Main menu














Search Go

 Create account
 Log in
Personal tools


Contents
 hide


(Top)


Terminology


History


Roof types

Toggle Roof types subsection

o
Textile
o
Detachable hardtop

o
Retractable hardtop


Other design features

Toggle Other design features subsection

o
Tonneau cover

o
Rear window

o
Windblocker

o
Safety


Variations


Gallery

Toggle Gallery subsection

o
Open car and roadster

o
Convertibles
o
Retractable hardtop


See also


References

Toggle References subsection

o
Further reading

Convertible
51 languages

 Article
 Talk
 Read
 Edit
 View history

Tools












From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Convertible (disambiguation).

"Cabriolet" redirects here. For the horse carriage, see cabriolet (carriage). For the armchair,
see cabriolet (furniture).
2006–2007 Mazda MX-5/Miata roadster

1951 Hudson convertible[1]

2001 BMW M3 convertible

A convertible or cabriolet (/ˌkæbrioʊˈleɪ/) is a passenger car that can be driven with or

without a roof in place. The methods of retracting and storing the roof vary among eras
and manufacturers.
A convertible car's design allows an open-air driving experience, with the ability to
provide a roof when required. A potential drawback of convertibles is their
reduced structural rigidity (requiring significant engineering and modification to
counteract the effects of removing a car's roof). [2][3]
The majority of convertible roofs are of a folding construction framework with the actual
top made from cloth or other fabric. Other types of convertible roofs include retractable
hardtops (often constructed from metal or plastic) and detachable hardtops (where a
metal or plastic roof is manually removed and often stored in the trunk).

Terminology[edit]
Other terms for convertibles include cabriolet, cabrio, drop top, drophead coupé, open
two-seater, open top, rag top, soft top, spider, and spyder. Consistency is rare about the
current use of cabriolet in preference to convertible. [4] The term cabriolet originated from
a carriage cabriolet: "a light, two-wheeled, one-horse carriage with a folding top,
capable of seating two persons"; however, the term is also used to describe other
convertibles.[5]
In the United Kingdom, the historical term for a two-door convertible is drophead coupé,
and a four-door convertible was called an all-weather tourer.[6]

History[edit]

1897 Daimler Grafton Phaeton

1928 Ford Model A Roadster

1981 AMC Eagle Sundancer

1984 Chrysler LeBaron

Most of the early automobiles were open-air vehicles without any roof or sides. [7][8][9][10] As
car engines became more powerful by the end of the 19th century, folding textile or
leather roofs (as had been used on victoria or landau carriages) began to appear on
cars.[11][12] Examples of early cars with roofs include the phaeton (a two-seat car with a
temporary roof), the brougham or a coupé de ville, having an enclosed passenger
compartment at the rear, while the driver sat in front either in the open, or the landaulet,
where the driver has a fixed roof and the passenger compartment has a folding roof.
Less expensive cars, such as the runabouts, sporting roadsters, or sturdy touring cars,
remained either completely open air or were fitted with a rudimentary folding top and
detachable clear side curtains.
In the 1920s, when steel bodies began to be mass-produced, closed cars became
available to the average buyer, and fully open cars began to disappear from the
mainstream market.[13] By the mid 1930s, the remaining small number of convertibles
sold were high-priced luxury models.[12] In 1939, Plymouth introduced the first
mechanically operated convertible roof powered by two vacuum cylinders. [14][15]
Demand for convertibles increased as a result of American soldiers in France and the
United Kingdom during World War 2 experiencing the small roadster cars that were not
available in the United States at the time. [13] These roadsters included the MG
Midget and Triumph Roadster. The convertible design was incorporated into the mass-
market unibody by Hudson in 1948.[16][17] United States automakers manufactured a broad
range of convertible models during the 1950s and 1960s – from economical compact-
sized models such as the Rambler American[18] and the Studebaker Lark, to the more
expensive models, such as the Packard Caribbean, Oldsmobile 98, and Imperial by
Chrysler.[19] Automakers often included a convertible body style as an available body
style in a model range.[20][21][22]
Convertibles in the U.S. market reached a sales peak in 1965 and fell in popularity over
the next five years.[23] Optional air conditioning became more popular and the availability
of sunroofs and T-tops limited the appeal of the open body style as well as the noise,
leaks, and repairs associated with fabric tops. [23] The popularity of convertibles was
reduced by the increased travel speeds on roads (resulting in more wind and noise for
occupants) and proposed vehicle crash safety standards in the United States. [13][24]
The market share of convertibles fell to two or three percent of total sales and the U.S.
automakers discontinued the body style from their lineups. [23] American Motors stopped
making convertibles after the 1968 model year, Chrysler after 1971, Ford after 1973 and
most divisions of General Motors after 1975. Cadillac held out until 1976, when they
made about 14,000. The last 200 had a red, white and blue motif and a dashboard
plaque. The very last was offered to the Smithsonian Institution, whose trustees turned
it down as it was not at that moment an historic artifact, "Though it might well be in three
generations ... or at the Tricentennial." [25] After the last Cadillac Eldorado convertible was
made in 1976, the only factory convertibles sold in the United States were imported.
Making convertibles on the assembly line was both expensive and time consuming, thus
not worth the problems needed to sell the limited number of cars. [23]
Specialized coachbuilders were contracted to make dealer-available cars such as
the Targa top versions of the AMC Concord and Eagle "Sundancer" as well as
the Toyota Celica "Sunchaser" as specialty models.[26][27] American Sunroof Company
(ASC), which was responsible for popularizing the sunroof option for regular body
styles, converted a Buick Riviera into a full convertible that compelled General Motors to
market it as part of the 1982 Buick models.[23] Chrysler Corporation also introduced
convertible body style in its 1982 lines based on the K-Car. These were the LeBaron,
and for Dodge, the 400.[28][29] Ford reintroduced a convertible Mustang for 1983
while American Motors Corporation (AMC) added a convertible version of the Renault
Alliance in 1984.[30][31]
In 1989, Mazda released the first generation Mazda MX-5 (called "Miata" in North
America), which has become the best-selling convertible with over 1 million cars sold.
[32]
 Also in 1989, Toyota released the Toyota Soarer Aerocabin, which uses an
electrically operated retractable hardtop roof.[33] A total of 500 were produced.[34]
Models dedicated to the convertible body style include the Mazda MX-5, Porsche
Boxster, and Opel Cascada.[35]

Roof types[edit]
Textile[edit]

BMW Z8 with a fabric roof in up position

A "soft top" is made from a flexible textile material:

 Early convertibles used cotton canvas woven so tightly that it is waterproof. Automakers had

problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II, including canvas in
various shades for convertible tops, therefore limiting their manufacture.[36]
 A cloth-based material has become more common in recent years.[37]
Other materials are also used in the convertible top. By 1955, the most popular
materials were latex and butyl rubber fabrics that each accounted for around 35% of the
convertible top's weight, with others included vinyl (12%), jute (8%), along
with rayon and acrylic fibers (Orlon), amounting to about 1% each in the compositions.
[38]
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material was used for many convertible tops. The material
consists of two layers: a top layer made of PVC, which has a specific structure
depending on the vehicle model, and a lower layer made of fabric (usually cotton).
The collapsible textile roof section over an articulated folding frame may include linings
such as a sound-deadening layer and/or an interior cosmetic lining, to hide the frame.
The folded convertible mechanism with the top is called the stack. [39] Designs that fold
down to a lower stack height offer a smoother silhouette for the car with the top down
while concealed side rails allow room for three passengers in the back seat such as on
the 1967 Rambler Rebel convertible.[40]
Detachable hardtop[edit]
Rigid removable hardtops, many of which can be stored in a car's trunk/boot, have been
available at least since the 1950s.[41][42] These usually provide greater weatherproofing,
soundproofing, and durability compared to fabric-based tops; some are available with
integrated rear-window defrosters and windscreens. Examples include the Ford
Thunderbird (1st-generation and 11th-generation), Mercedes SL (2nd-generation and
3rd-generation), Porsche Boxster, Jeep Wrangler, Ford Mustang Cobra (1995 Only),
and Mazda MX-5.
During the 1950s and 1960s, detachable hard-material roofs were offered for
various convertible sports cars and roadsters, including the 1955–1957 Ford
Thunderbird and Chevrolet Corvette, as well as the 1963–1971 Mercedes-Benz
W113 series of two-seaters. Because the convertible top mechanism is itself expensive,
the hard roof was customarily offered as an additional, extra-cost option. On early
Thunderbirds (and Corvettes through 1967), buyers could choose between a
detachable hardtop and a folding canvas top at no additional cost, but paid extra for
both.
The metal-framed "Carson top" was a popular addition for the 1930s Ford convertibles
or roadsters because it turned these models into an almost instant hardtop. [41] The
design mimicked a convertible top, but lacking the bulky folding mechanisms enabled
the removable hardtop to have a much lower and more rakish profile. [43]
Improvements in canvas tops have rendered the detachable hard roof less common in
part because the top cannot be stored inside the vehicle when not in use, requiring a
garage or other storage facility. Some open cars continue to offer it as an option. For
example, Mazda MX-5s has an accessory hardtop, which is compulsory for some auto
racing series.
Retractable hardtop[edit]

A Volvo C70 retractable hard roof with folding segments

Main article: Retractable hardtop

A retractable hardtop — also known as "coupé convertible" or "coupé cabriolet" — is a
car with an automatically operated, self-storing hardtop (as opposed to the textile-based
roof used by traditional convertibles).
The benefits of improved climate control and security are traded off against increased
mechanical complexity, cost, weight, and often reduced luggage capacity. [citation needed]

Other design features[edit]

MG TD open two-seater with tonneau cover over the passenger seat and luggage space
Tonneau cover[edit]
Main article: Tonneau

Folding textile convertible tops often fail to completely hide their internal mechanism or
can expose their vulnerable underside to sun exposure and fading. A tonneau cover
provides a solution.
Rear window[edit]
Rear windows are often part of the roof assembly. Traditionally, the rear window in a
soft-top was made from plastic; however, more recently some convertibles have used
glass for the rear window.[44]
Windblocker[edit]
A windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the
occupants.[45] According to the engineer responsible for the 2008 Chrysler Sebring, its
windblocker reduces wind noise by approximately 11 to 12 dB.[46]
Several convertibles are available with a heating duct to the neck area of the seat,
which is often called an "Air Scarf". Examples of cars with this feature
include Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class, Mercedes-Benz SL-Class, and Audi A5/S5.
Safety[edit]
Modern safety features specifically for convertibles include:

 rollover protection structures (ROPS) with pyrotechnically charged roll hoops hidden behind

the rear seats that deploy under rollover conditions
 heated rear window (for improved visibility)
 boron steel-reinforced A-pillars
 safety cage construction – a horseshoe-like structure around the passenger compartment 
 door-mounted side-impact airbag which inflates upward (instead of downward like the
typical curtain airbag) to provide head protection even with an open window[47]

Variations[edit]
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically
simple fabric tops to complex retractable roofs made from hard materials:
Roadster: A roadster (also called spider or spyder) is an open two-seat car with
emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially, an American term for a two-
seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved
to include two-seat convertibles.
Cabrio coach: A cabrio coach (also called semi-convertible) has a
retractable textile roof, similar to a traditional convertible. The difference is that a
convertible often has the B-pillar, C-pillar and other bodywork removed. However, the
cabrio-coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the
roof skin with a retractable fabric panel.
An advantage of a cabrio coach is that retaining more of the car's original structure
means that structural rigidity is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional
cabriolets.[48] An example of the cabrio coach is the 2003-10 C3 Pluriel,[48] which has a
roof with five possible configurations. [49][50]

Fiat 500 Cabrio with fabric roof folded to the rear

Fixed-profile: In contrast to convertibles where the entire bodywork above the beltline
(doors, roof, side pillars, side bodywork) is replaced with a folding or retractable roof,
the fixed profile convertible retains portions of fixed bodywork including the doors, side
pillars, and side elements of the roof — while a center fabric portion slides back and
accordions at the rear. As an example, Citroën's 1948 Citroën 2CV featured rigid
bodysides and two doors on each side, along with a sunroof that rolled back on itself
and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate trunk lid. Other fixed-profile
convertibles include the 1957 Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile, 1957 Vespa 400,
1950 Nash Rambler Landau Convertible Coupe, the Nissan Figaro (1991), the Jaguar
XJ-SC (1983) as well as the 1957 Fiat 500 and its 2007 Fiat 500 successor. The 1984
Heuliez-designed Citroën Visa Décapotable used elements of a fixed-profile convertible.
Four-door: Most convertibles have two doors. However, four-door convertibles have
been mass-produced. Examples include the 1940-41 Cadillac Series 62, 1931 Chrysler
Imperial Dual Cowl Phaeton and 1961-67 Lincoln Continental.[51] Current production four-
door convertibles include the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited.[52][53]
Peugeot presented a concept four-door retractable hardtop convertible, the Peugeot
407 Macarena in 2006.[54] Produced by French coachbuilding specialist Heuliez, the
Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,[54] with a steel reinforcing beam behind the
front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember. [54]
Off-road: Several off-road vehicles have been produced with removable soft tops.
[55]
 Examples include the Jeep Wrangler, Suzuki Vitara, Suzuki Jimny,[56] Ford
Bronco, Land Rover Defender, Mercedes-Benz G-Class[57] as well as early models of
the Toyota Land Cruiser and Land Rover Defender. Typically, the soft tops attach to the
roll cage or to the installation points on the vehicle's body.
Landaulet: A landaulet (also known as landaulette) is where the rear passengers are
covered by a convertible top.[58][59][60] Often the driver is separated from the rear
passengers with a partition,[59] as per a limousine.
In the second half of the 20th century, landaulets were used by public figures (such as
heads of state) in formal processions. They are now rarely used, for fear of terrorist
attacks.
Victoria-Cabriolet: reminiscent of the victoria carriage style, a three-position
convertible. No rear side windows and equipped with a soft top that can be raised
partway, leaving the area above the front seats folded back. [61] This body style had a
short period of popularity, mainly in the 1930s. Other names include Cabriolet/Coupé
Milord (or just Milord), Calash (from Calèche), Folding Head DHC, three-position Drop-
head Coupé, or Cabriolet toit de 3 positions.[62]

Gallery[edit]
Open car and roadster[edit]


Ford Model T circa 1925, with minimal weather protection

 

Bentley 4½ Litre 1929 with luxury snap-on and thumbscrew sidescreens

 

Aero 500 from 1929

 


 Ford Phaeton 1934 open four-door touring car
 

1937 Delahaye 135MS Roadster

 

MG TD circa 1953, with manual soft top and detachable sidescreens with plastic windows
 

Lancia D23 Spyder 1953

 

1955 Porsche 550 Spyder

Convertibles[edit]

1936 Packard One-Twenty Convertible Victoria with the top in the semi-open (second) position
 

Fixed-profile circa 1950 Nash Rambler Convertible "Landau" Coupe[63]

 

Škoda 450 from 1957

 

Mercedes-Benz 300d landaulet in operation

 

Škoda Felicia from 1959

 


 Lincoln Continental circa 1962, four-door with automatic, self-storing tonneau
 

Jaguar E-type 1963, with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap-secured

 

Mercedes SL 1964, available with a detachable hardtop

 

1966 Rolls-Royce Phantom V landaulet

 

Cadillac Eldorado 1972, with detachable, two-part, fully rigid "parade boot" tonneau cover
 


 Citroën 2CV fixed profile convertible circa 1975, with roll-back roof and rigid doors
 

ZIL-410441 parading on Victory Day 2011.

 

Rolls Royce Corniche circa 1986, with a manually installed tonneau cover

 

Cadillac Allanté circa 1993, with detachable, rigid plastic tonneau cover

 

Volkswagen New Beetle circa 2003, with raised textile top

 

Porsche Boxster circa 2004, with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top [64]
  

Citroën C3 Pluriel circa 2007 with roll-back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars [49]
 

A Fiat 500 (2007) fixed-profile convertible

 

Jaguar XK circa 2008, with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top

Retractable hardtop[edit]


1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner

 

Daihatsu Copen circa 2001 with retracted hardtop, kei class

  

Chevrolet SSR circa 2004, a retractable hardtop convertible pickup truck

 

Ford Focus CC circa 2006 with its roof retracted

 

Mazda MX-5 circa 2007, with polycarbonate hardtop[65]

 

Cadillac XLR circa 2007, with aluminum hardtop concealed by tonneau cover

 

Volkswagen Eos circa 2007 with five-segment top and independent sunroof

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to convertibles.

 Targa top
 NASCAR Convertible Division
 Vinyl roof
 Sunroof

References[edit]
1. ^ "Hudson Hornet Generation I Convertible". Rīgas Meistardarbnīca. 2015. Retrieved  25 June 2022.
2. ^ Garrett, Jerry (8 October 2006).  "2007 Volkswagen Eos: In Praise of a Convertible Goddess".  The
New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
3. ^ "What You Should Know Before Buying a Convertible". Edmunds. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
4. ^ "Convertible and Cabriolet what's the difference?". Convertible Car Magazine. 31 December 2016.
Retrieved 10 March  2022.
5. ^ "Definition: Cabriolet".  dictionary.com. Retrieved 10 March  2022.
6. ^ Beattie, Ian (1977).  The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design. Haynes Publishing Group.
pp.  36, 42–43. ISBN 0854292179.
7. ^ "Beginnings of the automobile: the predecessor companies (1886-1920)". daimler.com.
Retrieved 14 April  2018.
8. ^ "British Motor Manufacturers (1894-1960), Arnold". britishmm.co.uk. Archived from  the original on
16 June 2011.
9. ^ "Early American Automobiles Pre 1900". earlyamericanautomobiles.com. Retrieved 14 April  2018.
10. ^ "Hurtu". gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 14 April  2018.
11. ^ "The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 2". popularmechanics.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved  14
April  2018.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b "A brief history of the convertible".  autofocus.ca. Retrieved  14 April 2018.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b c "The up-and-down history of the convertible". cbsnews.com. Retrieved  14
April  2018.
14. ^ "The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 5". popularmechanics.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved  14
April  2018.
15. ^ "The Deluxe Plymouth for 1939 (brochure)"  (PDF). p.  15. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via
xr793.com.
16. ^ Lewis, Corey (7 March 2019). "Rare Rides: A Hudson Commodore Brougham From 1950,
Complete With Celebrity Ownership".  thetruthaboutcars.com. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
17. ^ Salmi, Steve (11 February 2022). "1948 Hudson 'step-down' was a brilliant car with tragic
flaws". Indie Auto. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
18. ^ "All new! A convertible with Rambler Excellence (advertisement)".  Life. Vol.  50, no.  22. 2 June
1962. Retrieved  26 December  2022  – via Google Books.
19. ^ Mort, Norm (15 September 2010).  American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to
1960. Veloce Publishing. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9781845842390. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via
Google Books.
20. ^ "1967 Rambler Rebel brochure".  oldcarbrochures.org. p. 13. Retrieved  10 March 2022.
21. ^ LaChance, Dave (July 2006). "Daytona Delight - 1964 Studebaker Daytona". Hemmings Classic
Car. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
22. ^ Schild, James J. (2004).  Original Dodge and Plymouth B-Body Muscle 1966-1970. MotorBooks
International. p.  78. ISBN 9781610591324. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Google Books.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Hunting, Benjamin (15 February 2022). "How ASC brought convertibles back from
the dead".  Hagerty. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
24. ^ "The Evolution of the Convertible- slide 8". popularmechanics.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved  14
April  2018.
25. ^ Lynton, Stephen (6 April 1976). "The gilt edged Cadillac".  The Guardian. p. 4.
26. ^ Niedermeyer, Paul (24 January 2014).  "The AMC I Forgot About: Sundancer – The Only Way To
Top A Concord Or Eagle". Curbside Classic. Retrieved  26 December  2022.
27. ^ ODonnell, Jim (27 November 2020).  "Rare SunChaser! 1980 Toyota Celica Convertible". Barn
Finds. Retrieved  26 December  2022.
28. ^ Holusha, John (2 March 1981). "The U.S. Convertible Making a Comeback".  The New York Times.
Retrieved 14 August  2019.
29. ^ "The K Car: Variations on a Theme Helped to Save Chrysler". The New York Times. 29 January
1984. Retrieved  14 August 2019.
30. ^ Stone, Matthew L. (1998). Mustang 5.0 and 4.6, 1979-1998. MotorBooks International.
p. 28.  ISBN  9781610591089. Retrieved  26 December  2022  – via Google Books.
31. ^ Ross, Daniel Charles (October 1984).  "AMC's Sunny Side Up". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 161,
no.  10. p. 99. Retrieved  26 December  2022  – via Google Books.
32. ^ "Mazda builds 1 millionth MX-5". autoblog.com. Retrieved  14 April 2018.
33. ^ "A Soarer Aerocabin Found In LA".  speedhunters.com. June 2015. Retrieved 14 April  2018.
34. ^ "This One Of 500 Toyota Soarer Aerocabin Can Be Yours". carscoops.com. 21 September 2016.
Retrieved 14 April  2018.
35. ^ "2019 Buick Cascada Buyer's Guide". MotorTrend. Retrieved 25 June  2022.
36. ^ "The Last Roadster". Cars and Parts. Vol.  43. 2000. p. 42. Retrieved  26 December  2022  – via
Google Books.
37. ^ Stroll, Daniel (2009).  Muscle Car Interior Restoration Guide. CarTech.
p. 120.  ISBN  9781932494983. Retrieved  26 December  2022  – via Google Books.
38. ^ Jacobs, Milton (1957).  Fabrics and Fibers for Passenger Cars: Automobile Manufacturers' Views,
1955 Compared with 1950, Issue 152 of Marketing research report. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Marketing Service, Marketing Research Division. pp.  8, 40–41. Retrieved  26
December 2022 – via Google Books.
39. ^ Powell, James C. (25 April 2006).  "Convertible vehicle top stack
mechanism".  freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved  26 December  2022.
40. ^ "1967 AMC Data Book - Rambler Rebel convertible".  oldcarbrochures.org. p. 34. Retrieved  26
December 2022.
41. ^ Jump up to:a b Howley, Tim (April 2006). "A History of Hardtops".  Hemmings Classic Car. Hemmings
Motor News. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
42. ^ "356 Porsche Removable Hardtops". derwhites356literature.com. Retrieved  15 April 2018.
43. ^ Auto Editors of  Consumer Guide (19 September 2007). "Pisano/Ogden Buick: Profile of a Custom
Car". howstuffworks.com. Archived from  the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 10
March  2022.
44. ^ "Convertible Buying Guide". consumerreports.org. Retrieved  29 April 2018.
45. ^ "Convertible buying info: Top-down driving".  edmunds.com. Retrieved  29 April 2018.
46. ^ "2008 Chrysler Sebring Convertible's Solid Structure and Systems Deliver Smooth Driving, Tight
Handling and a Quiet Ride". Chrysler Group  (Press release). 30 March 2007. Archived from the
original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 March  2022  – via prnewswire.
47. ^ "Volvo C70 - safety, the next generation". autoblog.com.
48. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Semi-Convertible or Cabrio Coach: It's About Being Chic and Strong at the
Same Time".  autoevolution.com. 15 April 2015. Retrieved  5 April  2018.
49. ^ Jump up to:a b "Citroen C3 Pluriel (2003–) Review". Archived from the original  on 5 November 2007.
50. ^ "Citroen C3 Pluriel". honestjohn.co.uk. 28 May 2003. Retrieved  3 February  2014.
51. ^ Auto editors of Consumer Guide  (1997). Cars Of The Sizzling 60's: A Decade Of Great Rides And
Good Vibrations (First ed.). Publications International. pp.  68–69, 307. ISBN 9780785324355.
52. ^ "Jeep history in the 2000s". jeep.com. Retrieved  8 May 2018.
53. ^ "2017 Jeep Wrangler". edmunds.com. Retrieved 8 May  2018.
54. ^ Jump up to:a b c "¡Hey, Macarena! Heuliez Creates an Open-Top Peugeot 407". Edmunds. 18
January 2006. Archived from the original  on 19 December 2006. Retrieved  25 June 2022.
 55. ^ "Evolution Of The Convertible SUV".  autowise.com. March 2018. Retrieved 8 May  2018.
56. ^ "Suzuki Jimny 2005 - 2012".  autoevolution.com. Retrieved  8 May 2018.
57. ^ "2018 Mercedes-Maybach G650 Landaulet". caranddriver.com. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 8
May 2018.
58. ^ Georgano, Nick  (2001). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Routledge. p.  216. ISBN 978-1-
57958-367-5.
59. ^ Jump up to:a b Clough, Albert L. (1913).  A dictionary of automobile terms. The Horseless Age
Company. p. 185.  LCCN  13003001. Retrieved 1 September  2014.
60. ^ The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories. Merriam-Webster. 1991. pp.  358–
359.  ISBN  9780877796039.  LCCN  91029965. Retrieved 25 June  2022. The motor landaulet was
essentially an enclosed sedan or coupe with a folding top at the extreme rear quarter, over the rear
seat.
61. ^ Haajanen, Lennart W. (2017),  Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles (Second  ed.),
McFarland, p.  34, ISBN 9780786499182, retrieved 25 June  2022  – via Google Books
62. ^ Haajanen, p. 35
63. ^ Niedermeyer, Paul (25 January 2021).  "Junkyard ClassicMiat/Automotive History: 1955 Rambler
Cross Country – How Rambler Won The Compact And Price Wars Of The 1950's And Saved AMC".
Curbside Classic. Retrieved  25 June 2022.
64. ^ "2007 Porsche Boxster".  conceptcarz.com. Retrieved  6 March  2011.
65. ^ Vaughn, Mark (10 September 2006). "2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Power Retractable
Hardtop". Autoweek. Archived from  the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.

Further reading[edit]
 Adler, Dennis (2011).  Convertibles. First Gear series. Minneapolis, MN:
Motorbooks.  ISBN  9780760340202.
 Hirsch, Jay; Weith, Warren (1979). The Last American Convertibles. New York: Collier Books; London:
Collier Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-080010-X.
 Holmes, Mark (2007). Ultimate Convertibles: Roofless Beauty. London: Kandour. ISBN 978-1-905741-62-
5.
 Langworth, Richard M (1988).  The Great American Convertible. New York: Beekman House.  ISBN  0-517-
65581-0.
 Wieder, Robert; Hall, George (1977). The Great American Convertible: An Affectionate Guide. Garden
City, NY: Doubleday.  ISBN  0-385-13123-2.

show

Car design

Germany
Authority control: Israel
National  United States

Czech Republic
Categories: 

 Car body styles

 Convertibles
 Automotive styling features
 This page was last edited on 19 March 2023, at 00:59 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of
the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia

 Mobile view

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement