TANAUAN INSTITUTE INC.

Page

A Study of Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps

To the Criminology at
Tanauan Institute Inc.
Students

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College Department – College of Criminology
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
J. Gonzales, St., Brgy. 4, Tanauan City
Batangas, Philippines 423

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Apostol, Jhan Rey F.

Guarin, Mavel H.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This Thesis entitled: “A STUDY OF MANDATORY RESERVED

OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS TO THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AT

TANAUAN INSTITUTE INC”, Prepared and Submitted by Apostol, Jhan Rey

F. and Guarin, Mavel H. is hereby accepted and approved.

Dr. Nelia P. Mananguit

Dean of Studies

PCOL. Sergio P. Manacop

Advicer

Date of Approved
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ABSTRACT
Title: STUDY OF MANDATORY RESERVED OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS TO THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS AT TANAUAN

INSTITUTE INC.

Researchers: Apostol, Jhan Rey F.

Guarin, Mavel H.

Degree: Bachelor of Science and Criminology

School: Tanauan Institute Inc.
Adviser: PCOL. Sergio P. Manacop
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ACKNOWLEDMENT

The researcher wishes to express their appreciation and profound

gratitude to the following person whose invaluable assistant and encouragement

have made this study a reality.

Dr. Nelia P. Mananguit college dean, for the guidance and advices during

the study.

PCOL. Sergio P. Manacop Thesis adviser, for the unselfish sharing of

their knowledge and ideas accomplished study and for the encouragement and

support during the study.

To Respondent for the overwhelming cooperation and support.

Above all, the Almighty God for the inspiration and motivation.

The Authors

Apostol, Jhan Rey

Guarin, Mavel H.
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DEDICATION

We would like to express our gratitude to our Parents, Professor and

friends that support and guide us to do this thesis. To Our parents that encourage

and support us to fulfill our dreams and study that enabled us to develop an

understanding and knowledge that we will use in our journey. To our professor

that guide us to the final level of our study, we our thankful that you share your

experience with us that will be our motivation for us to be success in our path

that we will take. To our friends that encourage us that we can do this thesis we

are bless to had you in our side. We are thankful that you are with us in this

journey, your presence is our motivation to do this work.

The Authors

Apotol, Jhan Rey F.

Guarin, Mavel H.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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A Study of Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps

To the Criminology Students at
Tanauan Institute Inc.

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College Department – College of Criminology
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
J. Gonzales, St., Brgy. 4, Tanauan City
Batangas, Philippines 423

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Apostol, Jhan Rey F.

Guarin, Mavel H.
 TANAUAN INSTITUTE INC. Page

CHAPTER ONE

The Problem and It is Background

INTRODUCTION

We Filipino know what is the best for ourself, we undergo many

trainings and seminar in every field we take that boost our capability to

learn new things. We Criminology student undergo the Reserve Officer

Training Corps that mold and build our, discipline and camaraderie.

Discipline is a key to our, dreams it is the best weapon of every student

that want to achieve the diploma in the stage and the Camaraderie that

mold of the true meaning of a Friendship that will support and help in the

end of the day and they said that the experience is the best teacher.

ROTC is the best experience that you will never explain all the

hardship that led to a lesson and knowledge. Probably not everyone

knows the word ROTC or Reserve Officer Training Corps is a prominent

program of government, For students in secondary and college. Not all

student is capable to join, those psychologically and physically incapable

Students or who are undergoing a similar military training and those who

get an exemption from the Department of National Defense will also

exempted. We know that ROTC is still optional and only mandatory to

the Criminology student, where the student start the true meaning of a

leader that provides world-class leadership development, as well as

valuable team building and networking opportunities. ROTC has been a

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long-established part of the educational system as a training ground for

army reserve members.

The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) is one of the three

components of National Service Training Program in Philippine with,

Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Literacy Training Service

(LTS) program for Filipino College students. ROTC aims to provide

military education and training for students to mobilize them for national

defense preparedness. It is specific objectives include preparation of

college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the

event of an emergency and their training to become reservist and

potential commissioned officers of the AFP.

ROTC training in the country dates back to our colonial past.

During the British invasion of the Philippines in 1762, some 200 students

from the University of Santo Tomas were organized to aid the Spanish

forces in defending Manila. Later on, the native contingent was

professionalized and the cadets were given access to military training,

But the official founding of ROTC in the country was in 1912, when the

Philippine Constabulary organized the first military training at the

University of the Philippines. The leadership of the program was

transferred to the Philippine National Guard, which was however,

dissolved after World War I. President Ferdinand Marcos, a product of

the ROTC program, class of 1937, was a soldier during WWII. He

restored the ROTC as a mandatory program in 1967 with Executive

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Order 59. Amendments were implemented when he signed Presidential

Decree 1706, the National Service Law. From around 60,000 troops, the

regular armed forces grew to some 270,000 personnel. With many issues

plaguing the program from the 1980s and 1990s, ROTC became optional

when the National Service Training Program Act of 2001 was enacted

into law.

Before the NSTP Law of 2001 was enacted ROTC was taking

over the colleges and had no civilian welfare and literacy component.

Such a program is a nest of abuse and corruption. Hazing or the use of

violence in ROTC has become norm in order to "test the courage,

fortitude, and integrity" of cadet. In fact, this hazing and corruption is the

main reason why the NSTP Law of 2001 has been enacted and ROTC

has chosen the schools. The 2001 hazing and killing of university of

Santo Tomas student Mark Nelson Chua was the particular incident that

resulted in the enactment of NSTO Law of 2001.

Jepoyo (2017) said in 1992 that ROTC was first implemented and

subject to the UP and the year 1935 made it mandatory for all colleges

and universities. But in 2002 it was complete abolished because of the

death of a cadet galling in the UST. It was brutal that the cadets were

killed because of its exposure to ROTC training corruption in UST, but it

was only the 17th of February in 2017 a law approved by President

Duterte was resurrecting the ROTC. The measured will grant grade XI

and grade XII students to ROTC but the presidents say, ROTC residence
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is unique to perform ROTC in the wake of corruption. No hazing and

sexual harassment. The armed forces of the Philippines (AFP)also pledge

to have restrictions in order to prevent bad happenings.

President Rodrigo Duterte said the Mandatory ROTC program in

grade XI and grade XII could help develop and deepen national love and

good citizenship for Filipino youth. "Reservists will mobilize for

information campaign against drug use and the dissemination of

information on drug rehabilitation programs offered by the government,"

In Present, According to Vice President and Education Secretary

Sara Duterte It would be better to impose the proposed mandatory

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) course in college. She said

that the higher education will be better off spearheading the program,

while the basic education will be in charge of instilling discipline and a

sense of nationalism among the students during their early years in

school.

ROTC is established to train young men and women in term of

strengthening their body and mind in case of insurgency. Many are

against about this program because they see it as unfavorable due to bad

happenings in the training, but they don’t know the true meaning and

ambition of this program. This training program helps the students to

build their individuality, in terms of expanding their knowledge about

their benefits to the country, improving their skills on how to become a

good leader and molding their psychological state. Both young men and
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women will benefit on this program and as a student you need to know

what’s best for you and as well as what’s better for your country. ROTC

strives to develop the leadership skills of a student not only in theory but

also as an application to the military training that the program has.

military discipline and military courtesy are tenets of the curriculum,

infusing these to produce able-bodied and military-ready students that

can be called to service in times of need. The country’s disadvantage in

terms of Weapons and materials for combat is greatly emphasized When

the Philippines is under threat, therefore at least training the students to

have the capability to fight and defend is a form of heightening the

military capabilities to some extent. The discipline that ROTC students

develop under the training is tantamount to the maturity of a person,

especially the clarity of mind that they display under pressure.

This research aims to Study of Mandatory Reserved Officers

Training Corps to the Criminology Students at Tanauan Institute Inc.,

Researchers found that this topic was a timely issue with College, and

also noticed that there are many students without knowledge about

ROTC, through this book the readers would be able to read the

knowledge and know the importance and Imprimatur of such programs.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the theory of Robert Greenleaf on

Servant and leadership theory. It stated that this theory tackles about

authoritarian style of leadership, access to self-interest and seeks to build

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community in organization. This theory is in lined with these concepts

that focus on what is Servant leadership and leadership style is. Under

these three concepts it also focuses on its four branches. It focusses on

trusting community, also shares about many ideas in leadership theory,

teach young men to be leader and find solution to improve performance.

These branches serve as the components of an individual who’s taking

this kind of program. This theory is anchored to Reserve officers’

training corps or ROTC. In ROTC program it seeks to mobilize them for

national defense preparedness, provide military education, preparation

for service in AFP and become potential officers. This program is one of

the components of NSTP that an individual should comply. These

components help them to be more ready in ROTC. Under these it also

tackles about youth having access in military training, participate in

regular ROTC instruction and exposure to high levels of civilian mind.

These components help an individual to have more access in ROTC.

Social Learning Theory

Within the framework of sociocultural development theories,

there exists an emphasis on environmental influences that are not

biologically based and the importance of observation by the learner

within his or her environment. Leaders become active participants within

their environmental context, whether by applying influence to achieve an

end state or by observing and learning from environmental players within

their social sphere. As identified by Miller and Dollard, “one of the most
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powerful socialization forces is imitation” (Miller, 2011, p. 233). The

concept of modeling was further developed by Bandura (1977), a

researcher who conducted studies to evaluate how new behaviors are

acquired through observation. Bandura (1977) studied the effects of

environmental factors on learning and like Vygotsky (1978) believed that

non biological influences were powerful contributors to human behavior

and learning. Bandura (1977) studied how observation and modeling

have a profound influence on learning, stating: it is difficult to imagine a

socialization process in which the language, mores, vocational activities,

familial customs, and the educational, religious and political practices of

a culture are taught to each new member by selective reinforcement or

fortuitous behaviors, without benefit of models who exemplify the

cultural patters in their own behavior. (Bandura, 1971, p. 5)

He concluded that after individuals have developed the capacity

to learn through observation, others cannot stop them from processing

what that have witnessed (Bandura, 1977). The skill of observational

learning is not relegated merely to simple tasks, but is also used by

individuals to adopt such cultural cues as values and beliefs. Despite the

foundational principle that the environment exerts influence, one of

Bandura’s (1977) key concepts that Miller (2011) further illuminates is

the feature of choice. Bandura (1977) explained this attentional process

as the ability of learners to select characteristics through perception. This

explanation helps to provide a valid reason to the distinct behaviors of

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individuals despite poor or good leader models. As we see and

experience various leader behaviors throughout our lives, we make

mental notations of what effective/ineffective leadership looks like.

These impressions provide an internal schema regarding both what it

means to lead and how to best do it. The ROTC learning model is based

on experiential learning. The program uses interactive leadership practice

opportunities during the leadership lab each week to provide varied and

dynamic leadership experiences from which the participants reference

and reflect on in order to expand their experience base, self-confidence,

and ultimately their perception of the kind of leader they are becoming.

Referencing this theory will help guide the data collection and the data

analysis.

Conceptual Framework

This study conceptualizes to assess the challenges on Study of

Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps to the Criminology

Students at Tanauan Institute Inc., In line with this, a graphical

illustration was presented to actualize the concept of the study.

Perception
of ROTC

Study of Mandatory
ROTC at Tanauan Effectiveness
Institute Inc. of ROTC

Benefit of
ROTC
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This Diagram shows the conceptual framework of the study,

wherein circle 1 stated the Study of Mandatory ROTC at Tanauan

Institute Inc while in oval 2 Perception of Criminology Student at ROTC,

in oval 3 the Effectiveness of ROTC and in oval 4 that mentioned the

benefit of ROTC to the Criminology students.

Statement of the Problem

This aimed to A Study of Mandatory Reserved Officers Training

Corps to the Criminology Students at Tanauan Institute Inc.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. age;

1.2. sex;

2. What is the Perception of the Criminology students at Tanauan

Institute Inc. in mandatory ROTC?

3. What are the Benefits of Mandatory ROTC to the Criminology

students at Tanauan Institute Inc.?

4. What are the Effects of Mandatory ROTC to the Criminology students

at Tanauan Institute Inc.?

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Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis proven in the study was:

There is no significant difference on the responses on the Study

of Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps to the Criminology

Students at Tanauan Institute Inc.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are herein defined operationally and

conceptually to facilitate the readers with a clearer understanding of this

study.

Benefits – In this study, it refers to something that produces good or

helpful results or effects or that promotes well-being.

Cadets – In this study, it refers to a young person undergoing

preliminary training, usually before full entry to the uniformed services,

police, etc., esp. for officer status.

Camaraderie – In this study, it refers to a spirit of good friendship and

loyalty among members of a group.

Civilian - In this study, it refers to a person who is not on active duty

with a military, naval, police, or firefighting organization.

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Criminology- In this study, it refers to the scientific study of crime,

including its causes, responses by law enforcement, and methods of

prevention.

Discipline- In this study, it refers to a set of rules and regulations which

are to be followed while undergoing any task or activity.

Experience- In this study, it refers to a knowledge or skill in a particular

job or activity, which you have gained because you have done that job or

activity for a long time.

Government- In this study, it refers to the system or group of people

governing an organized community, generally a state.

Insurgency- In this study, it refers to an active revolt or uprising.

Leader- In this study, it refers to a leader is someone who can see how

things can be improved and who rallies people to move toward that better

vision.

Mandatory- In this study, it refers to require by law or rules;

compulsory.

Military training- In this study, it refers to the instruction of personnel

to enhance their capacity to perform specific military functions and tasks.

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Nationalism- In this study, it refers to an ideology that emphasizes

loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that

such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.

Psychologically- In this study, it refers to a way that affects the mind or

relates to the emotional state of a person.

Reserve Officer Training Corps- In this study, it refers to is tasked to

train and develop college students in the rudiments of military service in

order to produce capable armed forces of the Philippines reservists.

Reservist- In this study, it refers to a member of a military reserve.

Skills- In this study, it refers to the ability to use one's knowledge

effectively and readily in execution or performance.

Spearheading- In this study, it refers to lead something such as a course

of action or an attack.

Tantamount- In this study, it refers to being almost the same or having

the same effect as something, usually something bad.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and discusses the important components of

the research undertaken by the researchers. It includes discussion of the

research design, population and sampling techniques, research

instrument, data gathering procedures, statistical tools and ethical

consideration.

Research Design

The study used the descriptive research design, specifically,

quantitative research method. According to Sandra L Siedlecki (2020)

Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the

characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. This

methodology focuses more on the "what" of the research subject than the

"why" of the research subject.

In addition, According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research

aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or

phenomenon. It can answer what, when, where, when and how questions,

but not why questions. As cited by Hopkins (2008) quantitative research

aims to determine the relationship between an independent variable and a

dependent or outcome variable in a population.

And lastly, according to Ritchie et al. (2013) as cited by Rudison

(2015) opined that by using the descriptive method the researcher would
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be able to observe a large mass of target 17 population and make

required conclusions about the variables. The researcher by using

descriptive research can effectively design a pre-structured questionnaire.

The information collected from the responses can be statistically

presented in this type of research method. Since the researchers are

trying to analyze the people’s opinion, attitude, behavior and satisfaction

level in relation to criminological topics hence the researcher should

effectively use the descriptive method in order to statically analyze the

data.

The researchers particularly chose this type of research design

because they believed that it was the appropriate research design to be

used in this study. They also believed that this kind of research design

would be a great help in acquiring the needed information for the study.

Population and Sampling Techniques

This study was conducted at Tanauan Institute Inc., Tanauan city

Batangas. The researchers considered as Tanauan Institute Inc. the venue

of the study due to its number of Student. The researchers believe that

they are the best suited respondent in order to make the study feasible.

Tanauan Institute Inc. have 1279 total number of active 1 st year

Criminology student enrollees. The researcher chose the respondents of

the study purposively to gather significant answers about the Study of

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Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps to the Criminology

Students at Tanauan Institute Inc.

The researchers used a purposive random sampling technique.

This is a non-probability sampling technique that is the most appropriate

to select the most qualified respondents and those knowledgeable about

the subject matter. Also, the researchers used the following fixed criteria

to identify and select the respondents for this study:

1. The Criminology student-respondent is currently enrolled in

Tanauan Institute Inc.

2. The Criminology student-respondent is aware and conducting

ROTC; and

3. The Criminology student-respondent is willing to take part in

this study. Further, using the total population of the targeted

respondents of 50 Students 25 Males and 25 females and with

the application of Slovin’s Formula at five percent (5%)

margin of error, the computed total sample size was 50

students.

Research Instrument

A self-made survey questionnaire was formulated by the researchers

based on the existing literature and results of previous studies. The research tool

was presented in checklist form, of which the first part focused on the

demographic profile of the respondents, which included their age and sex. The
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second part was also presented in a checklist form which focused on the

dependent variables of the study, which were the challenge on the Study of

Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps to the Criminology Students at

Tanauan Institute Inc. On the other hand, the questionnaire proper is provided

with a clear direction to guide the respondents in filling up the paper.