1) What is computer-assisted audit technique?

 Computer assisted audit techniques (CAAT) is a method of gathering and

reviewing electronic records.
 CAAT is used to simplify or automate the data analysis and audit process,
and it involves using computer software to analyze large volumes of
electronic data for anomalies.
 The branch has a dedicated team of Computer audit specialists (CAS) who
develop and maintain CAAT, and respond to auditors’ requests for
assistance.
Benefits of a CAAT audit are:

 Makes the audit less disruptive for the taxpayer. Auditor spends less time at
the taxpayer’s business premises and can focus on managing audit risks and
quantifying compliance issues
 Reduces the time to complete the audit. CAAT are efficient in testing for
completeness, accumulation, and calculation errors
 Increases accuracy of the audit results when a larger population and
stratified samples are used
 Improves compliance and lessens chance of making errors. Auditors can
review more segments of the taxpayer’s business activities systematically
using analytic tools.
The assigned auditor's responsibilities include the following:
Planning the audit
Opening Conference
Directing workflow
Closing conference and completing the audit

The following are a few examples of where CAAT can be used:

Sales
Tax Account
Purchases of operating supplies (for accounts at risk of tax liability) or
capital assets
Refunds
2) Discuss the role of IT tools in modern business management?
Information technology (IT) is the backbone of technological innovation.
This innovation has played a massive role in developing business
management.
Today, there is not a single business in this world that does not use various
IT tools and technologies to conduct day-to-day operations, design
marketing strategies, and even recruit employees.

1. Streamlining Operations
Information technology is now used in daily operations of any business. IT
has enabled an ease of doing business by managing overheads, regulating
recruitment, dealing with market uncertainty, managing inventory,
monitoring employee performance, dealing with employee grievances and
so much more.
Today, IT has also automated various manual and time-consuming tasks to
speed up regular operations. For example, there are multiple software’s
available today to record the daily attendance of employees, process leaves,
and compute monthly salaries of employees with minimal human
interference.
2. Implementing Cloud-based Solutions
Cloud technology is another useful tool that helps businesses store their
data on third party servers through the internet. It is a revolutionary tech
that has helped small and large businesses massively cut down costs and
opt for subscription packages to suit their business needs.
Businesses do not have to worry about hiring a substantial IT team to
maintain and manage large servers within their workspace. They can pay
third party companies to store relevant data. Things like servers crashing,
downtime and data being lost are now a thing of the past with cloud
technologies coming into the picture.

3. Facilitating Cyber Security

As more and more businesses store data online, the risk of cyber-attacks
arises. Even third-party companies that offer cloud solutions to businesses
need to safeguard the data of their clients from cyber-attacks. Businesses in
the banking and finance sector need to be more concerned about cyber
security.
Businesses that develop a proper cyber security network can assure their
clients that their data will always remain safe and grow their client base in
this manner.
4. Conducting Data Analysis
Companies depend on IT professionals to gather, assimilate, segregate and
study relevant data to understand current market trends and customer
behaviour. They then use the data to make various organisational-level
decisions to develop their business.
Data analysis is another important tool used by businesses to develop
business strategy, analyse market forecasts, stay ahead of the competition,
understand customer behaviour and develop product development strategies
accordingly. It can also help businesses stay ahead of the competition in a
cut-throat market.
5. Enabling Efficient Communication
Easy and efficient communication is one of the main advantages of
information technology. Communication does not only refer to
communication done on an organisational level, it also means
communication done with clients and customers.
IT software like emails, Whatsapp, personalised chatbots, feedback forms
etc. can be categorised as a form of communication. Living in the
information technology era means that businesses can receive instantaneous
communication. This communication includes sales figures, consumer
feedback, customer enquiries, market trends and so much more.
6. Enhancing Customer Experience
Most businesses today use IT to enhance their customer’s experience and
maintain a great relationship with customers. Businesses use tools like
CRM (Customer Relationship Management) to keep a track of customer
behaviour, any issues faced by the customer, and ensure quick resolution of
issues.
Suppose a customer has an issue with a product purchased or a service used,
they can call up the company which will be captured by the CRM. A
customer relationship executive will then review the customer’s shopping
history through the CRM program and efficiently solve the issue without a
glitch or a delay.
7. Reducing Operational Cost
Overall, implementing the above-mentioned IT software’s and programs
can help businesses reduce their operational costs by a large margin. They
do not need to recruit more staff members to do tasks that can be done by
 software’s and programs. Instead, they can instead recruit top notch
professionals from the industry to drive their business ahead.
This helps businesses invest more money on other avenues such as
marketing, enhanced cyber security, employee rejuvenation programs and
better financial investments for a sound financial portfolio. Better returns
and finances mean the company is more stable and reliable for customers
and employees.

3) Discuss the advantages of wireless networks.

 Mobility and collaboration. Stay connected while moving throughout your
work site. Access up-to-the-minute communications and all documents
and apps on the network, anywhere, anytime.
 Accessibility. Provide network access across your organization, even in
areas that have been challenging to reach with the wired network, so your
entire team can stay in touch.
 Expandability. Grow your network efficiently, adding new users and
locations without needing to run cables and wires.
 Guest access. Offer secure network access to guest users, including
customers and business partners, while keeping your network resources
protected.

Increased efficiency
Improved data communications lead to faster transfer of information within
businesses and between partners and customers. For example, salespeople
can remotely check stock levels and prices while on sales calls.
Access and availability
Because wireless technology allows the user to communicate while on the
move, you are rarely out of touch - you don't need extra cables or adaptors
to access office networks.
Flexibility
Office-based wireless workers can network without sitting at dedicated
computers and can continue to do productive work while away from the
office. This can lead to new styles of working, such as home working or
direct access to corporate data while on customer sites. See more
on employees working from home.
 Cost savings
Wireless networks can be easier and cheaper to install, especially in listed
buildings or where the landlord will not permit the installation of cables.
New opportunities
Wireless networking could allow you to offer new products or services. For
example, many airport departure lounges, train stations, hotels, cafes and
restaurants have installed 'hot spot' WiFi services to allow mobile users to
connect their equipment to their 'home' offices while travelling.

4) How does excel support business report?

 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application used to manipulate stored data.
 Finance and accounting professionals choose Excel for its complex analytical
and computing features.
 Microsoft Excel enables users to identify trends and organize and sort data into
meaningful categories.
 Excel also performs Human Resources functions, such as sorting worked hours
and organizing employee profiles and expenses, which help businesses better
understand the structure and activities of their workforce.
 Pivot tables summarize data from a worksheet into a chart.
5) Differentiate between Income Tax and Goods and Services Tax

6) Discuss in details ERP its significance in business management

advantages and limitations

"Enterprise resource planning" refers to software corporations use to handle

everyday activities such as finance, purchasing, project management, risk
mitigation, & compliance. A skilled individual may take advantage of the
numerous potent prospects that business resource planning software offers
and turn them into profitable benefits.
For many companies, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are a
critical element of their success. ERP refers to software and systems that
are used to plan and manage all core supply chain, manufacturing, services,
financial and other processes of an organization. ERP can considerably
streamline an organization’s operations, automating functions such as
accounting, procurement, project management, customer relationship
management, risk management, compliance, and supply chain operations.
While a business can utilize an individual ERP application, a complete ERP
application suite brings processes together across a business, connecting
every aspect of the enterprise and allowing for improved communication
and data gathering. Today’s ERP systems extend processes by providing
collaboration and digital solutions to effectively connect with partners
outside the organization including, customers, suppliers, carriers, financial
institutions, and others.

Advantages of ERP
More effective management-
ERP solutions work as a hub that connects all parts of business operations
that need administration, such as human resources, production, marketing,
customer service, inventory, and supply. ERP software offers automatic
data management most quickly and efficiently with computer technology.
Enterprise resource planning technologies considerably reduce the amount
of paperwork and the requirement for manual data entry. This advantage
leads to a significantly lower likelihood of human mistakes that might
impede production flow. Additionally, there is no requirement to transfer
paper-based data into a digital form, allowing the appropriate human
resources to be used elsewhere.
Better coordination-
ERP system that holds all data relevant to the business enhances the
interaction between company divisions or departments. By reducing
communication lags throughout the whole organization, ERP software
increases productivity. This system is particularly advantageous if a
business has a dispersed network of partners in numerous states or even
across various continents.
Report improvements-
ERP software provides a convenient environment for quick and easy
submission of all reports, from finance to inventory, customer service to
technical maintenance, etc. This is because there is less paper to handle and
better communication between departments due to the reduced paperwork.
Cost-effectiveness-
ERP systems enable lowering administrative expenses by reducing
paperwork, simplifying everyday activities, and, most importantly, reducing
repeated labor. Additionally, corporate processes like logistics, inventory
and stock control, and others that need a variety of information requests &
approvals are substantially accelerated by resource planning systems.
Implements Data Security and Integrity-
One of the most significant advantages of implementing ERP systems is
data security. After all, the ERP system is based on data. Collaboration
inside a firm is improved through sharing data between functional silos,
including customer service, sales, marketing, and business development.
The built-in protections of ERP solutions guarantee the safety of your data.
Your business is better protected with on-premises and cloud-based ERP
systems. Your sensitive and vital data can be automatically backed up in the
ERP system's database. ERP systems that are cloud-based offer an extra
layer of protection.
Enhanced client services-
Improving client relationship management is a further helpful advantage of
contemporary ERP software. Since all necessary information about sales
and customers is in one place, it is simpler for sales managers & customer
support agents to interact with customers, and less time is spent responding
to their needs.
Additional advantages to the already mentioned include quicker and more
accurate access to client records. For instance, carefully gathering and
analyzing data on consumer behavior patterns may result in better plan
improvements or more accurate forecasts of demand that must be met
appropriately and on schedule.
Detailed planning-
The ease of access to most corporate data substantially helps its analysis
chart a future development path. Using the aggregated data, the
management team & business analysts may create new strategies or suggest
changes to the existing ones with more success.
Flexibility and scalability-
The modular design of ERP software, which enables scaling it up or down
based on demands and circumstances, is another intrinsic advantage. This
characteristic allows for resource planning to readily adjust to corporate
growth or decrease on every level. ERP systems can handle various changes,
including production expansion, inventory expansion, and the addition of
new operations, services, and users.
Improved information availability and accuracy
This benefit, more so than any other on this list, has an indirect impact on
all the other benefits of enterprise resource planning. Modern ERP systems
enable it to gather efficiently and centrally, process, and store data about
manufacturing, sales, suppliers, or customers. As a result, only one data
system needs to be utilized and maintained as opposed to several distinct
databases that require regular inspections and synchronization to delete
outdated or redundant records.
An excellent achievement that further optimizes performance at all levels of
the organization is the improved quality of all types of internal data and its
simple accessibility to the personnel in any relevant department. The
activity that gains the most from the installation of ERP is supply chain &
inventory management.
Enhanced market competition
 ERP systems give the business the essential competitive edge to surpass
competitors. While some firms continue to use tried-and-true techniques or
cannot afford ERP systems, others invest in technology advancements and
profit from them.
Increased accessibility to management systems
Resource planning (ERP) systems may be developed as web or mobile apps
augmented with cloud technologies depending on the particular demands.
They may then be used at any time and from just about anywhere and
operate on smartphones, desktops, or other portable devices.

Limitations of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

The various limitations of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software
include the following:
 Expensive System - One of the main limitations of Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) systems is that they can be extremely costly. Not only does
the actual software and implementation incur costs, but other requirements
such as computer hardware, updated network equipment, and security
software may incur additional costs. It is important to carefully evaluate the
different options of ERP systems and other related systems to choose the
one that will be the best fit for your organization in terms of features
offered but also in terms of costs.
 Training Inefficiency - Skills, experience, manpower, and optimum
utilization of resources are key within a manufacturing operation. Without
these factors, it is difficult to have your operation run efficiently and
smoothly, which is why proper training in ERP is imperative in order to
make the system work appropriately. A substantial amount of companies
attempt to save money by not providing enough expenses for enterprise
resource planning training for employees. This will result in inadequate
cognizance of the particular Enterprise Resource Planning vendor package
being utilized and may lead to mishandling of the technology by employees
resulting in the loss of valuable information.
 Degree of Customization - Another limitation of ERP systems comes from
their ability to be customized to fit your business needs. The degree of
customization available can be limited and usually depends on the brand of
software chosen as some systems have more customization options than
others. However, most ERP systems offer very little customization or will
charge additional fees for the extra features requested. It is therefore
important to consider your business needs and the standard features of ERP
systems when considering them.
 High Implementation Times - Implementing a new operating system can
be a challenging task for any company. Depending on the complexity of the
 business operations, the total implementation and training time can take
over a year. Implementation times and costs of ERP softwares are crucial to
consider as the time required for the implementation may disturb the
normal functionality of the organization and risk incurring a potential loss
in business during that time. It is therefore important to consider the
implementation time when evaluating different ERP or other softwares that
require an implementation to ensure that you will have significant returns in
profits once implemented.
 Inter-connectivity of Departments - Although having inter-connectivity
between various departments in an organization may seem like an asset, it
can also pose disadvantages to the company. This is especially true if there
are inefficiencies within one department as it will lead to inefficiencies in
other departments. If one department is affected and becomes inefficient, it
can affect the overall efficiency of the company. It is therefore important to
choose a software that will optimize your company and improve its
efficiency to avoid causing problems in multiple departments.
Due to the limitations of ERP systems, many manufacturers benefit from
integrating their ERP system to an Advanced Planning and Scheduling
(APS) software

7) Disscuss in details Infrastructure as a service, Platform as aservice and

software as a service

1. IAAS: Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) is means of delivering

computing infrastructure as on-demand services. It is one of the three
fundamental cloud service models. The user purchases servers, software
data center space, or network equipment and rent those resources through a
fully outsourced, on-demand service model. It allows dynamic scaling and
the resources are distributed as a service. It generally includes multiple-user
on a single piece of hardware.
It totally depends upon the customer to choose its resources wisely and as
per need. Also, it provides billing management too.
2. PAAS: Platform As A Service (PAAS) is a cloud delivery model for
applications composed of services managed by a third party. It provides
elastic scaling of your application which allows developers to build
applications and services over the internet and the deployment models
include public, private and hybrid.
Basically, it is a service where a third-party provider provides both software
and hardware tools to the cloud computing. The tools which are provided
are used by developers. PAAS is also known as Application PAAS. It helps
us to organize and maintain useful applications and services. It has a well-
equipped management system and is less expensive compared to IAAS.
3. SAAS: Software As A Service (SAAS) allows users to run existing
online applications and it is a model software that is deployed as a hosting
service and is accessed over Output Rephrased/Re-written Text the internet
or software delivery model during which software and its associated data
are hosted centrally and accessed using their client, usually an online
browser over the web. SAAS services are used for the development and
deployment of modern applications.
It allows software and its functions to be accessed from anywhere with
good internet connection device and a browser. An application is hosted
centrally and also provides access to multiple users across various locations
via the internet.
Difference between IAAS, PAAS and SAAS:
 Advantages of IaaS
 The resources can be deployed by the provider to a customer’s environment
at any given time.
 Its ability to offer the users to scale the business based on their
requirements.
 The provider has various options when deploying resources including
virtual machines, applications, storage, and networks.
 It has the potential to handle an immense number of users.
 It is easy to expand and saves a lot of money. Companies can afford the
huge costs associated with the implementation of advanced technologies.
 Cloud provides the architecture.
 Enhanced scalability and quite flexible.
 Dynamic workloads are supported.
Disadvantages of IaaS
 Security issues are there.
 Service and Network delays are quite a issue in IaaS.
Advantages of PaaS –
 Programmers need not worry about what specific database or language the
application has been programmed in.
 It offers developers the to build applications without the overhead of the
underlying operating system or infrastructure.
 Provides the freedom to developers to focus on the application’s design
while the platform takes care of the language and the database.
 It is flexible and portable.
 It is quite affordable.
 It manages application development phases in the cloud very efficiently.
Disadvantages of PaaS
 Data is not secure and is at big risk.
 As data is stored both in local storage and cloud, there are high chances of
data mismatch while integrating the data.
Advantages of SaaS
 It is a cloud computing service category providing a wide range of hosted
capabilities and services. These can be used to build and deploy web-based
software applications.
 It provides a lower cost of ownership than on-premises software. The
reason is it does not require the purchase or installation of hardware or
licenses.
 It can be easily accessed through a browser along a thin client.
 No cost is required for initial setup.
 Low maintenance costs.
 Installation time is less, so time is managed properly.
 Disadvantages of SaaS
 Low performance.
 It has limited customization options.
 It has security and data concerns.

8) Discuss in details various types and topologies of computer network

Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components
are interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical
and logical topology.
Types of Network Topology:
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a
network. There are six types of network topology which are Bus Topology,
Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid
Topology.

1) Bus Topology

o The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
o Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or
directly connected to the backbone cable.
o When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message
over the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the
message whether it has been addressed or not.
o The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard
networks.
o The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other
topologies.
o The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the
message is broadcast to all the stations.
o The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access).
CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow so that
data integrity is maintained, i.e., the packets do not get lost. There are two
alternative ways of handling the problems that occur when two nodes send
the messages simultaneously.
o CSMA CD: CSMA CD (Collision detection) is an access method used to
detect the collision. Once the collision is detected, the sender will stop
transmitting the data. Therefore, it works on "recovery after the collision".
o CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is an access method used to
avoid the collision by checking whether the transmission media is busy or
not. If busy, then the sender waits until the media becomes idle. This
technique effectively reduces the possibility of the collision. It does not
work on "recovery after the collision".
Advantages of Bus topology:
o Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the cable
without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of installation is
low.
o Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in
bus-based networks that support upto 10 Mbps.
o Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the
installation and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and hardware
components are easily available.
o Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other
nodes.
Disadvantages of Bus topology:
o Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it requires a lot
of cabling.
o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to
determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would
disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
o Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously, then
the signals of both the nodes collide with each other.
o Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow
down the network.
o Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to communication issues.
Repeaters are used to regenerate the signal.

2) Ring Topology
o Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
o The node that receives the message from the previous computer will
retransmit to the next node.
o The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
o The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
o It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and
having no termination point.
o The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
o The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.
o Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed
from one node to another node.
o Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.
Working of Token passing
o A token moves around the network, and it is passed from computer to
computer until it reaches the destination.
o The sender modifies the token by putting the address along with the data.
o The data is passed from one device to another device until the destination
address matches. Once the token received by the destination device, then it
sends the acknowledgment to the sender.
o In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.
Advantages of Ring topology:
o Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed from the network
without bringing the network down.
o Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for network
operation and monitoring are available.
o Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available. Therefore,
the installation cost is very low.
o Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication system
is not dependent on the single host computer.
Disadvantages of Ring topology:
o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to
determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would
disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
o Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the overall
network.
o Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow
down the network.
o Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of
nodes. Adding new devices increases the communication delay.

3) Star Topology

o Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is

connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
o The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices
attached to the server are known as clients.
o Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
o Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star
topology.
o Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.
Advantages of Star topology
o Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a star
topology as compared to bus topology. In a bus topology, the manager has
to inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all the stations are
connected to the centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator
has to go to the single station to troubleshoot the problem.
o Network control: Complex network control features can be easily
implemented in the star topology. Any changes made in the star topology
are automatically accommodated.
o Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub with its own
cable, therefore failure in one cable will not affect the entire network.
o Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology as its tools are
cost-effective.
o Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to
the open ports on the hub.
o Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.
o High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approx 100Mbps. Ethernet
100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology networks.
Disadvantages of Star topology
o A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes down, then all
the connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other.
o Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant
amount of routing is required.

4) Tree topology

o Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star

topology.
o A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are
connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
o The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other
nodes are the descendants of the root node.
o There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data transmission.
Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
Advantages of Tree topology
o Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to
provide broadband transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances
without being attenuated.
o Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network.
Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily expandable.
o Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into
segments known as star networks which can be easily managed and
maintained.
o Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree
topology.
o Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire
network.
o Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
Disadvantages of Tree topology
o Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes
difficult to troubleshoot the problem.
o High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly.
o Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in main
bus cable will damage the overall network.
o Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes
difficult to reconfigure.

5) Mesh topology

o Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are

interconnected with each other through various redundant connections.
o There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
o It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a
central point of communication.
o The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where
communication failures are a critical concern.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
o Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.
Mesh topology is divided into two categories:
o Fully connected mesh topology
o Partially connected mesh topology

o Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer is connected

to all the computers available in the network.
o Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but certain
computers are connected to those computers with which they communicate
frequently.
Advantages of Mesh topology:
 Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable as if any link
breakdown will not affect the communication between connected
computers.
Fast Communication: Communication is very fast between the nodes.
Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not disrupt the
communication between other devices.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology
o Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices such
as a router and more transmission media than other topologies.
o Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very difficult to
maintain and manage. If the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
o Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that reduces
the efficiency of the network.

6) Hybrid Topology

o The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid

topology.
o A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to
transfer the data.
o When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as
Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected with each other
will not result in Hybrid topology. For example, if there exist a ring
topology in one branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in another branch
of ICICI bank, connecting these two topologies will result in Hybrid
topology.
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
o Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not affect the
functioning of the rest of the network.
o Scalable: Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding new
devices without affecting the functionality of the existing network.
o Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be designed according to
the requirements of the organization.
o Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed in such a
way that the strength of the network is maximized and weakness of the
network is minimized.
Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
o Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is the design
of the Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design the architecture of the
Hybrid network.
o Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology are very expensive as
these hubs are different from usual Hubs used in other topologies.
o Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid
network requires a lot of cabling, network devices, etc.

9) E-way Bill
EWay Bill is an Electronic Way bill for movement of goods to be generated
on the eWay Bill Portal. A GST registered person cannot transport goods in
a vehicle whose value exceeds Rs. 50,000 (Single Invoice/bill/delivery
challan) without an e-way bill that is generated on ewaybillgst.gov.in.
Alternatively, Eway bill can also be generated or cancelled through SMS,
Android App and by site-to-site integration through API entering the correct
GSTIN of parties. Validate the GSTIN with the help of the GST search tool
before using it.
When an eway bill is generated, a unique Eway Bill Number (EBN) is
allocated and is available to the supplier, recipient, and the transporter.
When Should eWay Bill be issued?
eWay bill will be generated when there is a movement of goods in a
vehicle/ conveyance of value more than Rs. 50,000 (either each Invoice or
in aggregate of all invoices in a vehicle/conveyance) –
 In relation to a ‘supply’
 For reasons other than a ‘supply’ ( say a return)
 Due to inward ‘supply’ from an unregistered person
For this purpose, a supply may be either of the following:
 A supply made for a consideration (payment) in the course of business
 A supply made for a consideration (payment) which may not be in the
course of business
 A supply without consideration (without payment)In simpler terms, the
term ‘supply’ usually means a:
1. Sale – sale of goods and payment made
2. Transfer – branch transfers for instance
3. Barter/Exchange – where the payment is by goods instead of in money
 Therefore, eWay Bills must be generated on the common portal for all these
types of movements. For certain specified Goods, the eway bill needs to be
generated mandatorily even if the value of the consignment of Goods is less
than Rs. 50,000:
1. Inter-State movement of Goods by the Principal to the Job-worker by
Principal/ registered Job-worker
2. Inter-State Transport of Handicraft goods by a dealer exempted from GST
registration

Who should Generate an eWay Bill?

 Registered Person – Eway bill must be generated when there is a
movement of goods of more than Rs 50,000 in value to or from a registered
person. A Registered person or the transporter may choose to generate and
carry eway bill even if the value of goods is less than Rs 50,000.
 Unregistered Persons – Unregistered persons are also required to generate
e-Way Bill. However, where a supply is made by an unregistered person to
a registered person, the receiver will have to ensure all the compliances are
met as if they were the supplier.
 Transporter – Transporters carrying goods by road, air, rail, etc. also need
to generate e-Way Bill if the supplier has not generated an e-Way Bill.

10)Business Process Reengieering

Business Process Reengineering is the radical redesign of business
processes to achieve dramatic improvements in productivity, cycle
times, quality, and employee and customer satisfaction. Companies
start by assessing what work needs to be done to deliver customer
value. Techniques such as process mining (the analysis of
information systems event logs) can help discover, monitor, and
improve processes. Then they decide how to do the work—or if it
should be done at all. Rethinking the roles of third parties or
outsourcing is also a crucial component of Business Process
Reengineering.
Business Process Reengineering is a dramatic change initiative that
contains seven major steps:
 Refocusing company values on customer needs and eliminating low-value
work
 Simplifying and standardizing overly complex work, and automating
repetitive work
 Enabling processes with modern systems and data
 Locating work in the most efficient and effective environment
 Reorganizing a business into cross-functional teams with end-to-end
responsibility for a process
 Rethinking basic organizational and people issues
 Determining appropriate roles for third parties or outsourcers, focusing on
where they truly add value

What Are the Common Uses for Business Process Reengineering?

Companies use Business Process Reengineering to improve the
performance of key processes that affect customers by:
 Reducing costs and cycle times by eliminating unproductive activities and
locating work in the most efficient and effective environment
 Reorganizing by teams to decrease the need for management layers,
accelerate information flows, and eliminate errors and rework caused by
multiple handoffs.
 Improving quality by standardizing and automating work to reduce errors
and focus workers on higher-value activities. It also reduces the
fragmentation of work and establishes clear ownership of processes.

11)Tally
What is Tally
o Tally is an ERP accounting software package that is used to record day to
day business data of a company. The latest version of Tally is Tally ERP 9.
o Tally ERP 9 Software is one of the most financial accounting systems used
in India. For small and medium enterprises, it is complete enterprise
software. It is a GST software with an ideal combination of function,
control, and inbuilt customisability.
o ERP 9is the best accounting software. This software can integrate with
other business applications like Inventory, Finance, Sales, Payroll,
Purchasing, etc.
o Tally software is used for storing all the business transactions of each
account in detail. Tally has made calculations simple. Tally has become part
of all businesses.
o Small scale enterprises believe that Tally software carries out efficient
business transactions, provides accuracy, and saves a lot of time.
o Manual calculations are time-consuming; that's why all the organizations
use Tally.
o Because of Tally, the chances of error are reduced to a great extent. The
Tally software can learn at home or designated institutes. It is self-
explanatory and easy to learn.
o Tally is cost-effective and time-saving. It also ensures accuracy in business
management. It enables the digitalization of bills and signatures, thus
staying up-to-date with the latest technology.
o Using the Tally ERP 9 Training, the owner of a small shop can also manage
his store, keep records of customer bills, and manage financial transactions
efficiently.

12) Gap Detection