Spesific Energy

Chapter 3

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 1
 Weir

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 2
 Sliding gate

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 3
 Energy Equation (Bernoulli’s)

elevation head
2 2
v p1 v p2
+ y1 + z1 + =
1
+ y 2 + z 2 + + h L,1− 2
2

2g γ 2g γ
velocity head
Energy loss between
sections 1 and 2
pressure head

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 4
 Open Channel Energy Equation
• In open channel flow (as opposed to pipe flow)
the free water surface is exposed to the
atmosphere so that p/g is 0 (on the surface; or p/g
is y at the invert), leaving:

2 2
v v
+ y1 + z1 =
1
+ y 2 + z 2 + h L,1−2
2

2g 2g

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 5
 Q

z1
z2
Datum

1 2

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 6
 y1

y2

z1
z2
Datum

1 2

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 7
 v12
2g

v 22
y1 2g

y2

z1
z2
Datum

1 2

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 8
 v12
2g hL1-2

v 22
y1 2g

y2

z1
z2
Datum

1 2

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 9
 Critical Depth, yc
• The depth of flow corresponding to the
minimum E is the critical depth, yc

yc = q g
3 2

or
v
=1
gy c
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 10
 Critical depth
V V Q
Fr = = =
3
gD g(A / T) g(A / T)
Q
CriticalFlowFr =1 =
g(A 3 / T)
TrapezoidalChannel
A=(b+my c )y c ; T=(b+2my c)
(b+2my c)Q 2
3 3
=1 ; y c can besolvedby trialanderror
g(b+my c ) y c

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 11
 Specific Energy
A
E
v2
2g

Datum and channel bottom

2
v
+y=E Eqn. 2.2
E is the specific energy.
2g
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 12
 Specific Energy (cont.)

Section AA

q = vy Where q is the flow per unit width.

Eqn. 2.2 becomes:

q2
2
+y=E (Eqn. 2.4)
2gy
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 13
 2 2
V Q
E = y + = y + 2
2g A 2g
Let say  = 1, A = b y , q = Q / b
2 2
Q q
E= y+ 2 = y+ 2
A 2g y 2g
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 14
 DERIVATIONS
• E = y + v2/2g
• E = y + q2/2gy2
• dE/dy = 0 = 1- q2/gyc3
• yc = (q2/g) 0.333
• Emin = yc + q2/2gyc2 = 3/2 yc
• Emin = 3/2 yc

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 15
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 16
 Specific Energy Diagrams

y2

yc
y1

Ec Eo E
*Note q is constant.
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 17
 Channel Transitions

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 18
 • Channel transitions occur where there is a
change in width, shape, slope, roughness,
bottom elevation of the channel.
• For changes in slope and roughness we can
use backwater curves to evaluate the
effects of the changes.
• For other types of smooth transitions
(transitions were energy loss is minimal),
we can use energy relationships to evaluate
the impact of the transition.
3/16/2022 Chapter 3 19
 Specific
Energy

Energi minimum saat Fr = 1, atau saat

Bagaimana menghitung YD
 y

y1
y2

Dz
yc

E2 E1 E
Specific Energy Representation of a Transition

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 22
 Kenaikan
dasar ΔZ
• Bagaimana
kalau ΔZ cukup
besar sehingga
E2 lebih kecil
daripada Emin

Δ
Z
 Penyempitan
Saluran

Kalau BB disempitkan
sedemikian sehingga EA
lebih kecil daripada EB
minimal
Maka EA harus
ditingkatkan sehingga
lebih besar atau sama
dengan EB minimal,
Berarti YA akan lebih
tinggi dari sebelumnya.
Bagaimana menghitung
YD
 • If the flow must pass through critical depth,
the assumption of no energy loss may not
be valid.
– This is especially true when going from
supercritical to subcritical flow.
– A hydraulic jump accompanied by considerable
energy loss occurs.

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 25
 Sluice Gate

Normal depth

critical l depth

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 26
 Sluice Gate
• Dalam upaya menaikkan elevasi muka air di atas Normal
Depth (kedalaman normal), dibuat sebuah sluice gate.
Dengan menutup pintu air hingga dibawah Critical Depth,
maka muka air di hulu pintu akan terbendung.
• Dengan menganggap tidak ada kehilangan energi, maka
Es1 = Es2
• Kedalaman aliran di hulu pintu, merupakan kedalaman
sub kritik dan bukaan pintu air ( kedalaman aliran di hilir
bendung) adalah kedalaman superkritik nya, dengan
energi yang sama.

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 27
 y

y1

yc
y2

E1 = E 2 E
Specific Energy Representation of flow through Sluice gate

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 28
 DISCHARGE DIAGRAM FOR
CONSTANT SPECIFIC ENERGY
Q2
E=y + 2 2 ; Q = (2gb2 y 2 (E-y))
b y 2g
Q maks saat y = ykritik

3/16/2022 Chapter 3 29
 2
Q
E=y + 2 2 ; Q = (2gb y (E-y))
2 2

b y 2g
Q = 2gb y (E-y) = 2gb Ey -2gb y
2 2 2 2 2 2 3

dQ
=2gb E2y -2gb 3y = 0
2 2 2

dy
2
2gb y(2E- 3y)= 0
2
2E-3y= 0, y= E (kedalaman kritik)
3/16/2022
3 Chapter 3 30
 E 0.7
B 2

y A Q
0 0 0
0.1 0.21 0.72015
0.2 0.44 1.377418
0.3 0.69 1.932
E 0.7
B 2
0.4 0.96 2.327876
0.5 1.25 2.474874
y A Q 0.6 1.56 2.184
0 0 0
0.1 0.21 0.72015
0.7 1.89 0
0.2 0.44 1.377418
0.3 0.69 1.932
0.4 0.96 2.327876
Q
3
0.5 1.25 2.474874
0.6 1.56 2.184 2.5
0.7 1.89 0
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Q