Introduction to Work Measurement

Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa

Objective:

To be able to define time study and its importance

 To identify the different methods used in Time Study
 To differentiate observe time, normal time and
standard time
 To be able to perform the different methods
What is Work Measurement?

Application of technique designed to establish the time

required for a qualified worker to perform a task at a
defined level of performance
What is Work Measurement?

Investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective time

Measuring time to perform a task

Setting standard time

Benefits of Work Measurement
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Without Work Measurement

}
Adding undesirable features to product

Bad operation of the process

Existence of Idle Time

Additional Manpower
Without Work Measurement
Overtime

Backlog Fatigue

Poor
Rework
Quality
With Work Measurement
No
Overtime

On time
Relaxed
delivery

On time Good
production Quality
Purpose and Techniques of Work Measurement
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Purpose of Work Measurement

• Reveal the nature and reason of ineffective time

• Provide action to eliminate the unnecessary action
• Set standard operating time
Techniques for Work Measurement

• Time Study
• Work Sampling
• Synthesis from standard data
• Pre-determined motion time system
• Estimating
• Analytical estimating
• Comparative estimating
TIME STUDY
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
What is Time Study?
Art of observing and recording the time required to
do detail element of an operation

Includes Manual, Mental

and Machining time
Manual – handling of tools
Time Study Mental – time for thinking
over some operations
Operators
Machining time – time
taken by machines

Supervisor

Analyst
Tools for Time Study

Video Time Study form

Stopwatch
Camcorder

Time Study Software

Time Study Boards
TIME STUDY
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Uses of Time Study

 Product costing
[The longer the time of operation, the higher the
cost of the product]

 Delivery

[To ensure that customer’s demand will be

delivered on time]
Uses of Time Study

 Capacity Analysis
[To determine the maximum plan or quota for the
day]

 Equipment Purchase

[If machine time is too long, possible

additional machine will help if plan cannot
be reduced]
Uses of Time Study

 Efficiency Improvement
[To provide process improvement to increase the
productivity]

 Labor Requirements
[If process cannot be improved and plan cannot
be achieved, additional manpower may be
conducted]
Uses of Time Study

 Wage Payment determination

[The higher the process time, the higher the wage]
Time Recording method – machine that has paper tape which
rotates on two rollers at uniform speed.

Motion Picture Camera – uses

camera that is driven at constant
speed of several ranges. Time taken
Methods for by each film can be calculated.
Time Study - Most accurate method but used for
high precision work

Stop Watch Method – Recording of time that uses a stop watch

- Stop watch must be accurate and graduated in decimals (can
record up to 0.01 minute)
STOPWATCH METHOD
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
1. Selection of task to be timed

Job to be studied is selected based on:

 Bottleneck
 with Repetitive jobs
 Jobs with longer cycle time
 checking of correctness of existing time
2. Standardize the Method of Working

Time study will not be accurate if process to be studied is not

standardized
3. Select the operator for study

Select the consistent worker whose performance should be average or

close to average so that observed times are close to normal times
4. Record the details

Details to be recorded:
 Name of operator
 Years in service
 Job performed
 Process of the task
 General information about the activity
 Tools being used in the process
5. Break the task into element

- Each operation is divided into a number of elements.

- This is done for easy observation and accurate measurement
- Manual and Machine time must be separated
- Constant and variable elements must be identified
6. Determine number of cycles to be measured

- Accuracy will also depend on the number of cycles to be taken

7. Measure the time of each element

- Time will be taken using a stopwatch

- The time measured from the stop watch is known as observed time
8. Determine standard rating

Rating is the measure of efficiency of a worker

- by comparing operator’s speed of work with the standard
performance
- it is decided by the work study man with supervisor’s consultation
9. Calculate the Normal time

Normal time needs to be calculated since observed time cannot be

considered as reference

Normal Time = Observed time * (Performance Rating)

10. Determine the allowance

- A worker cannot work all the day.

- Extra time (Allowance) will be added for:
 Operator’s time for going to toilet or drinking
 Tool breakage
 Unavoidable delays
11. Determine the standard time

Standard time is the combination of Normal time and allowances

Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowances

Sample of Time Study
Time Study Observation Sheet
Identification of operation Sandwich Assembly Date 5/17
Operator Approval Observer
Smith Jones Russell
Cycles Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t t RF Nt
Grasp and lay t .04 .05 .05 .04 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 .05 .53 .053 1.05 .056
1
out bread slices R .04 .38 .72 1.05 1.40 1.76 2.13 2.50 2.89 3.29
Spread mayonnaise t .07 .06 .07 .08 .07 .07 .08 .10 .09 .08 .77 .077 1.00 .077
2
on both slices R .11 .44 .79 1.13 1.47 1.83 2.21 2.60 2.98 3.37
t .12 .11 .14 .12 .13 .13 .13 .12 .14 .14 1.28 1.28 1.10 .141
3 Place ham, cheese,
and lettuce on bread R .23 .55 .93 1.25 1.60 1.96 2.34 2.72 3.12 3.51
Place top on sandwich, t .10 .12 .08 .09 .11 .11 .10 .10 .12 .10 1.03 1.03 1.10 .113
4
Slice, and stack R .33 .67 1.01 1.34 1.71 2.07 2.44 2.82 3.24 3.61
Allowances
 Allowances
Time adjustments to compensate losses so that fair
time standard is established for the task

Types of Allowances
a. Constant Allowance
b. Variable Fatigue Allowance
c. Special Allowance
Allowances
 Allowances
a. Constant Allowance
I. Personal Allowance
i. For personal needs such as washing, going to lavatory or getting drink

ii. 5% for male and 7% female

II. Basic Fatigue Allowance

i. To recover from physiological and psychological effect

ii. 4 % allowance
 Allowances
B. Variable Fatigue Allowance
1. Standing
- usually 2% is given when working in standing position
- 2.5 to 10% is allowed depending upon the strain involved or
bending

2. Use of Mascular Force

– for muscular energy consumed
- 10% to 2 kg and 20% for loading weight up to 50kg
 Allowances
B. Variable Fatigue Allowance
2. Use of Mascular Force
 Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
3. Atmospheric Condition
– 10% to 20% will be given depending on the air ventilation,
temperature or amount of dust available

4. Noise Level
 Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
4. Noise Level
 Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
5. Illumination Level
 Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
6. Visual Strain
– Caused by giving very close attention to the work piece or
the instrument being used
- 4% allowance on good light and 8% for poor light condition
 Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
7. Mental Strain
– Due to prolonged concentration to repeated used of metal
faculties or to do mental arithmetic
 Fairly complex process – 1%
 Complex process – 4%
 Very Complex process – 8%
 Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
8. Monotony
- the result of repeated use of certain mental
faculties, as in mental arithmetic
 Low monotony – 0%
 Medium – 1%
 High – 4%
 Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
9. Tediousness
- means task repetition
- 2% for tedious task and 5% for very tedious task

How can we reduce FATIGUE?

 Allowances
C. Special Allowances
 Unavoidable delays

Avoidable delays

Extra allowances

Policy allowaces
 Allowances
Unavoidable delays
 Interruptions from other personnel
 Material Irregularities
 Difficuty in maintaining tolerances
 Multiple machines were made
 Allowances
Avoidable delays
 Visit of operator to other station
 Uncalled-for work stoppages
 Other idle time over fatigue allowance
 Allowances
Extra Allowances
 Usage of substandard materials
 Machine testing
 Attention time ot observe the process
 Cleaning or changing or lubricant
 Allowances
Policy Allowance
- Allowances decided as a policy of management

- This includes:
 Start up
 Cleaning
 Shut down
 Set – up
 Change over
 Tools or machine changing
Allowances
 Enjoy
Time Study! 
Performance Rating
 Performance Rating
- Process in which the actual performance of operator under
observation is compared to the concept of normal performance

Normal performance standard time that are set must be within the capacity of the
majority of the workers

High time standard – boredom Low time standard - worker’s difficulty

 Methods of Rating
1. Speed Rating
2. Westinghouse System of Rating
3. Synthetic Rating
4. Objective Rating
5. Physiological Evaluation of Performance Rating
 Methods of Rating
1. Speed Rating
- Operator’s performance is evaluated by
considering his rate of accomplishment of the
work
 Methods of Rating
2. Westinghouse System of Rating
Four Factors to be considered:
a) Skill

b) Effort

c) Conditions

d) Consistency
 Westinghouse System
Skill – proficiency of an individual in performing a
task
 Westinghouse System
Example, 1.50 mins is the observed time:
• Good Skill – 0.06
• Excellent Efforts – 0.08
• Average condition – 0.00
• Good consistency – 0.01
• Total – 0.15

Normal time – 1.50 * 1.15 = 1.72 mins

 Methods of Rating
3. Synthetic Rating
- Rating is based on Predetermined Motion Time
System (PMTS)
- Actual time obtained is compared with the
known standards
 Synthetic Rating

Where R is the Performance Rating

P – Predetermined standard for an element
A – Average of actual time obtained in the time
study
 Synthetic Rating
Example:
A work cycle has been divided into 8 elements and time study has been conducted.
The average observed time are given on the table:

Note: M for Manually

P for Power Controlled
Total observed time = 2.32 min.
 Synthetic Rating
If we will select elements 2, 5 and 8 and using the available PMT below:

a. Find the rating factor for elements 2, 5 and 8.

b. What is the mean of the rating factors?
c. What is the Normal Cycle Time?
 Synthetic Rating
Solution:

a. Rating factor for element 2 = 0.145 / 0.16 = 90.62 %

Rating factor for element 5 = 0.255 / 0.26 = 98.08 %

Rating factor for element 8 = 0.145 / 0.15 = 96.66 %

b. The mean of rating factor = 95.12% or 95%

c. Normal Cycle time

= 0.95(0.14+0.16+.052+0.26+0.45+0.34+0.15)+1(0.30)
=2.22 minutes
 Methods of Rating
4. Objective Rating
Speed of movement and job difficulties are rated
separately and will be combined into a single value
R=PxD
Where P is Pace rating factor
D is for Job difficulty adjustment factor
 Methods of Rating
4. Physiological Evaluation of Performance
- The relationship between the physical work and
amount of oxygen consumed by the operator

- When the work ends, recovery begins and the

heart rate and oxygen consumption return to
normal resting level