z á%Ó ÙˆÏlyÙ%?ôܲÓ˚ xÌã˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° çyàyˆÏly !Ó£ÏÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyhs˝/Óƒ!=˛àï˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl G !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•ˆÏî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ flø,!ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛
≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎÙl í˛z˛õ°!kôñ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y G §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãôylñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒflø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Ù%áfiÌ •Î˚ñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ G ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛
flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)• !ܲ !ܲ – ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z§Ó !òܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚Ó
~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛_¥à%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛Ó ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ¢ï˛y∑# SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !lÎ˚Ùyl%ï˛y xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c
|î!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲçl çyÙ≈yî ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# •yÓ˚Ùyl ~!ÓÇ•§ ˆÜ˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !ï˛!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
xˆÏlܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Îy !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆ§ê˛y §Ùylï˛yˆÏ° Óy §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ë)˛ˆÏ° Îy•z ly– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
Ë)%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ o%ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲv xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚– flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ Óyê≈˛ˆÏ°ê˛ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛
!SÈ°ñ !Î!l òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ !l!‹;Î˚ lÎ˚ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– à“ G @˝ÃrÌ ˆÎÙl xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˆÙÔ!áܲ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !ï˛!l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ flø,!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Îy xyÙÓ˚y fløÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ G ôyÓ˚î ܲ!Ó˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§ˆÏAà xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Îy ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ G Îy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%îàï˛
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ– xlƒ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚yG flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ fiÌyˆÏl ~•z
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòylà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åNature of Memoryä ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢ˆÏá!SȈϰ– flø,!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎ!ê˛ !ï˛l!ê˛
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y K˛yl#Î˚ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf xÌã˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ •° §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚lñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ– xyàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y•z flø,!ï˛– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ •Î˚–
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛ä §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l •° ≤ÃÌÙ hflÏÓ˚ñ Îy ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ
~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl l¡∫Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˛ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓ˚ܲí≈˛ ܲÓ˚y G !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚
Îï˛«˛î ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˙ Îsf!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly G í˛yÎ˚y° ~•z çlƒ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y ~!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈy xÌÓy xˆÏlܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~álG ˆÎyà ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛˛ í˛zj#˛õly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈy Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ fl%҈ϰ §!ߨˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ xAàà%!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ flõ®l˛
132 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ÙylÓflø,!ï˛ˆÏܲG ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy
!Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛Ìƒ •ˆÏFSÈ– í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ï˛Ìƒ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚îñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ
≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È xÌ≈ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !l˛õ%l˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ó˚)˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚y
áä §ÇÓ˚«˛î •° flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚– ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏSÈ xfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ åÓ˚ƒy[˛Ù
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ÎyˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xƒyˆÏ:§ flø,!ï˛ Óy xyÓ˚~~Ùä ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ åˆÎÙl
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Ó §ÇÓ˚«˛î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •yí≈˛!í˛flÒä– ˆ≤Ãy@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ xyˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛à%!°Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
àä ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ– ï˛Ìƒ ˆÜ˛Ó° ï˛ál•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ Ùyl%£ÏG
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚lñ ï˛Ìƒ §M˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ܲyÓ˚G í˛z ˛ õÓ˚ !lË≈ ˛ Ó˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ §ÇÓ˚ ! «˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒà% ! °ˆÏ Ü ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ xylyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y !Ó!˲ߨ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Îál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyçܲˆÏ Ù ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ y ÎyÎ˚ – ˆÎÙl §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl Óy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛ál ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
!§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•î– ~ê˛y á%Ó•z ÙçyòyÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎ ~à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛ylG flø,!ï˛ñ ˆÎÙl ˲yàñ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ flø,!ï˛ñ §¡õy!òï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ •Î˚ñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z˛õÙy flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏl ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy xƒyê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ
§ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y!l Óy §M˛Î˚ fiÌyl!ê˛ ò%Ó≈° !SÈ°– ï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !§!Ê ˛l myÓ˚y 1968 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˆfiê˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°
•ˆÏ°G ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ í˛zÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!l– lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
üÈ
xôƒyÎ˚ Èü 7È • ÙylÓ flø,!ï˛ 133
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛ (Sensory Memory) ı §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ï˛ê˛y ˲Aà%Ó˚ lÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ìƒ
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚G Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚–
xyàï˛ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÌˆÏ Ù §ÇˆÏ Ó òlàï˛ flø, ! ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ≤ÃˆÏ Ó ¢ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ –
§ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ– ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Long-term Memory) ı
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ á%Ó fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒñ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù–
~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y G fiÌyÎ˚# §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÎ˚ xÓ!¢T˛
˛õ!Ó˚¢%Âôï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ !lÓ!rôlï˛– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z §yÙ@˝Ã#à%!° xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ åLTM !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ flø,!ï˛ Óy §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôܲ §ÇˆÏ«˛!˛õï˛ä ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛ÌƒôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó¢y° «˛Ùï˛y
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •ÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÙhflÏ •z!wÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ~áyˆÏl xyˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ §ÙhflÏ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚# K˛yl˲y[˛yÓ˚– ˆ§•z ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!lÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ù ï˛Ìƒ xÌ≈yÍ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y àï˛Ü˛y° §Ü˛yˆÏ° ç°áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲálG ò¢≈làï˛ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ åxyˆÏ°yܲˆÏÓ˚áy ˆÎ!ê˛ ÓyÕ∫!ê˛ Órô çlƒ Îy ˆáˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ SÈÎ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ä xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò çß√!òl!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏlܲܲy° xyˆÏàÓ˚
¢∑!ê˛ Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyG ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛ÌƒG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò¢≈làï˛ Óy ◊Óîàï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòlàï˛ !lÓrôˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ Ü˛álG ˆË˛y°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ!rôï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ìƒ !ܲ xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛– Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÎê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ
«˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Short-term Memory) ı ~!ê˛ •° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ı ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ §¡øï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õˆÏÓ˚
•z!wÎ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ#¤˛ §Ó ï˛ˆÏ̃ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ÓfløÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎ !mï˛#Î˚ flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ (STM ~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ˆT˛ç ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛
!•§yˆÏÓ §Çˆ«˛!˛õï˛äñ Îy x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ï˛Ìƒ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆÎ§Ó ≤ß¿à%!° ~áˆÏly
ôyÓ˚ î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – å§yôyÓ˚ l ï˛ı 30 ˆ§ˆÏ Ü ˛[˛˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÙä– §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
xƒyê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ !§!Ê ˛l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÎ˚
ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ§y xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ˆÎÙl ~ê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ xl%¢#°l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒhflψÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
ly ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ê˛!ܲl§l ~ÓÇ !¢!Ê ˛l !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy•
ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛ Ë˛Aà%Ó˚ !ܲv
134 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xl%£Ï§ˆÏAàÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Îï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ω˛Ó xyàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Çàë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È
ˆÎê˛y !Ó!˲ߨ flø,!ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y §ÇáƒÜ˛ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ §Çàë˛l myÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ñ lï%˛Óy ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §ÙhflÏ ï˛Ìƒ Îy flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Óy xlƒÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛
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xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈñ ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛
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§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y!Ó˚ ÎÌy 194719492004 åˆÎl §Çáƒy!ê˛ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
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ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yÇ!Ü˛Ç Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ 1947ñ 1949 ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáˆÏ°⁄
~ÓÇ 2004 ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çáƒy à!ï˛ˆÏï˛
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xÌ≈ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Î!ò Ú§ÙˆÏÓòlyÛñ Ú§ï˛ƒÛ ~ÓÇ Úí˛zòyÓ˚ï˛yÛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% §Çáƒyà%!° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !°ˆÏá lyG ܲï˛à%!° §Çáƒy
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ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó%G ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yFSÈ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Óî≈≈ly ç#ÓˆÏl Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y §Óà%ˆÏ°y ÙˆÏl Ó˚y!ály–
ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ ~ÓÇ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ
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ܲyˆÏí≈˛ !°!áï˛ ≤ß¿ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ •Ñƒy Óy ly ӈϰ ~!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
í˛z_Ó˚ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ı
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2ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ crew ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ grew
3ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ students
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4ä Gold ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ mood
5ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ⁄ bread
6ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ cousin
'The son of my uncle is my _____
7ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ home
My _____ is a vegetable
8ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ potato
_______ is a piece of furniture.
9ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy xyˆÏSÈ⁄ TABLE
10ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ 'wears' ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ bears
11ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy⁄ marks
12ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ 'cleear' ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §ˆÏAà SȈϮ ˆÙˆÏ°⁄ five
13ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ games
children like to play ______.
14ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ friends
People usually meet _____ in the bucket.
15ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ shirts
My class room is filled with _____
16ä ¢∑!ê˛ !ܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ Ùylyl§•z •Î˚⁄ money
My mother give me enough pocket ____
ܲyí≈˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ !çK˛y§y ܲˆÏÓ˚y fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ!ê˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– fløÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y ¢∑ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ñ ôÁ!làï˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎÙl ≤Èϟ¿ ã˛yGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ê˛°yÊ˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚–
138 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Óy: 7É3 flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùy˛õyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– Óyܲƒà%!° §ï˛ƒ ly !Ù̃y– Îï˛ o%ï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y çylyÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚˛ flø,!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Ùy˛õyÓ˚ ï˛ï˛ ˲y° ï˛Ìƒà%!° §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˙ Óyܲƒà%!°ˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
çlƒ ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y xlƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ Ùy˛õyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ å¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ K˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç 7É3
lÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ≤Ãôyl ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° ~áyˆÏl ˆòáä–
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– àä ≤Ãy•z!ÙÇ åï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲä Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲«˛y åâê˛ly‡ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚lyä
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒä ı xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
Ù%=˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ¢∑ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ï˛yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ– ~SÈyí˛¸y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ܲ!Ó˚ Îy §¡∫ˆÏrô xyÙÓ˚y §ˆÏã˛ï˛l l•z Îy xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ flø,!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óî≈ly
ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ ˲y°– ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ≤Ãy•z!ÙÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyñ garden,
˛õòà%!° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y playground, house •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆòáyˆÏly
˛ˆ§•zà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá ˆÎà%!° ï˛yÓ˚y !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ˛õòà%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ fløÓ˚î •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ¢∑à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎÙlñ gar, pla, ho
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° åÎy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!lä ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ !SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y ܲ# !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ xlƒ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÎà%!°
ï˛y §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!˲K˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy!ê˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ flø,!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ y xyˆÏ à ˆòˆÏ á !l– xÇ¢@˝ à •îܲyÓ˚ # Ó˚ y xˆÏ ò áy xÇ¢à% ! °Ó˚
ï˛ï˛ ˲y°– xÇ¢!ӈϢˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆòáy xÇ¢à%!°Ó˚ xô≈yÇ¢ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
á– Óyܲƒ Îyã˛y•zܲÓ˚î ܲyÎ≈ ı å¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒä ˛ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ Ü˛álG Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚ Îál !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚y •° ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢ §ÙÎ˚•z xˆÏã˛ï˛l
ly ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î K˛yl ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyܲƒ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏ°y ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô% xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Îyã˛y•zܲÓ˚î ܲyˆÏç xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãò_
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ K˛yl#Î˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc G §Çàë˛l (Knowledge ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ˆll lyñ !ܲv Ú˛õy!á !ܲ ≤Ãyî#Û ⁄ ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚
Representation and Organisation in Memory) í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y §yÇàë˛!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆòáÓ Îy ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ly!ܲ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xç≈l
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲܲ •ˆÏ°y
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó˛õ%° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î
ôyÓ˚îy– ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏ°y Ó› G âê˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ó˲yà ˆÎ ~ܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
˲yˆÏÓ Óy xˆÏlܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
~!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛y çylyÓ˚ çlƒ á%Ó òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ù)•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° !Ó˲yˆÏà˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ
í˛z˛õ°kô •Î˚– ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˲yà !lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xˆÏlܲ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° ¢∑˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ôyÓ˚îyà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏSÈ – ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ω˛Óï˛ §¡øï˛ §yò,¢ƒà%!° §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÙ
•G ˆÎ ¢∑yÌ≈ܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îñ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
e%!ê˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÎ ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ çyˆÏl ˆÎ ˛õy!á í˛zˆÏí˛¸ñ ˆÏ§ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˛Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG
˛õy!á ܲ# í˛zˆÏí˛¸⁄ÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ Ë%˛° ˆòˆÏÓ ly– í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛–
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv Óƒ!=˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x§Ù ôyÓ˚îy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ°áˆÏï˛G §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y
§#Ùy !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ ¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Ú˛õy!áÓ˚y Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy Îy !ÓŸª§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl G xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚Û⁄ ≤ß¿!ê˛ çÓyÓ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó§yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ–
ã˛yÙí˛¸y xyˆÏSÈ
!l/Ÿªy§ ˆlÎ˚
˛õ¢% áyÓyÓ˚ áyÎ˚
~!òܲÈüÈG!òܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚
í˛yly xyˆÏSÈ
˛õy!á í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyáy xyˆÏSÈ
˛õy°Ü˛ xyˆÏSÈ ÙySÈ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
Ê%˛°Ü˛y xyˆÏSÈ
140 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)ï≈˛ xyܲyÓ˚˛Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚– !ܲv xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ú§ï˛ƒÛ Óy §ï˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
§Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îç!lï˛ à%îyÓ!°ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– Î!ò ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù §•àyÙ# !ã˛e ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Ú!Óòƒy°Î˚Û ¢∑!ê˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ Îy ˆÙÔ!áܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ã˛e xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ï˛y xyÓ˚G §•ˆÏç fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§ÙhflÏ Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› å~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yä !ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛eÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÓ!rôï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ K˛yl ò¢≈làï˛ G ◊Óîàï˛ ~•z í˛z˲Î˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyò¢≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xˆÏlܲ ˜òl!®l ܲyç
§ÇˆÏܲï˛yÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ Ú˜mï˛ !lÓ!rôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xl%ÙylÛ lyˆÏÙ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Ù)°ï˛ ˛õy•z!í˛G myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛– ~•z xl%Ùyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ !òܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ÎsfyÇ¢
Ù)ï≈˛ !ӈϢ£Ïƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÎà%!° Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ÇÓ˚«˛l ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yñ Óy ~Ùl!ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_ !lˆÏò≈¢yÓ!°
•Î˚ Îál !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò ˛õò Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óî≈ly ˆÌˆÏܲ
Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ !lÓÂô˛ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fiÌy!lܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyò¢≈à%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆÙÔ!áܲ Óî≈lyà%!°Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§à%!° àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
142 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ã˛•´ «˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î (Forgetting due to !SÈ°ñ •hflψϫ˛˛õï˛_¥ Îy ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°
Trace Decay) flø,!ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛Ìƒà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~•z
!ã˛•´«˛Î˚ åx˛õÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ Ó°y •Î˚ä Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ï˛_¥!ê˛ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢ál G fløÓ˚Ïî •° ˛õòà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ï˛_¥– ~áyˆÏl ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎ flø,!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xl%£ÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ •GÎ˚y ~•z xl%£ÏAàà%!°
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Óƒ!=˛ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ xl%£ÏAà
xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~à%!°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ m®µ SÈyí˛¸y•z
100
0
fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ%̊ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ
20!ÙÉ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyˆÏ§ Îál ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛à%!° ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
25
75
50
~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ flõT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
50
8É8ârê˛y
Órô%ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xÌ≈•#l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ åï˛y!°Ü˛y Ú~Û ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
75
25
ê˛y°!Ë˛Ç ~ÓÇ ï˛yÑÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ âê˛yˆÏly (Enhancing Memory) ı
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ê˛y ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#à%!°
xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ÓÇ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚
x≤Ãy˛õƒ •Î˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛à%!°Ó˚ xl%˛õÎ%=˛ï˛y G xˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚
flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ •zFS%Èܲ– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ flø,!ï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎê˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏï˛ ˛ã˛yÎ˚ Îy˛ í˛zˆÏmà G !ÓÓ ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ flø,!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ
ܲ!Ó˚– ôˆÏÓ˚y ï%˛!Ù Ü%Ñ˛ˆÏí˛¸âÓ˚ñ ˆÓy°ï˛yñ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ñ ˆ§ylyñ ˆÓ yOñ !˛õÑ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
•zï˛ƒy!ò xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y fløÓ˚î ܲÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲà%!° ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
¢∑à%ˆÏ°y SÈÎ˚!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ åˆÎÙl ÌyܲyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~à%!°ˆÏܲ
ˆ˛õyܲyÙyܲˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ lyÙñ ôyï%˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l •zï˛ƒy!òä– Î!ò !ܲS%È«˛î ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§ à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È SÈ!ÓÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ§•z ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚y xyd≤ÈÏîy!òï˛ K˛yï˛˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏl
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛ˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ál !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§‰ ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙà%ˆÏ°y Ó°y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
˛õ%lÓ%̊ˆÏoܲ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê ܲySyܲy!SÈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
lyÙà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAÜ˛ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ§‰ ˛õÂô!ï˛ (Mnemonices
using Images)
lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ !¢ˆÏáy ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yG
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ §ˆÏAÜ˛ï˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛e ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ •° ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙ@˝Ã#
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ≤ÃyîÓhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ï˛
144 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲyçÈüÈ 7É4
l#ˆÏã˛ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÏÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚y ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl e%!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y•z ¢∑à%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •G– ~ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y!ê˛ lyG ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ e%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙylòˆÏ[˛˛ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚– ï˛y!°Ü˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ°
ÎyG ~ÓÇ ~ܲ â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õyˆÏí˛¸y– ~ál ≤ÃÌÙ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ÎÌyÎÌ Ë˛yˆÏÓ fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y
¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ Ë%˛° ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §Çáƒy˛ ˆlyê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÈüÈ1
SÈyà° ˆË˛í˛¸y !ã˛ï˛yÓyâ
¢,ày° ÓylÓ˚ í˛zê˛
ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ •!Ó˚î ܲyë˛!Óí˛¸y°#
ˆâyí˛¸y !ã˛ï˛y ˆlܲˆÏí˛¸
§y˛õ áÓ˚ˆÏày¢ ˆï˛yï˛y˛õy!á
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ÈüÈ2
¢)ܲÓ˚ •y!ï˛ àyôy
˛õyÎ˚Ó˚y ˆàyáÓ˚y §y˛õ Óyâ
ÙÎ˚ly !§Ç• ÓyS%ÈÓ˚
˲y°%ܲ !¢Î˚y° ܲyܲ
Ù!•£Ï •zÑò%Ó˚
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y lyG ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÙylòˆÏ[˛˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y 1ÈüÈÓ˚ ¢∑à%!° ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏܲ àyl
ày•zˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õ ã˛y ˆáˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲâ^˝ê˛y !ܲS%È Ü˛ˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ‡
ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ¢∑à%!° ˆÎ ÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰ ˆ§à%!° !°áˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!ã˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ï˛y – ò%!ê˛ !Ó!¢T˛ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Îy SÈ!ÓÓ˚ áä fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı
xyܲ£Ï≈î#Î˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%!° •° Ù%რ¢∑ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ fiÌyl#Î˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˛õòà%!° ÙˆÏl
˛õÂô!ï˛– Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛y ò,¢ƒÙyl !ã˛eà%!°Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ fiÌyˆÏl
ܲä Ù%ტ∑ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı §yçyˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ôˆÏÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ylG !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£Ïy !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yG– Ù%რ¢∑ ˛õòà%!° ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §•yÎ˚ܲ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ å~áyˆÏl xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ˛õòˆÏܲ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy çylä Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑ xl%Ó˚)˛õ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÌÙ Ó› Óy fiÌyl ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
¢ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ Ù%რ¢∑ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ü ˛Ù ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y çyˆÏly ~!ê˛ ÙˆÏlyŸã˛«%˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáyñ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Ó!•ı§ÇˆÏÎyçˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù •yˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ flõƒy!l¢ ¢∑ Ú˛õƒyˆÏê˛yÛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ù%რ¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ú˛õê˛Û ÓySÈy•z ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà ܲÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ù%ტˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ã˛e ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚%!ê˛ñ !í˛Ùñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yñ §yÓyl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç° ˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õye ˛õˆÏÌ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yGñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zÓ˚%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ •yˆÏϧÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏò!¢ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑ !í˛Ùà%ˆÏ°yñ ê˛ˆÏÙˆÏê˛yà%!° ˆê˛!ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ÓyÌÓ˚%ˆÏÙ §yÓyl ˆòáˆÏï˛˛
ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ xlƒôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyÓ,!_Ù)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ õyˆÏÓ˚y– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Îy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
˲yˆÏ°y– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÌÓ˚%Ù ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù
146 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ܲÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛•z ˆl•z Îy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §Ó §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲÓ˚yˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ–
Ù%áƒ˛õò
!lˆÏçÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛yÇ!ܲÇñ K˛yl#Î˚ !Ùï˛Óƒ!Î˚ï˛y˛ñ ôyÓ˚îñ !lÎ˚sfî ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ
!òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !m§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛yÎ˚ l ñ ◊Óîàï˛ flø, ! ï˛ñ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚ î ñ
ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ flø,!ï˛ñ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ù•í˛¸yñ !Ê˛í˛zç ˆfiê˛ê˛ñ ï˛Ìƒ
!Ó£Ï Î ˚ Ó ›Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏ Ì flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ í˛z ß ¨ ! ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ñ Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î Ù•í˛¸yñ flø,!ï˛ àë˛lñ
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yG ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏ Ù y!lܲ§ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï ° áñ ¢∑y!Ì≈ Ü ˛ flø, ! ï˛ñ Ü ˛ !Ùܲ
!¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%îÓ˚%Ͳõyòlñ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
¿ flø,!ï˛ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚îñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚–
¿ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î xyàï˛ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÓrôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ flø,!ï˛˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ ï˛Ìƒy!òˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy§y–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆT˛ç ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ flø,!ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyàï˛
ï˛Ìƒ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° flø,!ï˛ñ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ Ùyeyà%ˆÏ°y òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛Ìƒy!ò !ï˛l!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ˆÎÙl ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ñ ôÁ!làï˛ ~ÓÇ
§Ù!T˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ìƒ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÓrô#ܲÓ˚î
•Î˚ñ Îy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù hflÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˲y° ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ˆây£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ flø,!ï˛
~ÓÇ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyáƒylÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛ flø,!ï˛–
¿ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y •° ôyÓ˚îyñ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚î §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ •…y§ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛#Ó ˛õï˛l xyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ ˛õï˛l á%Ó ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚–
¿ !ÓfløÓ˚î !ã˛•´ «˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛° !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚
xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
¿ flø,!ï˛ ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ͲõyòlÙ)°Ü˛˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– xyÙÓ˚y Îy §M˛Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y
xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ°ˆÏáÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛#≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ¢yô#ï˛ •Î˚–
¿ !lˆÏÙy!lܲ flø,!ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°– Î!òG !ܲS%È !lÙ!lܲ§ !ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ¢áy §yÙ@˝Ã#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
àë˛l !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ°ˆÏáy Îy ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ–
~SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y åÎyÓ˚y ˙ âê˛lyÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SÈ° ˆÎÙl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y•z
ˆÓylñ x!˲˲yÓܲ Óy xlƒ xyd#Î˚ Órô%Ó˚yä ~ܲ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ò%!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó§yò,¢ƒ G §yò,¢ƒ ˆ°á– xl%Ó˚)˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲârê˛y ˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ !¢áˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°y ~SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÎ xlƒ
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ù)° àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ 5!ê˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyG– !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇflÒÓ˚î ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
148 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!ã˛hs˝
l
Sensory, Attentional
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 8
and Perceptual
Thinking
Thinking
Processes
~•z xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛Îy §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ È
¿ !ã˛hs˝l ï˛Ìy ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ
¿ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî !l!•ï˛ !ܲS%È K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
¿ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !¢áˆÏï˛–
¿ ˲y£Ïy G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ
¿ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!”˛Ç ÓœÜ˛
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ G !ã˛hs˝l åÓy: 8É1ä
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
!§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚%˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚%˛õ
˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l åÓy: 8É2ä
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy§Ù)•
But whatever the process, the result is §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)•
wonderful, gradually from naming an !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy
object we advance step-by-step until ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
we have traversed the vast difference !m˲y£yÓyò˛ ~ÓÇ Ó•%˲y£ÏyÓyò åÓy: 8É3ä
between our first stammered syllable Ù%რ˛õò
and the sweep of thought in a §yÓ˚yÇ¢
line of Shakespeare. ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
– Helen Keller
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ı
~ܲ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ ı ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏl ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ xÓ¢ƒ•zñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚– åxy!Ù GÓ˚
lyÙ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ lyäñ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y å~•zê˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ä xÌÓy x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
åxyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ xyÙyÓ˚ Órô% xyçˆÏܲ xyÙyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆòáy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xy§ˆÏÓä çˆÏlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¢∑ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤âhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ xhs˝≈Ë)˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)•– Î!òG
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l §_y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy !lçfl∫ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôylñ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛lyˆÏܲ Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚
!§Âôyhs˝ ~ÓÇ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ G ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ï˛y ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛ ï˛Ìy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •Î˚
~à%ˆÏ°yG xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ܲálG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ÓœÜ˛ xÌÓy Óy!° !òˆÏÎ˚ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈ⁄ !¢¢%!ê˛ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ àí˛¸ˆÏÓñ ˲y.ˆÏÓñ xyÓyÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÏÓ ï˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ÙyˆÏV˛ÙyˆÏV˛ ˆ§ !lˆÏç !lˆÏç ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ê˛yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÌyܲˆÏÓ åÚÚ~•z lÎ˚ñÛÛ ÚÚ~ܲê%˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yÛÛñ ÚÚˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲê˛y àySÈÛÛäñ lܲ¢y!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l åÚÚ˲yˆÏ°yÛÛä
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚G •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !lˆÏç !lˆÏç ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó!° ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# §¡õÜ≈˛⁄ ~•z
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛Ìy ˲y£Ïy G !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ §¡∫ˆÏrôG xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– !ã˛hs˝y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
150 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó˚yhflÏy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ï˛Ìy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SȈϰ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ •° §ÇˆÏÓòydܲ
çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Óñ ~•z!ê˛ !ç!l§ñ çyÎ˚ày
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏ“Ó˚ Ó•z !ܲlˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛Ìy âê˛ly §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ°áܲñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyç 8É1 ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~áyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ¢∑ xÌÓy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ àë˛l •Î˚ ˆ§ê˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyç 8É1
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ !ã˛e 8É2 åܲÈäÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e
Ùyl!§Ü˛ Ó˚)˛õ (Mental Image) : 2 !Ù!lê˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó° ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ xy!Ù ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓí˛¸y° ˆ°ç í˛zÑã%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏe ~•z çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y
~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈñ ~Ùl!ê˛ Ü˛“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°°yÙ– •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ã˛e 8É2 åáÈäÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ !lÓ˚)˛õî SÈyí˛¸y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!ã˛e í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y– ~•zÓyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙlê˛y !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe å!ã˛e 4É1ä ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z çyÎ˚àyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– lï%˛Óy xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏ°y– ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ï˛yçÙ•ˆÏ°Ó˚
ܲyç ı 8É2
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yí≈˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yñ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y !eË)˛çñ Ó,_ ~ÓÇ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛e ܲyˆÏê˛y–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •°%ò Ó˚. ܲÓ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ê˛ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚
§Ó%ç Ó˚.G ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ê˛ °y° Ó˚. ܲÓ˚– ~ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
!ã˛e : 8É2åáäÈüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ áy!° ÙƒyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òܲê˛y l#ˆÏã˛– !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ G Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ 27 ê˛y ܲyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yí˛≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲ!Ó˚ñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆê˛!Ó° ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y–
ˆò!á xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ xy§ÓyÓ˛õe !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲ!Ó˚– Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚
ˆòáˆÏ° ˛õ¢% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~•z§Ó– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ó› ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ
ˆò!áñ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢¢%Ó˚y
!ÓòƒÙyl ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ fiÌy˛õl ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò §yò,¢ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ ܲyí≈˛à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ §y!Ó˚ÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
fiÌy˛õl ΈÏÌy˛õÎ%=˛ •Î˚ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙ !l¡¨!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ıÈüÈ
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎÙlñ Ó˚yhflÏy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ 1ä xyܲyÓ˚ ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !eË)˛çñ Óà≈ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛ï%˛‹õò ≤Ãyî# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚ §Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
Ù%áê˛y Ü%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá ˆ°ç °y!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ 2ä xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ı §Ó !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
ˆâí˛z ˆâí˛z ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !l!m≈ôyÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛ Ë˛yÓˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~•zê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Îy 3ä Ó˚. ı §Ó °y° Ó˚. ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó •°%ò ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà ܲáˆÏly ˆòá!l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏÓ ˆÎ 4ä xyܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xyÜ,˛!ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ
x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° ~•zê˛y ܲyÙí˛¸ ˆòˆÏÓ– xï˛~Óñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ !eË)˛ç ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
ôyÓ˚îy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly– Îy ~ܲ•z 5ä xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚. ı §Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y °y° Ó˚. ÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§¡õߨ Ó›ñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy âê˛lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óà≈ˆÏܲ Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌñ §Ó ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ •°%ò Ó˚. ~Ó˚ Ó,_ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛ˆÏly⁄ ôyÓ˚îy àë˛l
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Îál•z xyÙÓ˚y
flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §ÆÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ôyÓ˚îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ xÌÓy hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~•z
ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫“ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•zê˛y
hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ |ô≈Áıï˛l 姈ÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflÏÓ˚äñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛# hflÏÓ˚
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ~Ùl ˆÎÙ!l xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ !ç!l§˛õe
~ÓÇ xôıhflÏl å§Ó≈!l¡¨ hflÏÓ˚ä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§y!çˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚y!á– !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyÓ˚y á%Ó ¢,C°yÓÂô G ˆàySÈyˆÏlyñ ï˛yÓ˚y
ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ç!l§˛õe ˆÎÙlñ Ó•zñ áyï˛yñ ܲ°Ùñ ˆ˛õ!™°ñ ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Îál ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ӈϰ ÚÚxy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈÛÛ
!ç!l§˛õe xy°Ùy!Ó˚Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°ñ
ï˛ál ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ í˛z!=˛ Ó°yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y !l!ò≈T˛ Ó•z xÌÓy çƒy!Ù!ï˛ Óy: áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ï%˛‹õò# ˛õ¢% ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ!ê˛
152 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆâí˛z ˆâí˛z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ°ç lyí˛¸yÎ˚–ÛÛ xÌÓy ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ¢%ÛÛ ~•z !Ó˲yˆÏà ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ly •Î˚ Úˆê˛!Ó°Û ~Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏà xyÓ˚G
ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ åxô/hflÏlä ܲˆÏÌy˛õÜ˛ÌˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáñ Úܲy˛õÛ ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy– ܲy˛õ / åܲä
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ !l!ò≈T˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ å|ô≈ÁıhflÏlä x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ Ü˛ï≈˛y ܲy˛õà%!° Ù)ï≈˛ Ó› åáä xÓï˛° •Î˚ åàä ܲ!ë˛l G ï˛Ó˚° Ó›
K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xflõT˛– !¢¢%Ó˚y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– åâä •yï˛° xyˆÏSÈ– ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Óy‹õ ˆò!á
ôyÓ˚îy xyˆÏà ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ hflÏÓ˚– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ı •yï˛°SÈyí˛¸yñ Óà≈yܲyÓ˚ xÌÓyñ x§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Óƒy!=˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl ˆÎ§Ó ôyÓ˚îy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ÓˆÏí˛¸y⁄ ~ܲ!ê ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛e 8É3 ~Ó˚ ܲy˛õà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ly §%flõT˛ ly mƒÌ≈•#l– ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y V˛y˛õ‰§y •Î˚– ˆ§à%!° !ã˛e ˆòGÎ˚y •° ~ÓÇ °yˆÏ˲yÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ!SȈϰl ı ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Úܲy˛õÛ ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ˆÎÙl ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ê%˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ ï%˛!Ù Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y x!ôܲyÇ¢•z 5 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l
!ܲ ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ Úˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏÓ ly!ܲ Úˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚Û⁄ ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙçyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚Û !ܲS%È xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#Ó˚y 4 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •° xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ÙˆÏí˛° xÌÓy xy!òÓ˚)˛õ àë˛l ܲ!Ó˚– Óy!ê˛ ~ÓÇ 9 l¡∫Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛°òyl# Ó°°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó
~ܲ!ê˛ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ •° ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcܲyÓ˚# §ò§ƒ– xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù !SÈ°–
~!°lyÓ˚ Ó˚§ ~Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ôyÓ˚îyñ xy!òÓ˚)˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– 1 2 3 4
xy!òÓ˚)˛õ §yò,¢ƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ Ùyl%£Ï ~•z !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly 5 13
10
˛õò ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §ò§ƒ !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
6 11 14
§Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ xyò¢≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y– xï˛~Óñ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛
ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏî ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ T˛y!í˛ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ åÎ!ò 7
12 15
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyò¢≈ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ӈϰ ÙyˆÏlyä
8
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y T˛y!í˛ ˆê˛!Ó° ˚ åÎ!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•zê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ 16
18
ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ xyò¢≈ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ӈϰ ÙyˆÏlyä ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ 17
9
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ~•zê˛y 19
ˆã˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ùܲ«˛ Úˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Û ˆ◊!î
!ã˛e 8É3 ı ܲál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úܲy˛õÛ⁄
154 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲyç ı 8É3 ≤ß¿ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°
§Ù§ƒy ÈüÈ1
~ly @˝ÃyÙ ı x«˛Ó˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lı §!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ôy˛õ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È xl%Ó˚)˛õ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyÜ˛ä– Ìyܲ– Îï˛«˛l ly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y x§Ê˛° •G– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
NAGMARA ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~í˛¸yˆÏly– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
BOLMPER ç!ê˛° x!˲K˛ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
SLEVO lï%˛l ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î!òG ˜òl!®l
STGNIH ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢ı•z ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Óy §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˛õ)Ó≈
TOLUSONI x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§y ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ2 Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y
!Ó®%ˆÏÎyçl ı ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!™° ܲyàç ˆÌˆÏܲ ly ï%˛ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ âˆÏê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îál Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yl §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl !ÓÊ˛° •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î
ˆ§yçy ˆÓ˚áy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z lÎ˚ê˛y !Ó®%Ó˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Î!ò ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲ ë%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ¢=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓ (Lack of Motivation) :
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ3 ı
Ú!ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛° ç°Û ܲyç!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl ˛õê%˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲhs˝ ï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò
§yˆÏÌ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó ò«˛ï˛y G ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~áyˆÏl !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛° xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛ñ á ~ÓÇ à ˆÓyï˛° G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ lÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly Ùyl%£Ï •ï˛y¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚
ܲ 21!Ù!°, Რ127!Ù!°, à 3!Ù!° ç° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xÌÓy ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° ~•z ˆÓyï˛° à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•y΃ ç° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y– §Ùyôyl áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
~Ùl xyÓ˚G SÈÎ˚!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏSÈ–
§Ù§ƒy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛ È È ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y
ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Reasoning) :
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ܲ á à ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG ˆÎ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚
1 100 21 127 3 ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ Ù!Ó˚Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏFSÈñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È !ç!l§ xl%Ùyl
2 99 14 163 25 ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎÙlı ˆ§ ˆê˛∆l!ê˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎê˛y ï˛ál•z
3 5 18 43 10
4 21 9 42 6 SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ SÈyí˛¸hs˝ ˆê˛∆l!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó§y ï˛yÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ
5 31 20 59 4 !ÓòyÎ˚ çylyˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓà ˆê˛∆ˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆l
6 20 23 49 3 SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆ§ê˛y !lˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ ˆ§•zê˛y
7 25 28 76 3 !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyÓ˚ñ xÓˆÏÓ˚y• xÌÓy xyˆÏÓ˚y•–
xÓˆÏÓ˚y• ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y• ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛Ô¢° myÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §yÊ˛°ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
(Deductive and Inductive Reasoning)
lï%˛l §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùyl!§Ü˛ çí˛¸ï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôylܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~•z •z!Aàï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ
l#!ï˛ Óy ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– Î!òGñ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ˆ≤’ê˛Ê˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚ñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
Ùyl!§Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ à%î G à!ï˛Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˆ°yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˆò!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆l ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ê˛y §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸yˆÏFSÈ–
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ~Ùl x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚SÈñ !ܲS%È ˆÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl myÓ˚y ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
156 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Ìyܲ– xï˛~Ó xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG– ~ܲçl lï%˛l !¢«˛Ü˛ fl%҈ϰ !lÎ%=˛ (Nature and Process of Creative Thinking) :
•ˆÏ°lñ SÈyeÈüÈSÈye#Ó˚y ï˛Í«˛îyÍ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚° ˆÎ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çylyÓ˚ •zFSÈy •Î˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆÎ
!ï˛!l á%Ó Ü˛í˛¸y– Î!òG ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Üœ˛yˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎÙlñ Ó#çˆÏÓylyñ
â!l¤˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál ï˛yÓ˚y ã˛yܲy ÓylyˆÏlyñ ˆày•yÓ˚ !ã˛e §yçyˆÏlyñ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲yÓy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ SÈyeÓrô%c˛õ)î≈ ӈϰ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜òl!®ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ §vT˛ •Î˚ ly– ~•zôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ˆÎ§Ó §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È xy§° !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xà!îï˛ ˆ°yܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §,çl¢#°ï˛y Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
•Î˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲ# ˛õÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Îy xyÙÓ˚y Îál í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚!SÈ– §Aà#ï˛ñ !ã˛eܲ°yñ
~•z §Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓySÈy•z xÌÓy ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyl® G í˛zÕ‘y§
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~à%!° §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈§¡õߨ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~É!í˛É ܲyˆÏí≈˛ÛÓ˚ lyÙ ¢%ˆÏlSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲ!Ó˚– !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î G !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲçl í˛z!qò!ÓK˛yl#ñ !Î!l !Ó !ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÎ ¢!=˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚˆôÑyÎ˚y!Ó•#l ã%˛!Õ‘Û ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy!ê˛ xyˆÏ§ ˆ§!ê˛ •° !Ó!˲ߨ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y çlƒ– !ï˛!l ¢%ܲˆÏlyñ xÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xÑyˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ çµy°yl#ˆÏï˛
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ“ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál myò¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï˛≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÓyô•Î˚ ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ SÈye xy!¢£Ï
ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl G xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õylGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏlSÈ– ˆÎ ly!ܲ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÓy!ê˛ˆÏܲ
!lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•ñ ˲!ӣσÍñ x!°!¡õˆÏÎ˚í˛ñ @’y§ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ Ê%˛ê˛ °¡∫y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÎsfÙylÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ Ó•z˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yñ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ yO ˆÙˆÏí˛° çÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~à%!° •ˆÏFSÈ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l !§!lÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ xl%£Ïò í˛zòy•Ó˚î Ùye– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
§ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Üœ˛y§ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ myÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚G !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy–
ÌyˆÏܲ– !§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ §Ùyôyl Óy !Óܲ“ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ¢%ô%Ùye
xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çy!l ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z x§yôyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ myÓ˚y•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçlˆÏܲ
•ˆÏÓ– ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% á%Ó Ë˛y° Óƒyí˛!Ùrê˛l ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸– §,çlÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y¢#° Óƒ!=˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ Óy
ˆ§ Ó˚yçƒhflψÏÓ˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!£Ï≈ܲ !¢“# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §,çl¢#° •GÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y ÙylÓ Ü˛yÎy≈Ó°#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyí˛!Ùrê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ ܲÓ˚y xÌÓy Óy!£Ï≈ܲ hflψÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚yñ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÙlÈ ˆ°áyñ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏlyñ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yñ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ x!˲lÎ˚ñ à“ Ó°yñ
ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ §Ó §Ω˛yÓƒ ܲÌyÓyï˛≈yñ §Ç°y˛õñ ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§yñ ˆá°yÎ˚ñ ˜òl!®l §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ñ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ mrô Ù#ÙyǧyÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ–
§y•yˆÏ΃ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˜òl!®l §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ x@˝Ãy!ôܲyÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•îG !˲ߨ
≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y x§yôyÓ˚î §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
•Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y o%ï˛ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛yÙ)°Ü˛ §,çl¢#°ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
Ìy!ܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìy
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ly–
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
(Nature of Creative Thinking) :
§,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒylƒ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
•° ~ˆÏÏï˛ x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ Ù)° !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y Óy §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛°yÊ˛° xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l
158 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
Óy: ı 8É2 ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l
~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ É!í˛É ˆÓyˆÏly Ú˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝lÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ê%˛!˛õ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xl%ÎyÎ˚#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !à°ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl xl%§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l ı ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z ê%˛!˛õ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy á%°ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ê%˛!˛õ Ó°ˆÏï˛
!ï˛!l ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÈÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìƒ âê˛lyñ xyܲyÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ myÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ Ùyl!§Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y ¢)îƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y– °y° ê%˛!˛õ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏe xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ
§!¡ø!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y !l¡¨ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ §Çܲ°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ܲyˆÏ°y ê%˛!˛õ !lî≈Î˚ñ §yÓôyl# ~ÓÇ ï˛Ü≈˛ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– •°%ò ê%˛!˛õ ˆ§•z !ã˛hslˆÏܲ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆ§•z xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
çlƒ ï˛Ìy ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ !Óܲ“ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ˲yÓ# ˆÎ ܲyˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyàç •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÜ˛l °y˲òyÎ˚ܲ– §Ó%ç
í˛zlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ÚÚ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl#Î˚ åï˛y!_¥Ü˛ä !ã˛hs˝l ~ܲ•z àï≈˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ áll ê%˛!˛õ §,çlydܲñ !Óܲ“ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛– l#° ê%˛!˛õ !lˆÏçfl∫
ܲÓ˚yñ xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ•z x!˲Ù%ˆÏá à˲#Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝l ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õyŸª≈#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l !Óã˛yÓ˚ Óy ˆÎyçlyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝l
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°y xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ àï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ !í˛ ˆÓyˆÏly §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy Óy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˛õyŸª#≈Î˚ !ã˛hs˝l Ùyl!§Ü˛ °y¡≥˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝l ܲyÓ˚#ñ ÚSÈÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝l ê%˛!˛õÛ ˆï˛
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– !í˛É ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy §Ù!T˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ˆÓyˆÏly !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– SÈÎ˚!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
160 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âê˛ly Óy Ó›Ó˚ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ §,çlydܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏï˛y x˲ƒhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z ˆÎ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓyG ܲ!ë˛l ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ~•z xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Ù§ƒyà%!°ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏï˛ ly ˆòáyñ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ §,çlydܲ §yÙÌ≈ƒˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛Ìy Óyôyà%!°ˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §vT˛ Ìyܲy Óy ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
í˛zë˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ï˛Íܲy°#l !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛
Î%=˛ •Î˚– ˛≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Óyôy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲lÓ Óy ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏᖠܲyç 8É3ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲyç ı 8É5
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyàç
!ܲS%È ~Ùl !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!™° Óy ܲ°Ù ly ï%˛ˆÏ° §Óܲ!ê˛ 9!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Îy §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zqÓˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô Óy
•ˆÏÓ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏܲ ¢%ô% ~ܲÓyÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z §Ù§ƒy §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ Îy
§Ùyôyl!l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§áyˆÏl lï%˛l ˲yÓlyˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎÙlñ Ú~ê˛y Î%!=˛Î%=˛ lÎ˚Ûñ Ú§ÙÎ˚
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy xl%Ùyl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ˆl•z– á%Ó Ü˛ÙÛ xyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆòˆÏÓ lyñ •zï˛ƒy!ò
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ°yܲ 9!ê˛ !Ó®% !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ Óà≈ˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ôlydܲ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆÎÙlñ ÚxyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒ˛õÌ xyˆÏSÈ⁄Û
§Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z !òܲà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È⁄ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!ܲS%È•z ˆl•z– !Ó®%ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ Ü˛!“ï˛ Óy xydÈüÈxyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛
§#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ Óy §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yÎ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛–
ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Óyôy§Ù)• §,çlydܲ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°§Ù)•
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ÓyôyˆÏòÎ˚˚ Óy ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝l ¢%ô%Ùye (Strategies for Creative Thinking) :
§,çlydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y lÎ˚– ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ x˲yÓñ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˲Î˚ñ !˲ߨ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
§,çl¢#° Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ
˲Î˚ñ !Óo%˛õ Óy ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Î˚ñ ò%Ó≈° xydôyÓ˚îyñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ fl∫˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ Îy §,çldܲ
•zï˛ƒy!ò §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !ܲS%È ˆ°yܲ
!ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ §•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
Îy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ §yÙÌ≈ƒ
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl x!˲ˆÏ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •l ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~ÙlG °yàˆÏï˛
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ ܲyç xyÓ˚G ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓlyñ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl•z
ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy ÙôƒÓï≈˛# !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ•z x!hs˝Ù §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
— ˛ õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xyˆÏÓà ñ ò,¢ƒñ ¢∑ñ àë˛l!Ólƒy§ ≤Ã!ï˛ °«˛ƒ
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆl!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°
ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ •GÎ˚y– fiÌyl#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyñ !Ó°%!ÆÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒñ Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛Ùñ ÊÑ˛yܲñ
«˛Ùï˛y ˆl•z– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl xyŸã˛Î≈ƒ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ xy!Ó‹Òï≈˛y x˲yÓ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ x§Aà!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x§¡õ)î≈ï˛yà%!°ˆÏܲ
ÌÙy§ xy°Ë˛y ~!í˛§l xˆÏlܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ¢ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ Îy xlƒÓ˚y °«˛ƒ lyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
x§Ê˛°ï˛y ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ≤ÃÌÙ ÓyÕ∫ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~Ó˚ çlƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xôƒÎ˚lñ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Óyôy§Ù)• ˙!ï˛•ƒñ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yñ ≤ÃÌyl%§yÓ˚# xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛Ìy ≤ß¿ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
ã˛y˛õñ ~ÓÇ ÓyôyôÓ˚y ~•z §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xyl%àˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ Ó›Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ≤ÃÌyl%§yÓ˚# xyã˛Ó˚î ܲï˛Ü˛ §yÙy!çܲ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ çlƒ !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y–
á%Ó•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !ܲS%È ˙!ï˛•ƒñ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ — !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãò_
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%§Ó˚î xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ñ §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏl Óyôy §,!T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ §Ω˛Ó ˲yÓlyñ
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – §yÇfl, Ò !ï˛Ü˛ Óyôy í˛z ! òï˛ •Î˚ xy°yòy •GÎ˚ y Ó˚ ˲Î˚ ñ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛ Î˚ y ñ §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ y Ù¢≈ í˛z Í ˛õyòl ܲÓ˚ y –
!fiÌï˛yÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ñ ÙôƒÙ xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç
•zFSÈyñ Óƒy!=˛àï˛ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y Ó˚«˛yñ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛y˛õñ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xÓfiÌy !Ó!˲ߨ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyîˆÏܲ •zFSÈy˛õ)Ó≈ܲ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~Ùl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
162 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ܲáˆÏly âˆÏê˛!lñ ˆÎÙl ôˆÏÓ˚y §ÙÎ˚ !˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïyàï˛ !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝l !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ Î!ò ¢)lƒ ly ÌyܲˆÏï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛– ≤ÃÙyî Î!òGñ ~ê˛y ӈϰ ˆÎñ ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óà≈ ~ÓÇ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ °Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚
— §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lçfl∫ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ìyܲy– í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ•z à%î Óy hflÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy
Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y •%Ù!ܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z §Ω˛Ó – ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ !ܲS%È !ã˛hs˝l xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §•ç •ˆÏï˛
xyÙÓ˚y §,çlydܲ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y Ü˛Ù Ü˛!Ó˚– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
— ˆ¢£Ï !ܲv xyˆÏòÔ ˆ¢£Ï lÎ˚ñ xyd!ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ ôlydܲ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝l
ÌyˆÏܲy– ܲáˆÏly ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §,çlydܲ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛yˆÏܲ áyˆÏê˛y (Thought as Determinant of Language) :
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– !lçfl∫ §,çl¢#° ï˛yÓ˚ xyl® í˛z˛õˆÏ˲yà ܲÓ˚–
§%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §%•z§ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl# !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l
!ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy (Thought and Language) :È ˆÎñ !ã˛hs˝l ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˲y£Ïy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç Î%!=˛ myÓ˚y
~ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓyV˛yl ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l
!ã˛hs˝l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Îál !¢¢%Ó˚y
ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚°yÙ– xyÙÓ˚y !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆòˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ lܲ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ å~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ xl%ܲÓ˚î
˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡∫ ˆ Ï r ôG xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ ° yÙ– §¡õ) î ≈ xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly ӈϰä ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ – !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ã˛°yܲy°#l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y xl%Ë˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛#ñ ˆÎê˛y xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓ!SÈ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ G•z xyã˛Ó˚î xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÎ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ~•z !lı§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ lÎ˚– ˲y£Ïy ¢%ô%Ùye !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
!Ó˲yà ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•l fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
˲y£Ïy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲñ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝l !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyˆÏܲñ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˲y£Ïy ÓyFã˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyeyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈ– ã˛° xyÙÓ˚yñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ lÎ˚– !˛õÇÎ˚yˆÏç
!ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚– !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ Î!òG ˲y£Ïy !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢áyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛Ó% ¢∑
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ K˛yl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl åÎÌy !ã˛hs˝lä–
!ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ã˛hs˝y •° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ñ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
(Language as Determinant of Thought) :
˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ (Different Origins
!•!® ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ of Language and Thought) :
xyd#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ çlƒ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ xˆÏlܲ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚–
ÙyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y•zñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˲y•zñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ Ë˛y•zñ ÙyÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓylñ Ùy Ó˚y!¢Î˚yl ÙˆÏly!Óò‰ñ ˆ°í˛ ˲y•zˆÏàyê˛!flÒ Î%!=˛ myÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yl
~Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yÙ#ñ ÓyÓyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yÙ# •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy Îál ~ܲ!eï˛ •Î˚ñ ò%ÓSÈÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ܲçl •zLjÏÓ˚ç Óƒy!=˛ ~•z §ÙhflÏ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà !ã˛hs˝l
§¡õÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– •Î˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈÓyã˛!lܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˆÓ!¢ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚îñ
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚Ç ~Ó˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ í˛çl ¢∑ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ã˛hs˝y!˲!_ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yñ ˆÎÙl
!ܲS%È í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ê˛y xfl∫!hflψÏÓyˆÏô ܲyߨy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%•z ÓSÈÓ˚
¢∑ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%!° !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§Ü˛y°#l ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y Ù%ˆÏá Ù%ˆÏá ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄ ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢¢% •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˲y£Ïy˲y!£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y
≤Ã!ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyd#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ܲ §Ó˚°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢∑•#l ܲÌyÓyï˛≈y !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚– !ï˛!l !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ
Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ó
ˆÓOy!ÙlÈ !°È ÈGÓ˚Ê˛È(Benjamin Lee Whorf)üÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyàï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#ê˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Îál !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ ¢∑•#l •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ò¢≈lÙ)°Ü˛
˲y£Ïyàï˛ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛y xl%Ùyl lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛¢y°# xÌÓy §M˛y°l §¡∫rô#Î˚ – ˲y£Ïy !ã˛hs˝y SÈyí˛¸y ï˛ál ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚
§ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîñ ~•z xl%Ùyl §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲ# ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Îál xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Óƒ=˛ xÌÓy •y!§ xÌÓy ÙçyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
164 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ÚÙyÛ xÌÓy ÚòyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– Ü ˛Ù¢ı ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ¢∑
!ܲv Îál ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈ !ӈϟªÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy xç≈lˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ Óyܲƒ Óy ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zçlƒ
~ܲ §yÙylƒ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ˲y£Ïy ly çylyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ•yˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÊ˛– Îál ï˛yÓ˚y 18 ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 Ùy§
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò«˛ •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !¢¢% ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛y
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál !¢¢%Ó˚y ò%•zÈüÈ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ܲS%È ˛õ)Óy≈˲y§ !lò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ §yˆÏÌ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%•z ¢∑ ˆê˛!°@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ü˛
˲y£Ïy !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflÏÓ˚à%!° !lˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüÈ
Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùï˛ å˲!ï≈˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ ê˛yܲy ˛õyë˛yGä
lÓçyï˛Ü˛ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ ˆSÈyê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !ӈϢ£Ïƒ ~ÓÇ !Ü ˛Î˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ çß√!òˆÏlÓ˚
xyGÎ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ xyí˛¸y•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢¢% myÓ˚y í˛zͲõߨ ≤ÃÌÙ ôÁ!l •° ÜÑ˛yòy– ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ˆ§•z ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢yˆÏl–
ܲyߨy x˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£Ïy x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!fløï˛ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
Ü ˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎÙl «%˛ôyñ ÓƒÌyñ !loy°%ï˛y
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !¢!á⁄ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ
•zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ çlƒ ÜÑ˛yòyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyey ~ÓÇ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~•z ≤ß¿ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚lï˛ı xyl® Óƒy=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyߨyÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yçà%!° Ü ˛Ù¢ı x!ôܲ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ Ü%˛çl ¢ˆÏ∑
ˆÜ˛ylG xyã˛Ó˚î !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲly⁄ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl#àî
åˆÎÙl xyxyñ í˛zí˛z •zï˛ƒy!òä Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ ˲y£Ïy xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ SÈÎ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ò%ˆÏê˛y•z á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÓƒOlÓî≈ ~ÓÇ fl∫Ó˚Óî≈ ~Ó˚ ò#â≈y!Î˚ï˛
xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò# !ÓÉ~Ê˛É!flÒlyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎñ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ¢∑ myÓ˚y ç!í˛¸ï˛– åí˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ òyÈüÈxyÈüÈÓyÈüÈä ≤ÃyÎ˚
˛õ¢%Ó˚y ã˛y!Ó ï%˛ˆÏ° xÌÓy !á° ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá å6¤˛ xôƒyÎ˚ñ
lÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ~•z ôÁ!là%!° ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛
!¢ál xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ä !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£ÏG ˲y£Ïy ˆ¢ˆÏá–
•ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ∑ Î%=˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÚòyòyòyòyòyòyÛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° l#!ï˛ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ú•zˆÏܲy°y!°Î˚yÛ Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎáyˆÏl
xl%£ÏAà åˆÓyï˛° ¢∑!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ò,!T˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ •GÎ˚yäñ
ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy xÌÓy
xl%ܲÓ˚î å≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ¢∑!ê˛ä ~ÓÇ
xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ •Î˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#hflψÏÓ˚ xfl≥%˛ê˛Óyܲ ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y°lܲyÓ˚# å§_¥y ˆÜ˛yl §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ •y§y xÌÓy
xl%ܲÓ˚î ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– !¢¢%Ó˚y SÈÎ˚ Ùy§ ÓÎ˚§# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ôÓ˚yä xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~G ≤ÃÙyî xyˆÏSÈ
¢∑ ˆÓyˆÏV˛– ≤ÃÌÙ çß√!òˆÏlÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ å≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ÓyFã˛yÓ˚
ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y Óy˛≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ôÁ!l
§!ë˛Ü˛ ÓÎ˚§!ê˛ !˲ߨ •Î˚ä x!ôܲyÇ¢ !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛§M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xyã˛Ó˚î
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢∑ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ı ~ܲ!ê˛ !§ˆÏ°‰Ó°‰
Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛à%!° ÓySÈy•zÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%!°Ó˚ Ü ˛ÙÓô≈Ùyl
166 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
— !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ ••zñ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ Ó› ï˛Ìy âê˛ly §¡∫ˆÏrô Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ–
— !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲy!ôܲ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
— !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝@˝Ã•î ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
— §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝l !ܲS%È lï%˛l ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ç!í˛¸ï˛ÈüÈ~ê˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ Ó› xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
§Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl–
— §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ §,çl¢#° x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óyôy ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàƒï˛y
Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •Î˚–
— ˲y£Ïy §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy¢yñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ï˛Ìy
xyܲyCy !ܲS%È !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
— ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Ù%რ!Óܲy¢ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%•z ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Î˚–
— ˲y£Ïy ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l ç!ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä ôyÓ˚îy ܲ#⁄ !ã˛hsl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
3ä §Ù§ƒyÈüȧÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl Óyôyà%!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚–
4ä ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒyÈüȧÙyôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
5ä !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !§Âôyhs˝ @˝Ã•î !ܲ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛⁄ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚–
6ä §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l ˆÜ˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄
7ä §,çl¢#° !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ˛Óyôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
8ä §,çlydܲ !ã˛hs˝lˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
9ä ˲y£Ïy SÈyí˛¸y !ܲ !ã˛hs˝l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
10ä ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲y£Ïy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚⁄
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä ~ܲ ÓͧÓ˚ñ ò%•z ÓͧÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ï˛l ÓͧˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §Æy• ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚– GˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy !°!˛õÓÂô
ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòá !¢¢% ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑ ˆ¢ˆÏá ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ¢∑ !¢ˆÏáˆÏSÈ⁄
2ä §ÇÓyò !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyÙà%ˆÏ°yñ !ÓK˛y˛õlà%ˆÏ°yñ ܲyê≈%˛l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°yç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï !ÌÙ xÌÓy xlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛≤çˆÏAà Îy ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚!lñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Óyî# xÌÓy ˆŸ’yàyl
~ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !°á– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ôy˛õà%!° ~ÓÇ Óyôyà%!°Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˲yÓ–
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ 2 ı
§Ù§ƒyÈüÈ 3 ı
~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl •° ˆÓyï˛° á å127ä !°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ܲÈüÈ ˆï å21ä ç° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˲Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛çlƒ ˆÓyï˛° Ü˛È ÈüȈï˛
ì˛y°– ~ál ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛÈüÈ ˆï˛ 106 !Ù!° ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ å 127 !Ù!°ÈüÈ 21 !Ù!°ä ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚܲÈÛ ÈüÈˆï˛ !Ù!° ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛ç° ì˛y° ~ÓÇ ÚàÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ç° ˆì˛ˆÏ° ˆÓyï˛° áy!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyG– ~ál ÚáÛÈüÈˆï˛ 103 !Ù!° ç° xyˆÏSÈ ï˛Ìy ˆÓyï˛° ÚàÛ áy!°
xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓyï˛° ÚàÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˆÓyï˛° ÚáÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆï˛y°– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ 100 !Ù!° ç° ˆÓˆÏã˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á-ܲÈ-2à xl%Ü ˛Ù ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ Ùyey ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– 6¤˛ ~ÓÇ §ÆÙ §Ù§ƒy ~ܲê%˛ ܲ!ë˛l– 6¤˛
§Ù§ƒyˆÏï˛ Ü˛y!A«˛ï˛ Ùyey 20 !Ù!° xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ÚܲÛÈüÈˆï˛ xyˆÏSÈ 23 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ÚáÛÈüÈ ˆï˛
49 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛Ìy ÚàÛÈüÈˆï˛ 3 !Ù!° ç° Ë˛!ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈# !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ
§#Ùy ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ω˛Ó xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚° !Ó!ô §¡∫ˆÏrô !ã˛hs˝l xÌÓy ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ °yàyˆÏly xl%Ü ˛Ù 49-23-(2†3) xl%§Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– ÚÜ˛Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚáÛ ˆï˛ ç° ì˛y°ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yl §Ó˚° Óy o%ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈# !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ùyôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô% ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y ˆÓyV˛y ~•z í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÑyã˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~ܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !Ólƒy§ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l°– §ÆÙ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôyˆÏl ÚÜ˛Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÚàÛ
ˆï˛ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ç° !Ólƒy§ ~ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆÎ xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Î%!=˛Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!=˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÊ˛° •ˆÏÓ–
21 127 23 49 28 76
3 3 3
ܲ á à ܲ á à ܲ á à
~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye §Ó˚°
§Ù§ƒy 1ÈüÈ5 §Ù§ƒy 6 ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚
§Ù§ƒy 7
168 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ 9 Motivation and Emotion
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy È
˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ å˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ §•çyï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ç!Óܲ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ä í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ
ˆÎÙl •ˆÏÙ≈ylñ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y§!Ùê˛yÓ˚ñ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ àë˛l x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡∫rô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ä–
å•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ •zï˛ƒy!òä– í˛zòy•Ó˚l / Ü,˛!ï˛c xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy– xl%ˆÏÙyòlñ
í˛zòy•Ó˚l / «%˛ôyñ ï,˛£÷Ïy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛y– «˛Ùï˛yñ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° ~ÓÇ xl%§rôyl G
xyˆÏdy˛õ°!kôÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ÈüÈ
172 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ï˛yí˛¸ly ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ •zï˛ƒy!ò– !l¡¨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Power)
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xˆÏlܲ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ò¢yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ÙylˆÏÓÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÔl xˆÏ˲òƒË˛yˆÏÓ ˜Ïç!Óܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ–
ˆÎÔl ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˜ç!Óܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °«˛îà%!° •° xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓñ !lÎ˚sfîñ
ܲÓ˚y xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛lyñ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ~ÓÇ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y í˛zay˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ˆÎÔl xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
ï˛#Ó ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ David Meclelland (1975) «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚
ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ¢% ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏï˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ı Ùyl%£Ï «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ≤Ãy!Æ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛eà%!°ˆÏܲ
çlƒ òyÎ˚# Îy ˆÎÔlyAà myÓ˚y !là≈ï˛ •Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ ¢%Ü ˛@˝Ã!rÌ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲyd ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy
~ÓÇ !í˛¡∫y¢Î˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚– xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ ÎÌy xƒy!Ïí»˛ly° ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲy!•l# ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ı
!˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe «˛Ùï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲG xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÔl ˆ≤ãÏîy í˛zj#!˛õï˛ •Î˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ í˛zj#˛õly ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˆ§Ô¤˛Ó àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ xhs˝ıˆ≤ãÏîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy (Psychosocial Motives) ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛ !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîyà%!° x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆ¢áy xÌÓy çlƒG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚– §yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛# ˆÎÙl ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#ñ Órô%Ó˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ K˛y!ï˛Ó˚y §yÙy!çܲ ˆ≤ãÏîy xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏlܲ xÓòyl §ˆÏAà ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛m!®ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
Ó˚yˆÏá– ~à%!° •° ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ç!ê˛° Ó˚)˛õ §Ù)• Îy ly!ܲ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ï˛ı Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yl §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ò§ƒ
§yˆÏÌ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y– !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒ ܲyÓ˚%Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÙl
ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆlï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ó Óƒ!=˛ ò°àï˛ àë˛lï˛sfˆÏܲ
xl%ˆÏÙyòˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Affiliation) xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ §Aà# xÌÓy Órô% xÌÓy xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Îy•zˆÏ•yܲñ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ˆÜ˛í˛z•z §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_ xyˆÏl !ܲv ÓÎ˚§ ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚
~ܲy ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ Ùyl%£Ï ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG •Î˚–
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î xÌÓy ~ܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy (Need for Achievement)
˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ àë˛l xÌÓy §Ù!T˛àï˛ Ë˛yÓ ÙylÓ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ !ܲS%È SÈyeSÈye# á%Ó
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ùyl%£Ï xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy ≤Ã!ï˛m!®ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˲y° ly¡∫yÓ˚
ˆ§•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ò§ƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ â!l¤˛ •ˆÏï˛ !lòyÓ˚%î˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛T˛y xÌÓy ˆ@˝Ãí˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyÓ˚î ˲y° ly¡∫yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ@˝Ãí˛ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛y
ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˆÜ˛yl Ùyl% £ Ï ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ã˛yGÎ˚ y ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛ G Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y° ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy ≤âhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîy
í˛z˲Î˚˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â!l¤˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÙyòl Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z •° §ˆÏÓÁ≈y_Ù Ùyl ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy– Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ˆ≤ãÏîy §yÙy!çܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ã˛y!•òy n-Ach !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ
xl%ˆÏÙyòl ã˛y!•òy §!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ Îál Óƒy!=˛ •%Ù!ܲ xÌÓy §!Ü ˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
x§•yÎ˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ Îál ï˛yÓ˚y á%!¢ •Î˚– ˆÎ§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ã˛y!•òy ≤ÃÓ° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §Aà §yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !¢¢%Ó˚y Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚
ˆáÑyˆÏç ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Órô%c˛õ)î≈ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– ã˛y!•òy xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ§Ó §)e ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚
174 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó !ܲ •Î˚ Îál ~ܲçl Óƒy!=˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ
ܲyç 9É1
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
ÓyhflÏ ! Óܲ !Ü ˛ Î˚ y ܲ°y˛õ ܲálG ܲálG ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmàñ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚îy ÎÌy •ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ mˆÏ®Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚
Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜§lƒˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˛õ%!°¢ x!Ê˛§y§≈ ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
x!@¿ÈüÈ!lÓ≈y˛õܲ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˛õò˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚
xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çyly ÎyÎ˚– xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏï˛
•ï˛y¢y (Frustration)
!lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x§Aà!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl xÓfiÌy ˛x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ !òˆÏܲ ˆÙyí˛¸ ˆlÎ˚
~ê˛y ˆÜ˛l âê˛°⁄ ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•˛õyë˛#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ ••z– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲy!Cï˛
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚– °«˛ƒ Îál Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛y ܲT˛òyÎ˚ܲ •Î˚– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y
§Óy•z !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl ~ê˛y x!˲K˛ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– Îál
xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §yÙy!çܲ òy!Î˚c˛õ)î≈ñ §,çl¢#°ñ fl∫ï˛ıfl≥)˛ï≈˛ñ
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ °«˛ƒ xç≈l ly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚
lï)˛lˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ï˛ál •ï˛y¢y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚%˛õ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ê˛y
ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛Ü˛Ó˚§ˆÏÓyô ~ÓÇ à˲#Ó˚ xyhs˝ıÓƒy!=˛àï˛ (interpersonal)
˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
§¡õÜ≈˛ àí˛¸yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y !ÓòƒÙyl–
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xhs˝Ë˛≈%=˛ •° xyÜ ˛Ùlydܲ xyã˛Ó˚îñ fiÌyÎ˚#ܲÓ˚î
!˛õÓ˚y!ÙˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l¡¨ÈüÈhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy å¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ä ܲï≈,˛c
(fixation)ñ ˛õ°yÎ˚lñ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ~ÓÇ ÜÑ˛yòy– í˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ù°yÓ˚
Ê˛°yÎ˚ Îï˛«˛l ˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ ï˛yÓ˚y xï,˛Æ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y Îál
myÓ˚ y ≤ÃhflÏ y !Óï˛ •ï˛y¢yÈ ü È xyÜ ˛ Ùîydܲï˛y (frustration-
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §vT˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál í˛zôÁ≈ï˛l ã˛y!•òyà%!° Óƒy!=˛Ó˚
aggression) á%Ó !Óáƒyï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)e (hypothesis)– ~ê˛y
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y x!ô@˝Ã•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xÌÓy xÓˆÏÓ˚yô í˛zͲõߨܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÎ á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˆ°yܲ•z §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î x!ôܲyÇ¢
myÓ˚y Óy ˆÜ˛yl !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ
ˆ°yܲ !l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# í˛z!m@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ü ˛Î˚y §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ¢y!hflÏ Óy •%Ù!ܲ myÓ˚y Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •ï˛y¢yÓ˚
•ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ mrô (Frustration and Conflict) Ù)° í˛zͧ xÌÓy ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüÈ
~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà#à%!° !lˆÏÎ˚ 1– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ ¢!=˛ ÈüÈ Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó›ñ Ó˚%Âô ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xÌÓy
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z ï˛_¥à%!° ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%!° §¡∫ˆÏrô xlƒylƒ Ùyl%£ÏG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ly!ܲ !l!ò≈T˛ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏS ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ xyˆÏà Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– 2– Óƒy!=˛àï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ÈüÈ ÎÌy x≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ï˛yñ
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !ܲ !ܲ⁄ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x˲yÓ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔSÈyˆÏly ܲ!ë˛l Óy x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Óñ !ܲ •Î˚ Îál ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ÓÇ 3– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ mrô–
Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ xÌÓy ~ê˛y x§Ê˛° •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
A1
ã˛y!•òy
A2
A5 xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ
í˛zˆÏ_çly È °«˛ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
mrô (Conflict) xï˛~Ó ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ •zFSÈy ~ÓÇ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛
Îál Óƒy!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ã˛y!•òyñ •zFSÈyñ ˆÏ≤ãÏîy •° mˆÏrôÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
xÌÓy òyÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál mrô âˆÏê˛ñ mˆÏrôÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
!ï˛l≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ m® xyˆÏSÈñ í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈î xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÓySÈy•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛
mrôñ !Óܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mrô ~ÓÇ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mrô– ¢!=˛‡à%Ó˚%c ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈxyܲ£Ï≈î m®µ xyˆÏ§ Îál ò%!ê˛ ôlydܲ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ áÑ%!ê˛ly!ê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ m®Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛
xyܲy!Cï˛ !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°
!Óܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ ò%!ê˛ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Óy ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ xlyܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˆÎñ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° m®ñ ˆÎ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲï˛yÎ˚
!Óܲ“§Ù)• !lÓ≈yã˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§– ÓyhflÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏl ~•z !mÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲçl Î%Óܲ ˆÎ ly!ܲ
m®µ !ܲS%È í˛z˲Î˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆÎÙlñ òhs˝!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ òÑyˆÏï˛Ó˚ «˛Î˚ñ §Aà#ï˛K˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ !ܲv !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆÙˆÏlçÙƒyrê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈
Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ áyÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xly•yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ xyˆÏ§ Îál ~ܲ•z °«˛ƒ xÌÓy ܲyç ı 9É2
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ xyÜ,˛T˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛G ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ï˛Ìy ò%Ó≈° çyÎ˚ày !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚È
m®µà%!° §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚y !Óܲ£Ï≈î m®µ ˆÌˆÏܲG 1ä ~•z §ÆyˆÏ• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ܲyçà%!° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚!=˛Ü˛Ó˚– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mˆÏ®Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õà%!°ˆÏܲ ï˛y!°Ü˛yË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚–
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° !mÙ%á#ï˛yÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ ~ÓÇ }îydܲ mˆÏ®µÓ˚ 2ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ xyàyÙ# ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏà•z ˆÜ˛yl °«˛ƒ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓS˚ È⁄
Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%!° !ܲ⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
§Ç!Ù◊î– xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ܲÓ˚–
l)ï˛l ~ܲê˛y ˆÙyê˛Ó˚Óy•zܲ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ã˛yl !ܲv ÙyˆÏ§ ÙyˆÏ§ ê˛yܲy 3ä ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yl ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ Î!ò ly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
!òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ~ܲçl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ GçˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÎÙl ˆáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸y¢%lyñ !Ó◊yÙñ ÙˆÏlyÓ˚Ol ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
~ÓÇ ~Ùl ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈ !Óã˛«˛îƒï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
!˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ly ˛õSÈ® ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
!§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xyܲ£Ï≈îÈüÈ!Óܲ£Ï≈î mˆÏrôÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– 4ä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ⁄
åÎ!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲä
•ï˛y¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ •° ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ mrô–
5ä Î!ò ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜òl!®l Ó˚%!ê˛l ã˛yê≈˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly
ç#ÓˆÏlñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!rôï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zͧ ˛õyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ x˲ƒy§ˆÏܲ ò)Ó#˚ Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ ˆÎà%!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ò¢yÎ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%!°ˆÏï˛ mˆÏrôÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
176 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õí˛¸y¢%ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˲y° Ê˛° ÙˆÏly!ÓܲyÓ˚– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Ó˚yà Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ Ù!•°yÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# xl%˲Ó
ˆÎ xyÜ ˛Ùîydܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y x!ôܲ ï˛#Ó
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õÔîı˛õ%!lܲ •Î˚– ~•z !°.ˆÏ˲Ïò ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ å˛≤Ã!ï˛m!rôï˛yÙ)°Ü˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ (Nature of Emotions) xyã˛Ó˚îä ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ å§ÇÎ%%=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Îbä §yÙy!çܲ
ÚÚfl∫yï˛# á%Ó á%!¢– xyç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
~ÓÇ ˆ§ ¢#£Ï≈fiÌyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ í˛zÕ‘y§ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG
ï˛yÓ˚ Órô% ≤ÃîÎ˚ ˲y° Ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùl áyÓ˚y˛õ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !˲!_
(Physiological Bases of Emotions)
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z fl∫yï˛#Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc !•Ç§y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ç#Ól
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ê˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yà !òÓƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yܲÓ˚#Ó˚ çlƒ Ù!Ó˚Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y •ï˛y¢ ӈϰ ˆ§ x§%á#–Û §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§#
xyÙÓ˚ y §yÓ˚ y !òˆÏ l xyl®ñ ò% ı áñ xy¢yñ ˲y°Óy§yñ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ Ó˚%ˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •GÎ˚y
í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ Ó˚yàñ â,îy ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ xˆÏlܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Ùyeñ ˆ§ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˛õy ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ÚxyˆÏÓàÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÙçyç ~Ó˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ •,òflõ®l ï˛#Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§ÙyÌ≈ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚lï˛ı xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚–ÛÛ
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛ Îy ly!ܲ xyl® Óy ÓƒÌyÓ˚ Ùyey ˆÜ˛l ~ê˛y ~Ùl •° ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏl ~Ùl•z ~ܲ!ê˛
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙçyç ò#â≈§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲv xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛#Ó ï˛y§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# xÓfiÌy– í˛z˲Î˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%!° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ ôyÓ˚îy §¡õߨ– xyˆÏÓà ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆò!á ˆÎñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ál à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
í˛zˆÏ_çly˛õ)î≈ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy §ß∫rô#Î˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– Îál xyÙÓ˚y í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ñ ˲#ï˛ xÌÓy
ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Îál xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛ál ï˛y Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ ••z ï˛ál ~•z ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!° xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §•ç˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Óy•z °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈñ Îál
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yà xÌÓy í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ •Gñ ï˛ál •,òflõ®l
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ– ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ñ ÙyÌy !V˛Ù!V˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ âyÙ !lı§Ó˚î ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ñ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ §Ó˚OyˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ
~áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘ál#Î˚ ˆÎ xhs˝ï˛ı SÈÎ˚!ê˛ xyˆÏÓà §Ó≈fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛
~à%!° •° Ó˚yàñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˲Î˚ñ xyl®ñ ò%ıá ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚– •zçyí≈˛ ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y §•ç •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
(Izard) ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ò¢ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%!° •° í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
xyl®ñ !ÓfløÎ˚ñ xyܲ£Ï≈îñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ xÓK˛yñ ˲Î˚ñ °Iyñ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyô ˆ«˛ˆÏ e fl¨ y Î˚ % ! Óܲ ¢yÓ˚ # Ó˚ Ó , _ #Î˚ §!Ü ˛ Î˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î ̃y°yÙy§ñ
~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xlƒ !Ù◊î xyˆÏÓà •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ñ !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ùñ ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§,!T˛ •Î˚– Plutchik ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyê˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xÌÓy Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ~•z§Ó ~°yܲyˆÏï˛
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xyˆÏÓà xyˆÏSÈ– xlƒylƒ !Ó!˲ߨ xyˆÏÓà ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˆòáy
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏî àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏ벖 í˛z!l ~•z xyˆÏÓàà%!°ˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ܲÓ˚î !¢¢%
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏçyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ xyl®ÈüÈò%/áñ ~ÓÇ ÓÎ˚flÒˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
@˝Ã•lˆÏÎyàƒï˛yÈüÈ!Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ˲Î˚ÈüÈˆÜ ˛yô ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚ÈüÈxy®yç– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ï˛_¥à%!°Ó˚
xyˆÏÓà ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ åï˛#Ó ÈüÈ«˛#îä ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆçÙ‰§ (James 1884) !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ °ƒyÇ §ÙÌ≈l
à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ åxyl®ñ !lÓ˚yl®ñ ˲Î˚ä– !Ó£ÏÎ˚àï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛y•z ~Ó˚ lyÙ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒyÇ ï˛_¥–
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛àï˛ ˛≤çAà xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– (James-Lange Theory) åˆòá !ã˛e 9É5ä–
~•z í˛z˛õyòylà%!° •° !°Aàñ Óƒy!=˛c ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xôƒyÎ˚ ÈüÈ9 • ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà 177
Óy: ı 9É2 xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy
fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# ~ÓÇ xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ Ó˚§«˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ˆò•§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚G !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
̃y°yÙy§ ı !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ı
~!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ïà%FSÈ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇK˛yÓ• fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ̃y°yÙy§ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆ˛Ï õỹy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚
!Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ̃y°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmà §yˆÏÌ !°!¡∫Ü !§ˆÏfiê˛ÙG ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ÓÇ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲƒyll ~ÓÇ Óyí≈˛ ~!Ùàí˛y°y •° !°!¡∫ܲ !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚˛ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ Îy ly!ܲ xyˆÏÓà
(Cannon-Bard 1931) §yˆÏ° xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà §¡∫rô#Î˚ flø,!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
§¡∫rô#Î˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ~ÓÇ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yܲyÓ˚# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ìƒy°yÙy§ ܲˆÏê≈˛: ı
~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏê≈˛: â!l¤˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~•z
•y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ ı ˆày°yô≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓÑy!òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê ˛rê˛y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:
~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛w !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ àîƒ ôlydܲ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ•y!ÙGfiê˛ƒy!ê˛Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚
~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ í˛zj#˛õly ˛õÂô!ï˛ Ìƒy°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙôƒfiÌï˛yÎ˚ •Î˚ñ Îy ly!ܲ ˆÜ˛yl xyˆÏÓà
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf åˆÎÙlñ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAà ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛zͲõߨܲyÓ˚# í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎyàyÎ˚ Îy ly!ܲ ˆ˛õ¢# lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸yÎ˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛– ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛:ñ ܲAܲy°Óï˛ ˆ˛õ¢# ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ï˛Ìƒ
í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ï˛#Ó xyGÎ˚yˆÏç ã˛ÙˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yñ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛: ˛õ)Ó≈ÈüÈx!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#àï˛ xAàˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Óƒy!=˛!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yˆÏܲG !lô≈yÓ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z§ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò#
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒyÇ ï˛_¥!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Î%!=˛ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢#§Ù)• Óƒy!=˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ o%ï˛ Ÿªy§@˝Ã•l çlƒ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– å!ã˛e ı 9É6 ˆòáä
ܲÓ˚yñ •,òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ô%ܲ˛õ%ܲy!l ~ÓÇ ˛õy ܲÑy˛õy •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ò%!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏsf !Ó˲=˛ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ §ÙˆÏÓò# ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓàÈüÈç!lï˛ í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ ˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ï˛sf ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈
•°ÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛ âê˛ly Óy í˛zj˛#˛õly !l!ò≈T˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# ï˛sf ˆ§•z
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%!°Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆò•ˆÏܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y •Î˚– •,ò!˛õˆÏu˛Ó˚ •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •…y§ñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õñ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl
Î!òGñ ~•z ï˛_¥!ê˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#l xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù– xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ ܲƒyll ~ÓÇ Óyí≈˛ ¢!=˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l
≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲƒyllÈüÈÓyí≈˛ ï˛_¥ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ xy˛õï˛Ü˛y°#l
178 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf ÙyǧˆÏ˛õ¢#
§!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲÙ≈
í˛zj#˛õly ̃y°yÙy§
Fig.9.6 : Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyáƒyl
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ– ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÓyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l xlyÓ,ï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢Ùyl x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §ÇˆÏ Î yà ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – !ܲv ~ê˛yG
ï˛y•z ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ôÓ˚l ˆÓyV˛y á%Ó §•ç– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓà ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ myÓ˚y•z
å!ã˛e ı 9É8ä Óƒ=˛ •Î˚ ly– xlƒylƒ ˲y£Ïy!Ó•#l ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG xyˆÏÓà
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓà §%áܲÓ˚ ly!ܲ ò%ıáܲÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl !fiÌÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îñ xAà˲Aà#ñ ˛õÓ˚y˲y£Ïy
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lܲê˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î– xAà˲Aà# myÓ˚y Óƒ=˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy
x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ã˛#l ˆòˆÏ¢
ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl !ܲS%È àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô ï˛_¥ xyˆÏSÈ Îy ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ •yï˛ ï˛y!° •° !ã˛hs˝y xÌÓy •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yà •y!§Ó˚
ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ù)° xyˆÏÓà åˆÎÙl xyl®ñ ˲Î˚ñ Ó˚yàñ myÓ˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– l#Ó˚Óï˛yG !Ó!˲ߨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Óï,˛£÷Ïyñ ò%ıá ~ÓÇ !ÓfløÎ˚ä •° §•çyï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÓ≈çl#l– xÌ≈ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ à˲#Ó˚ xyˆÏÓàG
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ï˛y xyˆÏÓÏà#Î˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ §•çï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ l#Ó˚Óï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óƒ=˛ •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢
ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ °IyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ~•z x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÓ ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ •Î˚– !fiÌÓ˚ ò,!T˛
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜ò!•Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ê˛yG
˜ò!•Ü˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ !̈ÏÎ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ lyê˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ °ƒy!ê˛l xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ~ÓÇ ò!«˛l •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xAà˲!Aà ~ÓÇ !lܲê˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆã˛yá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
Ë)˛!ÙܲyG xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •Î˚ï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ°yܲñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
¢yflf#Î˚ l,ï˛ƒ ˆÎÙl ˲Ó˚ï˛ÈüÈlyê˛ƒÙñ G!í˛¸!¢ñ Ü%˛!ã˛˛õ%!Ó˚ñ ܲaܲ ï˛Ìy ï˛Ìy ˛õy!ܲhflÏyl# Ë)˛ÈüÈáˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ò,!T˛Ó˚
xlƒylƒ l,ï˛ƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆã˛yáñ ˛õy ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– lï≈˛Ü˛#Ó˚y xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˜ò!•Ü˛ xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ÓƒÓôyl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§M˛y°l ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£Ïy!Ó•#l ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒyܲÓ˚î ˆÙˆÏl xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÓ˚y
§%áÈüÈò%/áñ ˲y°Óy§y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ á%Ó !lܲˆÏê˛ÈüÈxy§ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ lyñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyã˛ƒˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ â!l¤˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
~ê˛y §Ó≈çlÈüÈK˛yï˛ ˆÎ xyˆÏÓàçyï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ myÓ˚y xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ fl∫yFSÈ®ƒˆÏÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe flõ¢≈Ù)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ í˛z£÷ï˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §yÓ≈çl#lï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÓ˚Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲï˛áy!l !ÓòƒÙyl– x!ôܲyÇ¢ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚y x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yñ í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲ#Î˚ ÎyÓ˚y xy°y˛õã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ â yˆÏlÓ˚
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §•ç˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲òÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ
~ê˛y ç!ê˛°ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%=˛ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓààï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
182 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!Ó£Ï]ï˛yÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛ñ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈à%!° xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛çlƒ
ÓyhflÏÓ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy §«˛Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤ÃÙy!lï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲#£Ïî ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~•z xÓfiÌy!ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙçyçˆÏܲ • xyd§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!ÂôÈ ı
x§•yÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˆË˛yàܲyÓ˚# ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎÙl â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ú!ܲ˲yˆÏÓÛ ~ÓÇ ÚˆÜ˛lÛñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚
˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ x§%!Óôyñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ã˛M˛°ï˛y Óy ≤Ã!ï˛Órôܲï˛y xhs˝ò≈,!T˛ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚–
!ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •…y§ Óy ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Óy §yÙy!çܲ • !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ ı
!Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õà%!°ˆÏï˛ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ •…y§ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~ê˛y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ xyˆÏÓˆÏà ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# âê˛lyÓ˚
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z mrôçlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛zˆÏmà˛õ)î≈
§¡ø%á#l ••z– ã˛y!•òy˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §!Ü ˛Î˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmàñ !Óï,˛£÷Ïy •zï˛ƒy!ò ã˛y˛õ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚– Î!ò âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y í˛zˆÏmà˛õ)î≈ ly
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl ã˛y˛õG ÌyˆÏܲ ly– xï˛~Óñ ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!° Î!ò ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ÎyÓ˚y ò%ıá#ï˛ ~ÓÇ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y@˝ÃhflÏ ~ÓÇ §%á# ~ÓÇ ¢yhs˝
Ùyl!§Ü˛ G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ lyG–
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏl•z ˛õ#í˛¸l ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà•z • !ܲS%È xyd ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛l ܲÓ˚È ı
˛õ#í˛¸ l ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ x!ÓˆÏ F SÈ ò ƒ xAà !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó xyˆÏ Ó ˆÏ à Ó˚ È ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛ xÌÓy §yÙ!Î˚ܲ xï˛#ï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xyˆÏÓà ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ~ÓÇ
Ù)° !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ܲÙyˆÏly ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô §¡∫rô#Î˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ó,!Âô– Î!òG ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyd!ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl Ó˚yàñ ˲Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏmàñ •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §%fiÌï˛y G ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛ˆÏÓ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ xˆÏlܲ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Ó!¢T˛ï˛y xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– lyˆÏÙÓ˚ §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ • !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%=˛ Ó˚yáy xydÙ)!ï≈˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏî ı
ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl fl∫Î˚Ç ~Ùl !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy fl∫Î˚Ç !lˆÏçÓ˚ xyò¢≈ •G– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õy!òï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ç#ÓlˆÏܲ §Ù,Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xy¢yñ §%áñ ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù xÇ¢à%!°ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
§,çl¢#°ï˛yñ §y•§ñ xy¢yÓyòñ ≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyô%!lܲ ç#ÓˆÏl ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÓ˚yG ˲y° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xl%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy
§yÙy!çܲ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó •° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ãÏîy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚–
(effctive emotion management)–
Óy: 9É5 È È˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmà !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°È (Management of Examination anxiety)È
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~à%ˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛ à%í˛¸à%!í˛¸ ï˛Ìy • ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ı !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲÓ˚–
í˛zˆÏmà xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ı x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚y° ˆ≤’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏmà §M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yˆÏÌ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ƒ ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y Óy í˛zˆÏmà •GÎ˚y ÓyN˛l#ΠܲyÓ˚î ~ê˛y • •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !ã˛hs˝y ÈıÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§y Ó˚yáñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yà%!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˲y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õy!òï˛ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ü ˛Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyG ˆÎà%!° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲvñ x!ï˛ÙyeyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏmÏà §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏc ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%!=˛˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚–
Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ò%!Ÿã˛hs˝y@˝ÃhflÏ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ òyG– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
˲yˆÏÓ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zj#Æ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y_Ù Ü˛Ù≈«˛Ùï˛y !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy òyG–
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲÙ≈ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– • §ÙÌ≈l ã˛yG ı !lˆÏçÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÌÓy !§!lÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
˛˛õÓ˚#«˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ#í˛¸l §M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚#˛ xÓfiÌy ï˛Ìy xlƒylƒ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ !môy ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !lÜ˛ê˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° myÓ˚y §Çà!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏmàÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° •yÕÒy xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Îy ly!ܲ
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ xÌ≈yÍ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Óy ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˛~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝ıò,!T˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ
õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y– Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ áyÓ˚y˛õ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ !l!‹;Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚y– !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›ï˛ı ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚y ܲyÙƒG §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüÈ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• ˲y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ lyG ı §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ Ë˛y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ • !Ó˚°ƒy:ˆÏç§yl ı !lÓ˚%ˆÏmà ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆ¢á– !Ó˚°ƒ:ˆÏç§yl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ
≤Û!ï˛ lyG– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ òyG– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ôÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢yhs˝ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ìy ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ%lıà!ë≈˛ï˛
xy§y ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚– ~ê˛y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛ˆòÎ˚– xˆÏlܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ !Ó˚°ƒy:ˆÏç§yl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xyˆÏSÈ–
~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˛õ#í˛¸l •…y§ §yôyÓ˚l˲yˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xyÓ˚yÙòyÎ˚ܲ ˲Aà#ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§ Óy
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢à%!°ˆÏܲ !lÓ%̊ˆmÏ à ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ í˛zj#˛õly •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
• ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ Èı !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ù܉˛ (Mock) ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢≈# !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó°– •˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ ı È~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y˛õ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y¢#°
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl ÙˆÏl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚myÓ˚y í˛zͲõߨ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ¢!=˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ myÓ˚y xlƒ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§# •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !òFSÈÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •yÕÒy ÓƒyÎ˚yÙ Óy ˆá°y ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôƒyl !lˆÏçÓ˚
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˲y° Ê˛° ܲÓ˚SÈ – ˛õí˛¸y¢%lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
184 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
• xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃFSÈߨ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ
ܲyç ı 9É4È xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ly–
§¡±!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛#Ó xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ • Óƒ!=˛ ~ÓÇ âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏÎÔ!=˛Ü˛ !ÓŸªy§ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛
x!˲K˛ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚– ï˛Ìy âê˛lyÜ ˛Ù Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚– ܲÓ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙyܲyˆÏÓ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ • ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛
Üœ˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §•˛õyë˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•zê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚– ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏôÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ùyey ï˛Ìy §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî Ó˚yá–
• ˆÏÜ ˛yô !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆòˆÏá !lˆÏçÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚yàˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÈ ˆòá–
(Managing your Anger) • ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §ÙÎ˚ òyG– ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒy§
Ó˚yà •° ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà– ~ê˛y ÙlˆÏܲ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ÎyÎ˚ xÌÓy xlƒ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ Óƒ!=˛ Ó˚yày!ß∫ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚
xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî •yÓ˚yÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ù)° í˛zͧ •° •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ !ÓÊ˛°ï˛y– Î!òG Ó˚yà ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ã!ï˛Óï≈˛ !Ü ˛Î˚y lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛ (Enhancing Positive Emotions)
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛– ly ~ê˛y fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ñ ly x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ ~ÓxÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏlƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ !ܲv ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ÈüȈ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õSÈ® Îy ly!ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l¢#° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y
Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏç•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ •° Ó˚yà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑyã˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y° ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
ï˛y•z ¢%ô%Ùye !lçfl∫ !ã˛hs˝y myÓ˚y•z ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Ó˚yà xyˆÏÓà ˆÎÙl ˲Î˚ñ ˆÜ ˛yô xÌÓy !Ó£Ï]ï˛y ˲Î˚≤Ãò¢≈ܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ •°ÈüÈ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô x!ï˛§cÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ùyl!§Ü˛ G ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
• !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚– ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚lfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò ˲Î˚ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
• xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~ܲy•z ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó£Ïy=˛ §y˛õˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y •yˆÏï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó– Î!òG ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏÓàà%!° ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá !ܲv ~•z
• ÎsfîyòyÎ˚ܲ xydÈüÈÜ˛ÌˆÏlÛ ÓƒhflÏ ˆÌˆÏܲy lyñ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!°Ó˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Óy xl%˛õÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛à%!°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ly– çlƒ VÑ%˛!ܲ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÙyÓ˚ydܲ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óy: 9É6 xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!Âô (Emotional Intelligence)
xyˆÏ Ó àÙ) ° ܲ Ó% ! ÂôÙ_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ î y xyhs˝ ı Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ñ fl∫Î˚ÇÈüÈ ï˛Ìy x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÓà xyhs˝ıÓƒ!=˛àï˛ ~•z ò%•z≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝ıË%≈˛=˛– xhs˝Ó˚Óƒ!=˛àï˛
!lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ Óƒy!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ xyd §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y å!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛
xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ çyàÓ˚%ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓà ï˛Ìy ≤ÃÓ,!_à%!°ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yä ~ÓÇ xydÈüȈ≤ÃÓ˚îy
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!ÂôÙyl ӈϰ– ÎyÓ˚y ~Ùl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ å!Ó˛õ!_Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG !ܲS%È °«˛ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ
ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ x˛õ§Çà!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲyˆÏç °yàyÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà @˝Ã•l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyä– xyhs˝ıÓƒy!=˛àï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x§Çà!ï˛ í˛zͲõ!_ •Î˚– xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!ÂôÓ˚ xhs˝ıà≈ï ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl §yÙy!çܲ ˆã˛ï˛ly xˆÏlƒÓ˚
xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ Ó%!Âô Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%!V˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛Ìy xˆÏlƒÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏÓàˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y å§yÙy!çܲ ò«˛ï˛y Îy ly!ܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çà!ï˛
!ã˛hs˝y G !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛Ìƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ò° àë˛lñ mˆÏrôÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyñ
§yÙÌ≈ƒˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ (Mayer ~ÓÇ Salovey, 1999)– ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° •zï˛ƒy!òä–
186 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ß¿
1ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ˜ç!Óܲ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ «%˛ôy ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷ÏyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ !˲!_ !ܲ !°á–
3ä Ü,˛!ï˛c xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyñ xl%ˆÏÙyòˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚l §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
4ä Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° ôyÓ˚îy !ܲ⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚l §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà !°á–
5ä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly xyˆÏÓà xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ly ˛õŸã˛yˆÏï˛ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ !°á–
6ä xyˆÏÓàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ~Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ xyáƒyl ܲÓ˚y á%Ó à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄
7ä §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
8ä ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓàà%!° !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ xyˆÏÓà !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%!°
§¡∫ˆÏrô !°á–
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy
1ä Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ ï˛_¥ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ Ù•yl à!îï˛K˛ ~§É~É
Ó˚yÙyl%çl ~ÓÇ Ù•yl §yly•zÓyòܲ GhflÏyò !Ó§!ÙÕ‘y• áyl å˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó˚bä ˆÜ˛yl ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚
ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lç !lç ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!ï˛Ü ˛ÙôÙ≈# ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G
˛õÑyã˛çl ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ ¢ï˛≈yÓ°#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáñ xl%ôyÓl ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚–
2ä xˆÏlܲ Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y fl¨yl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆË˛yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ï˛Ìy ôy!Ù≈ܲ Ó ï˛G
Ó˚yˆÏá– !Ó!˲ߨ §yÙy!çܲ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛à%!° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛ôy ~ÓÇ ï,˛£÷ÏyÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õyÓ˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛çlˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 189
≤Ãyã˛#l xî%Óï≈˛l (Classical conditioning): ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ~ܲ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ Óy x!ç≈ï˛
!¢ál ˆÎáyˆÏl ç#Ó í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xl%£ÏAà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢ˆÏá– ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y –
~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎ Ù)° !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ (Conditioned stimulus): !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ (CS)– xlyl%Óï˛≈#ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ (US) §yˆÏÌ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xlyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ xl%£ÏAàÓÂô
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ˆçyí˛¸ ÓÑyôyˆÏlyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xlyl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈
≤Ã!ï˛ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– •Î˚–
˲@¿ï˛y˛õ)Ó˚î (Closure): §Çàë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ˲@¿ Óy x§¡õ)î≈ xl%Óï≈˛l (Conditioning): ~ܲ!ê˛ §%¢,C° ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ lï%˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ál •Î˚–
ܲܲ!°Î˚y (Cochlea): xhs˝ıܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛yl§ (Cones): !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y«%˛£Ï @˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îy !òÓyˆÏ°yܲ ò,!T˛ ~ÓÇ
Ü%˛[˛!°ï˛ §%í˛¸Aà ÌyˆÏܲ Îy ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ @˝Ãy•Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚. ò,!T˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛y (Cognition): K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y (Confidentiality): àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎÌy çyly ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ !ã˛hs˝l ~ÓÇ flø,!ï˛ã˛yÓ˚î §Çà,•#ï˛ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õyï˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ xK˛yï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò ~à%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚îñ í˛z˛õ°!kô ~ÓÇ òyÎ˚ÓÂô–
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛– m®µ (Conflict): !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyñ ï˛yí˛¸ly ã˛y!•òy Óy °«˛ƒ §Ù)•
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà (Cognitive approach): ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢,C° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy ò%ı!Ÿã˛hs˝y–
ÙylÓ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw xÓ!fiÌï˛ !Ù◊î (Confounding): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ Îy ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙhflÏ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ã˛°ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏ_ƒÓ˚
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !Ùï˛Óƒ!Î˚ï˛y (Cognitive economy): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ !Óºyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ x!lÎ˚!sfï˛
Îy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ xyhs˝ç≈y°#Î˚ §Çàë˛l myÓ˚y ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!◊ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°≤ç% ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
§)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆã˛ï˛ly (Consciousness): Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Cognitive learning): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛ §ˆÏ ã ˛ï˛lyñ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï Ùyl!§Ü˛ §v!T˛ xÌÓy
Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ%î≈àë˛l– fl∫§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y–
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ !ã˛e (Cognitive map): ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î (Conservation): ˛õ,¤˛fiÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ìyܲy §ˆÏcG
Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ– ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ xÌÓy Ó›Ó˚ à%ˆÏîÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚c §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Cognitive processes): Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§–
!ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yñ Ó%!ÂôÙ_y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî (Content analysis): !l!ò≈T˛ ˲yÓlyñ ôyÓ˚îyñ
Óî≈yrô (Colour blindness): Ó˚Ç ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ܲS%È ˛õò xÌÓy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚Ó,!_Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ÙyeyÎ˚ x«˛Ùï˛y– à%îàï˛ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ –
Óî≈ fiÌy!Î˚c (Colour constancy): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ò° (Control group): ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚#«˛î
~ܲ Óî#≈ Ó›ˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yñ Î!òG xy§° Óî≈!ê˛ ˛õye ÎyÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚ ly–
xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Control processes): ˆÏ§•z ï˛sf Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
ôyÓ˚îy (Concept): ôyÓ˚îyñ Ó› Óƒ!=˛ xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏܲ
ˆ◊!î ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï à%î ÌyˆÏܲ– !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ù)ï≈˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Concrete operational stage): x!˲§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l (Convergent thinking): !ã˛hs˝l Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
!˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~àyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §Ùyôyl !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~•z hflψÏÓ˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚˛õy§ ܲƒyˆÏ°y§yÙ (Corpus callosum): ò%!ê˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆày°yô≈ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óyï≈˛y Ó•lܲyÓ˚#
§ˆÏAà ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– ly˲#≈Î˚ ï˛sf–
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Conditioned response) : ≤Ãyã˛#l §•à!ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy (Correlational research): ò%•z Óy ï˛yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ âê˛ly xÌÓy ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ¢#° xÌÓy ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
190 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§¡õÜ≈˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy– x˛õ§yÓ˚# !ã˛hs˝l (Divergent thinking): ˆÏÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l
ܲˆÏê≈˛: (Cortex): Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ô)§Ó˚y˲ ˛õyï˛°y ÙyˆÏÎ˚!°l!Ó•#l ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ï˛yñ í˛zqyÓl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ lÙl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyîò[˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç
xyFSÈyòl– ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y •° !Ó!˲ߨ !ò¢yÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ˆÎ•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ x§Çრí˛z_Ó˚
§,çl¢#°ï˛y (Creativity): xllƒ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏl xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §rôyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
x!˲lÓ ~ÓÇ x§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ (Culture): Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ≤ÃÌyñ !ÓŸªy§ñ !Ó˲=˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà (Divided attention): ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy
Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyôñ xyò¢≈ñ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !Ó˲=˛
§,T˛ ôyÓ˚îy Îy ≤Ãçß√ ôˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xrôܲyÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl (Dark adaptation): ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˜mï˛ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛_¥ (Dual-coding theory): ˛õy•z!˲G
ˆÎáyˆÏl Ü˛Ù xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛yá ˆÓ!¢ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~Ó˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ¢∑yÌ≈àï˛ ~ÓÇ ò,!T˛àï˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õy_ (Data): Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ È ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã•#ï˛ à%îàï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚
ï˛Ìƒ Îy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!í˛!Ó !Ê˛Ç (Debriefing): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ê˛° §Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !í˛§ˆÏ°!:Î˚y (Dyslexia): ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ôyÓ˚îy Îy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
~ܲçl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛– Î!ò ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!lï˛ flø,!ï˛ (Echoic memory): ◊Óîàï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%ï˛Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ !Óºyhs˝ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° flø,!ï˛ñ Î!ò ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà xlƒe
!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ xyGÎ˚yç Óy ¢∑ !ï˛l Óy ã˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!§Âôyhs˝Ü˛Ó˚î (Decision-making): !ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õSÈ® ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y– Ó!•≈Ù%á# !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî (Efferent neurons): ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf
xÓˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Deductive reasoning): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ˚% í˛zj#˛õly ÙyǧˆÏ˛õ!¢ xÌÓy @˝Ã!rÌ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
Î%!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl @˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓÂô˛ ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛ §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly– xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛yÓyò˛ (Egocentrism): ≤Ãyܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚
!í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ y !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ (DNA): ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#làï˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ܲ!ê˛ °«˛î#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy !lˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ~ÓÇ xˆÏlƒÓ˚
Îy !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
˛õÓ˚yô#l ã˛° (Dependent variable): ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy Óî≈lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ (Elaborative rehearsals):
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ò#â≈ fi ÌyÎ˚ # flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏ Ó ˚ §!M˛ï˛ flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà «˛îfiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ lï%˛l
à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î (Depth perception): ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲySÈ ï˛Ìƒ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyà§)e fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y–
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l Ó›Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓà (Emotion): Óƒ!=˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
!˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î ܲÓ˚y– ܲÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §¡õߨ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
!Óܲy¢ (Development): ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#°ñ §%¢,C° ~ÓÇ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çlyñ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ñ
§Ω˛yÓƒÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Îy àË≈˛ôyÓ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝l ï˛Ìy xyã˛Ó˚î–
§yÓ˚yç#Ól Óƒy!˛õ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyˆÏÓààï˛ Ó%!Âô (Emotional intelligence): ~Ùl ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏ˲òç!lï˛ §#Ùy (Difference threshold): ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y ˆ§ê˛ Îy xyˆÏÓàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚îñ ≤Ãܲy¢
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Îy §•ˆÏç•z °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˜Ó£ÏÙƒ (Discrimination): ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ~lˆÏ§Ê˛y°y•zˆÏç¢yl (Encephalisation): fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó,•Í
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ xlƒ í˛zj#˛õܲ Îy ˆÜ˛yl xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Óî≈ly Îy !ÓÓï≈˛lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ~lˆÏܲy!í˛Ç (Encoding): flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìƒ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ
!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Îy ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛–
Óy lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 191
xhs˝ı«˛Ó˚y @˝Ã!rÌ (Endocrine glands): Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ• §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÈı§,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ @˝Ã!ŗÙ)•– xÌÓy ˛õ#í˛¸îÙ)°Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ (Environment): ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ñ ˜ç!Óܲñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ §) - §M˛y°lÙ) ° ܲ ò«˛ï˛y (Fine motor skills):
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù!T˛àï˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Îy ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ §)-˲yˆÏÓ §Ùß∫Î˚Ù)°Ü˛
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– §M˛y°l xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛È ˆÎÙl xyAà%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜l˛õ%îƒï˛y–
≤Ãy§!Aàܲ flø,!ï˛ (Episodic memory): ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÙ)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Formal operational stage):
í˛z˛õyòyl Îy ˛õ)Ó≈ âê˛lyÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚§#ÙyÓ˚ !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ç#Ól xÌÓy
ÙˆÏ ô ƒ §¡õÜ≈ ˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ xydç#Ól#Ù) ° ܲ ï˛_¥ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ Ù)ï≈˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ G
§Çܲ°lË)˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚– á%Ó Î%!=˛§Aàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy (Esteem needs): Ùƒy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ù% = ˛ ˛õ% î Ó˚ % ˆ Ï o ܲ (Free recall): flø, ! ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛yÎ˚
áƒy!ï˛ñ §yÊ˛°ƒ ~ÓÇ xyd§¡øyˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ü ˛ˆÏÙ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ
~ܲydï˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!ÆÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Ê ˛rê˛y° ˆ°yÓ (Frontal lobe): ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢
•zí˛zˆÏfiê˛!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ê˛í˛zÓ (Eustachian tube): ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ ܲ˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl xÓ!fiÌï˛ Îy ܲÌyÓ°y ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ §M˛y°ˆÏl
§yˆÏÌ §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ ~ÓÇ Îy ã˛y˛õ !l‹,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ç!í˛¸ï˛–
Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î (Evolution): ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚•zí˛zˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ï_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚# •ï˛y¢y (Frustration): ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õrÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ç#Ó§Ù)• í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xllƒ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y xÓÓ˚%Âô •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xÓfiÌy–
˛õ!Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ó ˆÏ ¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛ Î˚ y ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ x!˲ˆÏ Î yçˆÏ l Ó˚ !Ê˛í˛zà ˆfiê˛•zê˛ (Fugue state): ~ÙˆÏl!§Î˚y Îy ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
òyÓ#à%ˆÏ°y˛ õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ°yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ârê˛y â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛î (Experiment): !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜l!Ù≈!_ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ xÌÓy xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ lï%˛l ç#Ól ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛òˆÏhs˝Ó˚ çlƒ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y (Functional fixedness): fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛Ù– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛yÓ°# xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óyôy !•§yˆÏÓ
˛õÓ˚#«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ò° (Experimental group): xôƒÎ˚ˆÏî ç!í˛¸ï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !ç!l§ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
~ܲò° x!˲«˛yÌ#≈ ÎyÓ˚y fl∫yô#l ã˛° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È !ӈϢ£Ï !Ü ˛Î˚yÓyò (Functionalism): ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl%Ò° Îy
ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùl Óy ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛
§%Óƒ=˛ flø,!ï˛ (Explicit memory): âê˛ly ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
flø,!ï˛ Îy ~ܲçl §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆà°Ë˛y!lܲ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Galvanic skin response):
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xÌÓy ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ
!Ó°%!Æ (Extinction): ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •…y§ñ Îy xl%Ë)˛!ï˛¢#° ˆà°Ë˛yˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Îy ≤Ãyã˛#l xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Îál xlyl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ !°Aà (Gender): ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï xÌÓy Ù!•°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ
xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ §!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùylò[˛–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y xyÓ˚ ˛õ%lı¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ ly– !°Aà fl∫Ó˚)˛õc (Gender identity): ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï Óy Ù!•°y •GÎ˚yÓ˚
!Ê˛í˛Óƒyܲ (Feedback): ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢ál ܲyˆÏÎ≈ ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ Îy ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà !¢¢% !ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§Ü˛yˆÏ° xç≈l
ï˛Ìƒ ÎyˆÏܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ K˛ylG Ó°y •Î˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!Ê˛”˛ ~:ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÙrê˛ (Field experiment): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !°Aààï˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy (Gender role): ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ólƒy§ Îy
Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ §¡õߨ •Î˚– !ܲS%È ˛˛õrÌy !lˆÏò≈¢ ˆòÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ ܲyÎ≈§yôl
xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y– §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î (Generalisation): ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
xy˛õyï˛Ü˛y°#l °«˛î (Fight or flight syndrome): ~ê˛y xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ xl%Óï˛#≈ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏFSÈ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ ˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
192 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
!çl (Genes): ÓÇ¢yl%Ü ˛!Ùܲ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ~ܲܲñ «%˛o ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚
Óî≈ (Hue): Ó˚Ç–
xÇ¢ !Èí˛ ~l ~ myÓ˚y Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !çl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óœ%!≤Ãrê˛ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçll ܲÓ˚yÓ˚çlƒ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól Ó˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ÙylÓï˛yÓyò# ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Humanistic psychology):
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Óy fl∫Î˚Ç Óƒ!=˛àï˛ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ
ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ (Gestalt): ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ §Ù@˝Ãñ ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓòÓ˚y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ xLjϢ˛ xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ §Ù@˝Ã !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ •y•zˆÏ˛õỹy°yÙy§ (Hypothalamus): ̃y°yÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !lˆÏã˛
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚%!Óܲ àë˛l ~ˆÏï˛ xhs≈˝àï˛ ˆÜ˛wà%ˆÏ°y
ˆàfiê˛yŒê˛ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl (Gestalt psychology): ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÓ˚ Óy ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ÎÌyñ áyGÎ˚yñ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÎÔlï˛y ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáy ˆÎáyˆÏl xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xá[˛ §Ù@˝ÃÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy •Î˚ xyˆÏ Ó à§Ù) • ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ~!ê˛ xhs˝ ı «˛Ó˚ y Ó˚
Îy ~!ê˛Ó˚ xLjϢÓ˚ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢– ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓƒyܲÓ˚î (Grammar): l#!ï˛Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ Îy !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xl%Ùyl (Hypothesis): ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
Ó%!ÂôàÙƒ Óyܲƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ω˛yÓƒ !ÓÓ,!ï˛–
~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Identification): Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫Î˚LjÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ
fiÌ) ° §M˛y°lÙ) ° ܲ ò«˛ï˛y (Gross motor skills): Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ â!l¤˛ xl%£ÏAà fiÌy˛õl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy
§M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ ò«˛ï˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó,•Í ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈yÓ°# ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ÎÌyÈüÈ•Ñyê˛y– xydˆÏÓyô ÓlyÙ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ m®µ (Identity vs role
confusion): ~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚
ò°àï˛ x˲#«˛y (Group Test) : ˆÓ¢!ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl x˲#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚Ó˚y ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyÓ˚yñ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
x˲#«˛y– ç#ÓˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ⁄ ~•z m®µ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •Î˚–
ˆày°yô≈ (Hemispheres): à%Ó˚%Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Óy ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yˆÏÙÓ˚ §Ùyl ~•zà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl fl∫Ó˚)˛õˆÏcÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xô≈– ≤Ãò#!Æ (Illumination): §,çîydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôy˛õ– ˲yÓlyñ
ˆày°y!ô≈ܲ ܲï,≈˛c (Hemispheric dominance): §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ùyôyl Óy lï%˛l §¡õÜ≈˛ í˛zq(ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ âê˛ly !lçfl∫
ÓyÙ ˆày°yô≈ myÓ˚y Ù)° §M˛y°îÙ)°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– âê˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ !¢ál (Incidental learning): ˆÎ !¢ál •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛
ÓÇ¢à!ï˛ (Heredity): !˛õï˛yÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ÓÇ x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ!ê˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ x§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !ܲS%È
§Ç°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ç#Ó!ÓK˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ •hflÏyhs˝Ó˚ܲÓ˚î– Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚–
ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛ (Hierarchy of needs): Ùy§ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zòˉ ˛Ól (Incubation): §,çîydܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÓÏ –˚ ~•z í˛zß!¨ ï˛
!˛õÓ˚y!Ùí˛ ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˆã˛ï˛l hflψÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl lÎ˚ñ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l Ùl!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˲yÓly Óy
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲòÙ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ x!ï˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ã˛y!•òyñ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÎÌyÈüÈ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ã˛y!•òyñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf ã˛° (Independent variable): ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly Óy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y– ÎÌyÈüÈ Ë˛yˆÏ°yÓy§y ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒ âê˛ly Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ω˛yÓƒ
fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xydˆÏ°y˛õ!ÂôˆÏܲ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ü ˛ˆÏÙyߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˆ§ âê˛ly
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lá%Ñï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ – Óƒ!=˛àï˛ x˲#«˛y (Individual test): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ˆÎ!ê˛
ˆ•y!ÙGˆÏfiê˛!§§ (Homeostasis): xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îñ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ áyòƒñ ç°ñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ â%Ù ~ÓÇ fiê˛ƒylˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆË˛:°yÓ˚ Ó%!Âô x˲#«˛y ~Ó˚
ï˛y˛õÙyeyˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏ§!˛õÎ˚y§ (Homo sapiens): xyô%!lܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•# ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Inductive reasoning): ï˛y!Ü≈˛Ü˛
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy– ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎyÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%!Ùï˛ •Î˚–
•Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Hormones): @˝Ã!rÌ myÓ˚y Ó˚=˛ly!°Ü˛yÎ˚ !lı§,ï˛ ˜¢¢Ó (Infancy): !Óܲy¢Ù)°Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ Îy çß√ ˆÌˆÏܲ 24 Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈– !Óhfl,Ïï˛–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 193
ï˛Ìƒ˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ï˛_¥ (Information-processing
x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚•z ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
approach): ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥ Îy Óƒ!=˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó!•≈çàï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìƒ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ìƒ ÙˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆçÙ§‰ÈüÈ°ƒy. ï˛_¥ (James-Lange theory): ˆ≤ãÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ï˛_¥ Îy ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î ˆ≤ãÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ãÏîyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
ܲˆÏÓ˚˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
xÓàï˛ ˛§¡ø!ï˛ (Informed consent): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î Óy !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚î (Judgment): Ùï˛yÙï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ã%˛!=˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ Óy ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î
fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ §Ω˛yÓƒ V%˛!ܲ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ Îy Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛°–
˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚§%°Ë˛ ˛x˛õÓ˚yô (Juvenile delinquency):
ˆÎ ã%˛!=˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓlyÙ x˛õÓ˚yôˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ m®µ (Initiative vs guilt): ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ x@˝Ã•î#Î˚
!Óܲy¢hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤Ãyܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ÙÎ≈yòyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚yô åÎÌy
§yÙy!çܲ çàˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ Ù% ˆ Ï á yÙ% ! á •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yä ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ ˆòy£Ï åÎÌyñ ã%˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yä–
˲y£Ïy (Language): ~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ !ã˛•´ñ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Îy xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õ!lï˛ •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~•z ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eË)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù Îy
ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛y x˛õÓ˚yô ˆÓyô G x§#Ù ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyï≈˛y í˛zq(ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
°IyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ §)e (Law of proximity): ò°ÓÂôï˛yÓ˚ §)e Îy
≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ í˛zj#˛õܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy•z ~ܲ§ˆÏAà
xhs≈˝ò,!T˛ (Insight): x!˲lÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ê˛°≤ç)˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ã≈˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y– ò°ÓÂô •Î˚–
§•çyï˛ ≤ÃÓ,!_ (Instinct): ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° §yÓ≈çl#l xyã˛Ó˚î Îy §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §)e (Law of similarity): §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ §)e Îy ≤ÃÙyî
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlÙl#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õƒyê˛yl≈ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ§Ù)• ò°ÓÂô
•Î˚–
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Îy xly!ç≈ï˛–
§yÙO§ƒï˛y ÓlyÙ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ m®µ (Integrity vs despair): !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y (Learning disabilities): ˆÎ§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
~!Ó˚ܲ§ˆÏlÓ˚ xT˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ Îy ã˛°yܲy°#l Óƒ!=˛ !¢áˆÏl x«˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ å1ä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ Óy í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó%!Âô
ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆòˆÏá ~!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ÌyˆÏܲñ å2ä !Ó!˲ߨ !Óòƒy°Î˚ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ç!ê˛°ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ
!ܲv §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ âyê˛!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ å3ä
!lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï,˛!Æ lƒyÎ˚˛õÓ˚yÎ˚îï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xï,˛!Æ •ï˛y¢yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ Óy ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆË˛yˆÏà ly Îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
Óyôyòyl (Interference): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# !¢álÙ)°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•Î˚ xyˆÏàñ ˛lÎ˚ õˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy !¢ál ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ã˛°yܲy°#l x!ôàï˛ !¢ál (Learning): x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ fiÌyÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l–
!¢ál §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ myÓ˚y Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •Î˚–˛ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ÓfløÓ˚î •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó› (Interposition): à˲#Ó˚ï˛y !Ù̃y ¢îy=˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Lie detector): ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf ÎyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ !˲!_ •ˆÏ°y ~•z ˲yÓly!ê˛ ˆÎ !Ù̃y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˲Î˚ Óy
Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xlƒ Ó› myÓ˚y xyFSÈy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ í˛zˆÏ_çlyÓ˚ xyhs˝Ó˚Îsf#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ xl%£ÏAà# •Î˚– Î!ò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏÓà#Î˚ í˛zˆÏ_çly §ÇÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ !lܲˆÏê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ (Interview): Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛Ìƒ ¢îy=˛Ü˛Ó˚î Îsf!ê˛ §)ã˛ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
§Ç@˝Ã•ñ ˆÓ˚yà !lî≈Î˚ñ xyhs˝Óƒ!=˛c xyã˛Ó˚î xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl (Light adaptation): xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Óy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆã˛yˆÏá Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
x!˲ˆÏÎyçl–
§•çyï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy (Intrinsic motivation): §%ò«˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢%ô%Ùye ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !°!¡∫ܲ ï˛sf (Limbic system): Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ï˛sf Îy ˆ≤Ã!£Ïï˛
xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ܲyÙly– xyã˛Ó˚îñ xyˆÏÓàç!lï˛ xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ˛
xhs˝≈ò¢≈l (Introspection): ܲyˆÏÓ˚y !lçfl∫ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ G ˆã˛ï˛l ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
194 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
˜Ó˚!áܲ !ã˛eyl%˛õyï˛ (Linear perspective): ò)Ó˚c ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙyÓ˚!Ê˛Ù (Morphemes): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ~ܲܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ §)e – ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áyˆÏܲ §Ù)•–
§ÙˆÏܲ!wܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ò)Ó˚c Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy (Motivation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y!•òy Óy xyܲyA«˛y Îy xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá Ìy!ܲ– ¢!=˛ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%!áï˛# ˆòÎ˚–
í˛zFã˛fl∫Ó˚ (Loudness): ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î– ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Motives): xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ x!˲Ù%á ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
Ó•y° Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ (Maintenance rehearsal): §M˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)•–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ §!Ü ˛Î˚ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Motor development): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_– ܲyÎ≈ Ü ˛°yˆÏ ˛ õÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃˆÏ Î ˚ y çl#Î˚ ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ §Ùß∫ ˆ Ï Î ˚ Ó ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îÙl (Maturation): ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §%¢,C° Ü ˛Ù Îy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ü ˛Ù!Óܲy¢–
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÓÇ¢àï˛ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy myÓ˚y !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ •Î˚ – §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ï (Motor neurons): ˆÏΕz fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy£Ï
ˆÙí%˛°y (Medulla): Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏò¢ Îyñ •,òflõ®l ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨ y Î˚ % ï ˛sf ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ fl¨ y Î˚ ! ÓÜ flõ®l ˆ˛õ!¢ ~ÓÇ
Ÿªy§ ≤ߪy§ñ •Ñyê˛y â%ÙyˆÏlyñ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyçl Ó˚«˛yܲyÓ˚#˛ fl¨yÎ˚% Ó˚I% ˆÙí%˛°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l (Natural selection): ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ≈ï˛lÙ)°Ü˛
x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚
ˆÙˆÏÙ§ (Memes): ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !í˛ ~l ~ñ Îy Ùlñ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §%!Óôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ÓÇ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò,!T˛Ë˛!AàˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ã˛y!•òy (Need): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ åx˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îä Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ åÓy!•ƒÜ˛ä
xyòƒ}ï%˛ (Menarche): ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ }ï%˛ã˛Ü ˛ •GÎ˚y– ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ•#lï˛y Óy âyê˛!ï˛ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆlyòlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏoܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl!§Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly (Mental representation): ~ܲ!ê˛ }îydܲ §•à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ (Negative correlation): ò%!ê˛
í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ÙˆÏí˛°– ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏ°ñ xlƒ!ê˛
Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÓfiÌy (Mental set): ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õrÌyÓ˚ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
lï˛%l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ }îydܲ ˛õ% î ı¢!=˛ §M˛y°lܲyÓ˚ # í˛z j #˛õܲ (Negative
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– reinforcer) : ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ í˛zj#˛õܲ ÎyÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚î
ˆÏÙê˛yܲà‰!l¢yl (Metacognition): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ xyÓyÓ˚ âê˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô
Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ K˛yl ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!kô–– ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùl (Mind): Ùl •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyñ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓòlñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îñ fl¨yÎ˚% flõ®l (Nerve impulse): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ
flø,!ï˛ñ !ã˛hs˝lñ fl∫≤¿ñ ˆ≤ãÏîy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓàÙ)°Ü˛ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏl fl¨yÎ%̊ §ÇˆÏÓòl Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ˛õÌ Îy fl¨yÎ%̊Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
x!˲lÓ !Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §ÇˆÏÎyçlÙ)°Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
flø,!ï˛Óô≈l !Óòƒy (Mnemonics): ~Ùl ˆÜ˛Ô¢° Óy ˛õrÌy§Ù)• fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Nervous system): fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛¢y°#
ÎyˆÏï˛ lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yò,¢ƒ xl%£ÏAàˆÏܲ çy°Ü˛ Îy Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏï˛ ï˛Ìy Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y fl¨yÎ˚% ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Neuro psychology): ~!ê˛ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚
ÎyˆÏÓ– ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Óy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ Ùyl!§Ü˛
ÙˆÏí˛!°Ç (Modeling): §Ùyç !¢ál ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ ˆÎ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲçl !¢¢% §Ùyç ~ÓÇ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ˆ¢ˆÏá xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ (Neuron): ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ï˛Ìƒ @˝Ã•îñ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ xl%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ– ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢–
~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ Ù)°Ü˛ §)e (Monocular cues): ¢%ô%Ùye ~Ü˛ã˛«%˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ !ÓܲyÓ˚ (Neurotic disorder): ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ò¢≈làï˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛– !ÓܲyÓ˚ Îy §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ !ܲv ï˛Ó%G ~!ê˛ ~ܲçl
˜l!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ (Moral development): ˆÎ !Óܲy¢ !lÎ˚Ù Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§Çàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%Ù!ï˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ~•z fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !ÙˆÏÌy!‹;Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !lÓ≈y• !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õrÌy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈl–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 195
!lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ (Neurotransmitters): Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ x!hflcÏ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
Óyï≈˛yÓy•Ü˛ Îy Ù!hflÏ‹ÒˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
lÙ≈ ‡ xyò¢≈ (Norm): xyò¢≈ Óy Ùyl Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤È«Ï ˛y˲Ù)°Ü˛ !fiÌÓ˚ï˛y (Perceptual constancy): ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÇˆÏ Ó ò#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ Ü ˛°y˛õ ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ çàï˛ §¡õˆÏ Ü ≈ ˛
ˆflÒyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ñ §Ùyç ÙˆÏly!ÓòƒyÎ˚ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y åí˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~ܲ!ê˛
xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#àï˛ xyò¢≈– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°G Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ˆ) Ï˛õ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ (Nucleus): ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfñ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ä–
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲw Óy Üœ˛y¡õ– §¡õyòl# x˲#«˛y§Ù)• (Performance tests): x˲#«˛y
}îydܲ xl%Ùyl (Null hypothesis): ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ùyl ˆÎáyˆÏl ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ˆÏî ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏlyê˛y•z˛õ (Phenotype): ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ly ÎyÎ˚–
Ó›Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c (Object permanence): Ó› Óy âê˛lyÓ˚ Ê˛y•zÈüÈâê˛ly (Phi phenomenon): à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ xôƒy§ Îy ã˛y«%˛£Ï
x!hflÏcˆÏܲ Ü ˛Ù¢ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yñ Îál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ñ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
¢%lˆÏï˛ Óy flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÊ˛y!lÙ (Phonemes): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ôÁ!lÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù xÌ≈˛õ)î≈
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î (Observation): ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› Óy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ âê˛ˆÏSÈ ~ܲܲ §Ù)•–
ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛î ~ÓÇ !°!˛õÓÂôܲÓ˚î– §yˆÏ°yܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ (Photoreceptor): ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y«%˛£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ñ
§!Ü ˛Î˚ xl%Óï≈˛l (Operant conditioning): !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚í˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)•–
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˙!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ myÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ÙˆÏly!Óòƒy (Physiological psychology):
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ÙylÓ G ˛õ¢%Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î Îy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Óyò (Operationism): ~Ùl ~ܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà Îy ÙˆÏl ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ÎÌy fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sfñ •Ó˚ˆÏÙylñ K˛yˆÏlw#Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ôyÓ˚îy•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îˆÏÎyàƒ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÎyàƒ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛y myÓ˚y xÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏSÈ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà (Operations): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ Îy fl∫Ó˚@˝ÃyÙ (Pitch): ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îÙ)°Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy–
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ !˛õê%˛•zê˛y!Ó˚ @˝Ã!rÌ (Pituitary gland): @˝Ã!rÌ Îy ˆ§•z •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
ly!ܲ ˆ§ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏà §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !lı§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy xlƒylƒ §ÙhflÏ xly°# @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ !lı§Ó˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲ!ê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xAà (Organ of corti): Óƒy!§°yÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ ≤Ã˲yÓ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ܲyÓ˚# •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§Ó˚îˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ÎyˆÏï˛ ◊ÓˆÏîÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
x@¿ƒy¢Î˚ (Pancreas): ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ @˝Ã!rÌ Îy ˛õyã˛l ~ÓÇ §%£Ï%¡¨y¢#£Ï≈ܲ (Pons): â%ˆÏÙ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáyˆÏly ~ÓÇ •yê˛yˆÏlyˆÏï˛ xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛
!Ó˛õyܲ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl !lı§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ xÇ¢–
•zl§%!°l •ˆÏ° x@¿y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lı§,ï˛ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl– ôlydܲ ˛õ% l ı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ Ü ˛ í˛z j #˛õܲ (Positive
ò,T˛yhs˝ (Paradigm): ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ Óy x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÌ Óy reinforcement): ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õܲ Óy âê˛ly ˆÎ!ê˛ñ Îál
~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚î– ~!ê˛Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y í˛z˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y
˛õÓ˚y§ÙˆÏÓò#Î˚ !Ó˲yà (Parasympathetic division): ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl∫ Î ˚ Ç !Ü ˛ Î˚ fl¨ y Î˚ % ï ˛ˆÏ s f Ó ˚ !Ó˲yà Îy ˆòˆÏ • Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ Ó ˚ # î «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Power motive): xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ §!Ü ˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yñ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˛õòÙÎ≈yòy
§ÙˆÏÓò#Î˚ çyàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈Ó°#ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyܲyA«˛y–
xyˆÏ§– ˲yÓ#ܲÌl (Prediction): !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
§•˛õyë˛# (Peers): ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚îÙˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îy ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ# ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Óï˛#≈ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛
!¢¢%Ó˚y– Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ#ܲÌl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x@˝ÃÓï˛#≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ)Ó≈àyÙ#
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î (Perception): ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)• Îy §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ ï˛ÌƒˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ xl%Óï˛#≈ âê˛lyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
196 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
≤Ãy܉˛ çß√hflÏÓ˚ (Prenatal period): àË≈˛§M˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ !lÓ≈yã˛lñ !lÎ%=˛ Óy ï˛y!°Ü˛yË)˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ §¡õ)î≈ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ܲy°– ˛õrÌyÎ˚– Îò,FSÈܲÓ˚ˆÏî xhs≈˝Ë%˛=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy §ÇáƒyÓ˚
≤ÃyܲÈüȉ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛ hflÏÓ˚ (Pre-operational stage): !˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ω˛yÓlyÙ)°Ü˛ Ü ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y
Ó!î≈ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ôy˛õ ˆÎáyˆÏl !¢¢%Ó˚y ~•z çà͈Ïܲ ¢∑ñ ÎyÎ˚ ly–
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ~ÓÇ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv Î%!=˛§Çàï˛ ˆÎÔ!=˛Ü˛Ü˛Ó˚î (Reasoning): ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy ~ܲ!ê˛
˛˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– âê˛lyÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Âôyhs˝ ê˛yˆÏl–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚Ç (Primary colours): !ï˛l ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ólƒy§ ÎÌyñ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ Ó,_ (Reflex arc): ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yî ~ÓÇ
°y°ñ §Ó%ç ~ÓÇ l#°– Îál ~à%ˆ° Ï y x§Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆÙ¢yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó!•≈Óy•# fl¨yÎ˚% Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ S-R Ü ˛ˆÏÙ ÙôƒfiÌï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óî≈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §«˛Ù–
Ù% á ƒ ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù) • (Primary sex ˛õ%lı¢!=˛òyÎ˚ܲ §_y (Reinforcement): ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly Îy
characteristics): ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎÔl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÜ˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
xÇ¢§Ù)•– ≤ÃÓ,!_!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§Ù§ƒy §Ùyôyl (Problem solving): í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ xyàyÙ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y (Reliability): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ ˛õrÌyÓ˚
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇÎ%=˛ xyã˛Ó˚îñ ÎyˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚y fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ùyey §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛– !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õrÌy
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zò˲Ólñ ≤Ãò#!Æñ ≤Û!ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒyáƒyl– ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ%îÓ˚yÓ,!_ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ (Proximity principle): ~•z ˆàfiê˛yˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
l#!ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó› Óy í˛zj#˛õܲ çy°Ü˛§!Ü ˛Î˚ ï˛sf (Reticular activating system): ~ܲ!ê˛
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ!«˛ï˛ ï˛vÓ˚ çy!°Ü˛y ÎyÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ §%£Ï%¡¨yܲy[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
•ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏܲ ˜lܲˆÏê˛ƒÓ˚ §)eG Ó°y •Î˚– ÙôƒÙ!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zFã˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ
ˆ≤Ãy!:GˆÏÙy!í˛fiê˛y° ≤ÃÓîï˛y (Proximodistal trend): ÎyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ~ÓÇ çyàÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ˛õ!¢àï˛ §M˛y°lÙ)°Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•≈Ù)ˆÏá x!«˛˛õê˛° (Retina): ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î
x!˲Ù%á#ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– ÎyˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÙˆÏly§Ù#«˛î (Psychoanalysis) : ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õ%îÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲÓ˚ §)e (Retrieval cues): flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÌÓ˚y!˛õfiê˛ xÓò!Ùï˛ xÓˆÏã˛ï˛l ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ìƒ ˛õ%lı≤Ãy!ƈÏï˛ §y•y΃ °Ë˛ƒ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î Óy Óy!•ƒÜ˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆã˛ï˛ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zj#˛õܲ–
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy (Psychological motives): ˛õŸã˛yòÙ%á#Óyò (Retroactive interference): flø,!ï˛≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ xyhs˝Óƒ!=˛àï˛ ˆ≤ãÏîy Îy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl lï%˛l ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢áy §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ñ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ «˛Ùï˛y !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ˆÏoˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
xydfl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ñ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ~ÓÇ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y– Ó˚í˛ ˆÜ˛y£Ï§Ù)• (Rods): !ӈϢ£Ï ã˛y«%˛£Ï §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îy Ó˚y!eܲy!°l
ÙˆÏly˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ x˲#«˛y (Psychological test): ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly ò¢≈ˆÏl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%რË)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
òˆÏ°Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ xyò¢≈y!Î˚ï˛ !flÒÙy (Schema): ~ܲ!ê˛ K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ àë˛l Óy xl%£ÏˆÏAàÓ˚ çy!°Ü˛y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– Îy ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛îˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏò≈!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙˆÏlyˆÏ˲Ôï˛ (Psychophysics): Ùyl!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ !fl;≤Wz (Script): ˛õÂô!ï˛àï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ flø,!ï˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl åÎÌyñ
çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xôƒÎ˚l – ˆÓ˚›Ó˚yˆÏï˛ áyGÎ˚yä–
ÓÎ˚ı§!rôܲy° (Puberty): ܲAܲy°ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔlï˛yÓ˚ o%ï˛ ˆàÔl ˆÎÔl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ (Secondary sex
˛õ!Ó˚îÙlܲy° Îy !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ܲyˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ characteristics): ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy !°ˆÏAàÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– §yˆÏÌ ç!í˛¸ï˛ !ܲv §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ lÎ˚–
¢y!hflÏ (Punishment): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyã˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ òÙl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ !lÓ≈yã˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà (Selective attention): ~ܲ!ê˛
~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã#!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Óy !Óly¢§yôܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà– !ӈϢ£Ï í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ò,!T˛ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ–
Îò,FSÈܲÓ˚î (Randomisation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ã˛°ˆÏܲ fl∫Î˚Ç Óy xyd (Self): !lˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ÈüüüÈ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò•ñ ò«˛ï˛yñ
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 197
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ç°«˛î ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲAܲy°ÓÍ ˆ˛õ!¢ (Skeletal muscles): ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y
Óƒ!=˛ !lçfl∫ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛î Óy §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y– •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ñ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §M˛y°l ˆÎÙl
xydÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!kô (Self-actualisation): ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyd ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌÓ˚ §M˛y°lˆÏܲ §M˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
§Ù,Âôï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ x!˲lÓ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î (Socialisation): §Ùyçàï˛ !¢áˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
!lˆÏçÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ §Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% xyò¢≈ñ ÙˆÏly˲yÓñ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ
xydÈüȧ¡øyl (Self-esteem): fl∫Î˚LjÏܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÓ≈çl#l xyã˛Ó˚î xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°y •°
Ùyey– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ñ fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ §ÙÓÎ˚§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò°–
¢∑y!Ì≈ܲ flø,!ï˛ (Semantic memory): ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyç ç#Ó!Óòƒy (Sociobiology): §yÙy!çܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòyl Óy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲ ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ !˲!_Ó˚ ≤Ãîy°#°kô xôƒÎ˚î ܲÓ˚y–
§ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ùyçï˛_¥ (Sociology): ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚lñ ˆày¤˛#
§ÇˆÏÓòl (Sensation): ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛– ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!=˛ •° ~•z xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲܲ–
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ (Sensorimotor stage): ≤ÃÌÙ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ (Soma): ˆÎˆÏܲyl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲy¢ xÌÓy §yôyÓ˚îï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!˛õÑÎ˚y!çÎ˚˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl lÓçyï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ~•z çàï˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ˆÎˆÏܲyˆÏly ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ àë˛l ˆÎÙl Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ùï˛–
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ §M˛y°l ˆò•àï˛ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛l (Somatic nervous system):
Ù)°Ü˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÇ¢ Îy ˙!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
§ÇˆÏÓò#Î˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl˛ (Sensory adaptation): í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ï˛y §ˆÏcG @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ (Species): !Ó!˲ߨ ç#!Óï˛ ç#ˆÏ Ó Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ˆ◊!îܲÓ˚î–
§ÇˆÏÓò# flø,!ï˛ (Sensory memory): ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y Îy fl∫ï˛ıfl≥%˛ï≈˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l (Spontaneous recovery): ≤Ãyã˛#l
§Ç!«˛Æ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ SÈy˛õˆÏܲ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ˛ §ÇˆÏÓò# xl%Óï≈˛ˆÏl xl%Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲ !ܲS%È x≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆÓ˚!çfiê˛yÓ˚G Ó°y •Î˚– Îál !Ó°%Æ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!Ó≈˲yÓ âˆÏê˛–
§ÇˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚% (Sensory neurons): ~ˆÏܲ xhs≈˝Ù%á# fl¨yÎ˚%G xyò¢≈ Ùyl (Standardisation): xyò¢≈ xÌÓy Ùyl ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
Ó°y •Î˚– fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ãy•Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyï≈˛y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í òˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsf ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÙ)°Ü˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x˲#«˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!˲ߨ
§y!Ó˚ÓÂô !¢ál (Serial learning): í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y–
Ü ˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ !¢ál – í˛zj#˛õܲ (Stimulus): ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏܲyl §%§ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ˆÎÔl •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl (Sex hormones): ˆàylyí˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y ç#ÓÜ)˛°ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ xÌÓy
!lı§,ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˛≤ÃçlˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~ÓÇ ˆàÔl !°Aà ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙlñ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •zˆÏfiê˛∆yˆÏçl xÓÎ˚ÓÓyò (Structuralism): ~•z Ùï˛Óyò í˛z•z°ˆÏ•Õ√ Ë%˛ˆÏ[˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆê˛ˆÏfiê˛yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚î– §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ~•z ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ àë˛l ~ÓÇ
xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c (Shape constancy): ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yl !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Óy ÙylÓ Ùl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%ôyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°Gñ ~!ê˛Ó˚ ç!Ó˚˛õ (Survey): ~ܲ!ê˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy !°!áï˛ ≤ß¿yÓ°#
xyܲyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛àï˛ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛ •Î˚
§yò,¢Ü˛Ó˚î (Similarity): ˆàfiê˛yˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛ñ Îy !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ çl§Ù!T˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õy_ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ–
Ó› xÌÓy í˛zj#˛õܲ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÎ˚ï˛l xÌÓy §ÙˆÏÓò# fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf (Sympathetic nervous system):
ï˛#Ó ï˛y ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ~ܲñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ fl∫Î˚Ç!Ü ˛Î˚ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ Îy ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ˆÏܲ §!Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ#í˛¸lÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù≈¢!=˛ˆÏܲ §ã˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°–
xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ fiÌy!Î˚c (Size constancy): Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ §!ߨܲ£Ï≈ (Synapse): Óyï≈˛yÓ• !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ xƒy:ˆÏlÓ˚
ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ˆÓ˚!ê˛lyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ≤Ãyhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˛@˝Ãy•Ü˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛ ï˛Ìy ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚
•GÎ˚y §ˆÏcG §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˛Ó›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ӈϰ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ°– ~•z §ÇˆÏÎyàfiÌ° §)- ÓƒÓôylˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y– §!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ Óy ÓƒÓôyl Ó°y •Î˚–
198 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl
§!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ Ó%ò‰Ó%ò (Synaptic vesicle): §!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ àÑyˆÏê˛ !ÓŸªy§ G x!ÓŸªy§ (Trust vs mistrust): ~!Ó˚ܲ§l ~Ó˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yê˛∆y™!Ùê˛yÓ˚ §!ߨܲ£Ï#≈Î˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl «˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏly§yÙy!çܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
çÙy ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z xÇ¢!ê˛– ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫!hflÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ ˲Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσÍ
˛õò!Ólƒy§ (Syntax): ~Ùl !lÎ˚Ù Îy ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ù◊î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xy¢Aܲy ÌyˆÏܲ–
§Ù!T˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyܲƒˆÏܲ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– xlyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y (Unconditioned response) (UR):
ˆÙçyç (Temperament): ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îàï˛ Ë˛!Aà ~ܲ!ê˛ !lı¢ï≈˛ í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ xl!ôàï˛˛ Óy x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y–
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÙ)°Ü˛ ôÓ˚l– !Óã˛«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚ Ù y˛õl (Unobtrusive measures):
ˆê˛ˆÏ¡õyÓ˚y° ˆ°yÓ (Temporal lobe): ˆ§!Ó˚Ó y° ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Îy
xÇ¢ Îy ≤ÃyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ ◊Óî§ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly xÌÓy !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛l
xM˛°ˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ◊Óîàï˛ ï˛Ìƒ Ù)°ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ü˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y (Validity): ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲#«˛y ˛Îy ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ë)˛!Ùï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù§,î !Ólƒy§ (Texture gradient): ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ l܉˛¢y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y–
~•z âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Îï˛•z ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ •Î˚ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛° (Variable): ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ xÓfiÌyñ âê˛lyÓ°#ñ
ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢ò Óî≈ly •yÓ˚yÎ˚ – ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xÌÓy xyã˛Ó˚î Îy !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
̃y°yÙy§ (Thalamus): Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÓò# §%•zã˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ñ Îy xôƒÎ˚ˆÏl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ù!hflÏ‹ÒܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ñ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ:Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÓò# Óyã˛!lܲ !¢ál (Verbal learning): Óyã˛!lܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
Óyï˛≈ y à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ã ˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙí% ˛ °y ~ÓÇ Óyã˛!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ¢áy ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ xhs≈˝Ë)˛=˛
ˆ§!Ó˚ˆÏÓ°yˆÏÙ §yí˛¸y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– •° ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ xÌ≈•#l x«˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y!°Ü˛y xÌÓy ¢∑–
!ã˛hs˝l (Thinking): ò#â≈fiÌy!Î˚ flø,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ Ùyl!§Ü˛ xÌÓy ˲y£ÏyÙ)°Ü˛ x˲#«˛y Verbal test: x˲#«˛y ÎyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
K˛ylÙ)°Ü˛ ï˛Ìƒ Îy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !ã˛•´ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ x˲#«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!kôÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ¢∑
˛õ)l≈!Ólƒy§ G !l˛õ%î ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lñ ˲y£Ïyñ !ã˛•´ñ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ G ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚)˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝l í˛zj#˛õܲ G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ÙôƒfiÌï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ò¢≈làï˛ xôƒy§ (Visual illusions): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ í˛zj#˛õly Îy
í˛z˛õfl∫l (Timbre): !Ó¢%Âô fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ¢yly x!ï˛fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊î ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏî ºy!hs˝ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
myÓ˚y í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒ (Wavelength): xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !¢áÓ˚
í˛zôÁ≈Ù%á# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y (Top-down processing): xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌÓy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xyˆÏ°y Óy ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !¢áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîñ §Ù@˝Ã ˆÌˆÏܲ xÇ¢§Ù)ˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ x@˝ÃàÙl– ï˛!í˛¸Í ã%˛¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# xyGÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
ˆê˛∆§!í˛ˆÏܲ ï˛_¥ ‡ !ã˛•´«˛!Î˚ï˛ ï˛_¥ (Trace decay theory): §ˆÏAà Ù•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ò#â≈flõ®l ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏî
x!ôàï˛ Ó› Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛•´ Óy SÈy˛õ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ Îy xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyˆÏܲ–
~!ê˛ xò,¢ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Î!ò ly xl%¢#°l Óy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ¢∑ xl%£AÏ à (Word associations): Óƒ!=˛c !lô≈yÓ˚î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ã˛•´«˛!Î˚ï˛ ï˛_¥ ӈϰ– ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!=˛ §yôyÓ˚î ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l
!¢ál §M˛y°l (Transfer of learning): ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°lñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# flø,!ï˛ (Working memory): flø,!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y§Ù)• Îy
!¢álˆÏܲ Ó!ô≈ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ §M˛y°l ~ˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ ° Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ°# xÌÓy x!˲K˛ï˛yà% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# flø,!ï˛G Ó°y •Î˚–
xyâyï˛Ù)°Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y (Traumatic experience): ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
xÌÓy Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyâyï˛– Ùyl!§Ü˛ xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!˲ܲ ¢Ü‰˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x“!ÓhflÏÓ˚
fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ≤Ãï˛ƒyáylñ !ÓÓy•!ÓˆÏFSÈòñ Î%Âôñ
x!˲K˛ï˛yñ x§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
¢∑ˆÏܲy¢ 199
SUGGESTED READINGS
For developing further understanding on the topics, you may like to
read the following books :
• Baron, R.A. (2001/Indian reprint 2002). Psychology (5th ed.). Allyn &
Bacon.
• Das, J.P. (1998). The Working Mind : An Introduction to Psychology.
Sage Publications.
• Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.H. (1997). Psychology. Prentice Hall, Inc.
• Gerow, J.R. (1997). Psychology : An Introduction. Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
• Gleitman, H. (1996). Basic Psychology. W.W. Norton & Company.
• Khandwalla, P.N. (1984). Fourth Eye : Excellence through Creativity.
A.H. Wheeler and Co.
• Malim, T., & Birch, A. (1998). Introductory Psychology. Macmillan Press
Ltd.
• Morgan, C.T., King, R.A., Weisz, J.R., & Schopler, J. (1986).
Introduction to Psychology (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
• Weiten, W. (2001). Psychology : Themes and Variations. Wadsworth.
• Zimbardo, P.G., & Weber, A.L. (1997). Psychology. New York: Longman.
• Zimbardo, P.G. (1985). Psychology and Life. Harper Collins Publishers.
SOURCE BOOKS
200 ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛yl