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“CCTV CAMERA: ITS EFFECTIVENESS ON

THE PREVENTION OF CRIME AGAINST
PROPERTY IN SELECTED BUSINESS
ESTABLISHMENT IN MALVAR, BATANGAS”

A Thesis Presented to the

Faculty of the College Department- College of Criminology
Tanauan Institute, Inc.
J. Gonzales, St, Brgy. 4 Tanauan City
Batangas, Philippines 4232

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor

Science in Criminology

By;

Ticong, Ronnel M.
Villanueva, Edward A.

2022
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is a camera used to produce images or

recordings for surveillance purposes. It is usually installed in areas that may need

monitoring such as convenient stores, department stores, restaurants, banks, pawnshops,

etc. With rapid increase of crime rates such as breaking and entering, it is very

important to consider over the available security options and choose one that fits best

the employers. (PhDessay, 2016)

Having cameras at the workplace, crimes such as robbery can be trimmed

down. This is because when a shop is attacked by thieves, the clips taken by these

cameras serve as a source of evidence to help the thieves to be traced. Not only that, as

the employees know that they are under constant surveillance, they will less likely steal

from the shops. Thus, it is clear that CCTVs must be put in all workplace so that crime

rates can be minimized. Furthermore, at some offices or establishments, employees are

often required to handle angry or frustrated customers. At times, face to face

interactions with an annoyed customer can put the employee in physical danger.

Installation of cameras may help the employees and staff to escape such situation

because the customers know very well that their conversations are recorded. In the

event of an argument, the videotapes can be used to determine what actually took place

and further action can be then taken. In short, these cameras can provide some form of

protection to the workers against the customers. (Geenesh, 2011)

A case in point is the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013. Using CCTV footage

in different positions in downtown Boston, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was able
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to focus its investigation on the Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev brothers as the

possible perpetrators of the heinous crime. The FBI’s release of the CCTV footage and

the corroborating photographs on its website led to the Tsarnaev brothers’ identification

and eventual capture. (Francis Lim, 2015)

In the Philippines, House of Representative Issued House Bill No. 4966

requiring Business Establishments all over the Philippines to install Closed Circuit

Television Cameras (CCTV) in their place of business as a means to deter crime, and

for other purposes. Stated that all business establishments employing more than 20

employees and staff and with work premises of not less than 50 meters are hereby

mandated to install and maintain in good working condition high quality surveillance

and/or CCTV cameras in all their entrance and exits, within the premises of their work,

the perimeter of their work areas/establishments and other areas of their business to

protect their patrons and to deter crime. The cameras to be installed should be able to

clearly show the faces of the persons recorded. Installations of it are a mandatory

requirement before business permits or permits to operate are issued.

In Quezon City, they only started implementing a ‘No CCTV, No Business

Permit’ policy last 2014. And several cities are now requiring businesses to install it

through ordinances that their local officials implement in their cities or provinces.

Businesses, especially those small ones situated on roadsides are mostly at risk to

criminal activities hence the need for the right security system to monitor nearby

activities and inside the business area are very important to prevent or deter criminals

from even thinking of assaulting the place. (Right Security, 2016)

The primary advantage is that it acts as a crime deterrent. Potential criminals

who see the camera may be dissuaded from the following through with their planned
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criminal activities for fear being caught on tape. This leads to another advantage of

CCTV- increased safety. If a crime does occur, these cameras can provide evidence

needed to apprehend the criminal. This can be especially useful if there are no witnesses

to a crime or if witnesses are unreliable sources, since a camera records what actually

happens. Another advantage is that you can monitor your business from anywhere.

Technology allows you to watch the camera feed on your Smartphone or via the

internet. While they do have a lot of disadvantages, there are also some disadvantages to

this camera. The primary disadvantage of this camera is the issue of intrusion of

privacy. Employees and customers may object to being filmed under constant

surveillance. It may cause employees to feel like you don’t trust them, which is never a

good dynamic. Another disadvantage of this camera is the cost. It is expensive to

purchase cameras and other equipment needed for a CCTV system. It can also be

expensive to keep the technology upgraded. If you have a small business, this cost

should be factored into your annual budget. (LeslieBloom, 2018)

Surveillance cameras are essential and therefore must be installed in every

premise. This is chiefly to shield oneself from being harmed by any intruders or

robbers. Admittedly, privacies are lost with the use of these cameras but safety should

be put first in order to be safe.

The researchers choose to conduct the study about the effectiveness of

surveillance camera in prevention of crimes against property given that the number of

crimes is on the rise such as theft and robbery; this very system of CCTV footage are

commonly used by the police to identify the perpetrators. It is also necessary to discuss

the effectivity of surveillance camera because nowadays it is widely used and it is

innovative form of barrier specifically security barrier as well as a form of electronic

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evidence as a proof of suspect’s guilt which provide a definite proof. Considering that

barrier is the primary physical defense that protect the assets and properties of the

business owners and deter the possible crime. This study could be used as a basis for

other employers with business establishments to install surveillance camera within their

business premises.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study would be beneficial to the following:

Public at large

Would be benefitted in the study as this may serve as public surveillance record.

Business Employer/s

This study will help them to understand the importance of installations of surveillance

camera in the premises of their business establishments and for them to be aware in

protecting their assets and to deter the occurrence of a crime.

Researchers

This study helped the researchers to enhance their knowledge and fulfil the

requirements to finish their course.

Future Researchers

This study would help the future researcher to be knowledgeable on the effectiveness of

surveillance camera. It would help them to be a better analyst and it can be a help as a

future reference for more studies in the future.

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Theoretical Framework

Rational Choice Theory – Building on classical theory, crime is seen as a choice that

is influenced by its costs and benefits, that is, by its rationality. Crime will be more

likely to be deterred if its costs are raised especially if the costs are certain and

immediate. Information about the costs and benefits of crime can be obtained by direct

experiences with punishment and punishment and avoidance and indirectly by

observing whether others who offend are punished or avoid punishment. (Criminology

and Psychology of Crimes, 2010)

This theory asserts that individuals weigh costs and benefits and make a rational

choice to offend or not. This choice can be shaped by efforts to change the situation

through increasing the perceived or actual effort or risks, reducing the anticipated

rewards, and removing excuses or provocation. According to this theory, CCTV works

to deter an offender from committing a crime because it increases the perceived or

actual risks of offending to a level where the risks outweigh the benefits.

Crime Opportunity Theory- is a theory that suggests that offenders make rational

choices and thus choose targets that offer a high reward with little effort and risk. The

occurrence of a crime depends on two things; the presence of at least one motivated

offender who is ready or willing to engage in a crime, and the conditions of the

environment in which that offender is situated, to wit, opportunities for crime. All

crimes require opportunity but not every opportunity followed by crime. Similarly a

motivated offender is necessary for the commission of a crime but not sufficient. A

large part of this theory focuses on how variations in life-style activities affect the

opportunities for crime. (Fandom Inc, 2020)

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This theory asserts that potential offenders are less likely to commit crime if

they believe they are being watched or have a greater risk of being apprehended by

CCTV cameras. It is also grounded in situational crime prevention strategy, which are

argues that opportunities to offend can be reduced by altering a variety of mechanisms

such as increasing the risk of an offender being apprehended, increasing the effort to

commit the crime, decreasing rewards from crime commission, and reducing

provocations that give rise to criminal opportunities. This means that the offender must

be aware of the added surveillance for it to achieve its desired effect.

Further , proponents of public surveillance systems also believe that such

systems have the ability to increase perceptions of safety among citizens, as well as

encourage citizens to use public spaces they know are guarded by surveillance.
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Conceptual Framework

The study was anchored on the Rational Choice Theory as this was deemed to

be appropriate in the study.

The independent variable was the profile of the business establishments in

terms of location, nature and length of Installation and the dependent variables were the

perceived effectiveness and deterrence of surveillance camera in crimes against

property.

Statement of the Problem

The study dealt with the effectiveness of surveillance camera in prevention of crime

against property of selected business establishments in Malvar Batangas. The specific

problems were:

1. What is the profile of the business establishments as described by the respondents

along:
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1.1 Location

1.2 Nature

1.3 Length of Installation of surveillance camera

2. What is the effect of surveillance camera in business establishments as perceived

by the respondents?

3. How surveillance camera deter crimes against property as perceived by the

respondents?

NULL HYPOTHESIS

1. There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in

business establishments when grouped according to their profile.

2. There is significant difference in the surveillance camera as deterrence to

crimes against property when grouped according to their profile.

3. There is significant relationship between the effectiveness of surveillance

camera in business establishment and surveillance camera as deterrence to

crimes against property.

Definition of terms

To facilitate understanding of the study, terms were defined both operationally

and contextually. The following terms were hereby defined:

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Arson – The malicious destruction of the property of another by means of fire. It may

also be defined as a crime committed by a person who burns or sets fire to the property

of another, or who sets fire to his own property under circumstances which expose to

danger the life or property of another. (RPC Book II)

Assets - It is a resource owned or controlled by an individual, corporation, or

government with the expectation that it will generate future cash flows. (CFI Education

Inc. 2020)

Business Establishments – it is defined as a location where business is conducted,

goods are made or stored or processed or where services are rendered. It may include a

commercial and/or institutional land use. It is generally a site where the main objective

is the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for goods or services. (US

Legal 2019)

Banking – A nature of Business Establishment that transact with a bank involving one’s

checking account, savings account, etc. (Your Dictionary)

Crimes against Property - Crimes that affect another person's rights of ownership (or

in some cases possession or control). The main offences against property are theft,

offences of fraud, deception and making off without payment, criminal damage, arson,

forgery, and forcible entry. Some offences against property, such as burglary, robbery,

and blackmail, may also contain elements of offences against the person. (Oxford

reference)

Deterrence – Discourage members of society from committing acts out of fear of being

caught or punishment. (Legal Dictionary)

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Effectiveness - This is a measure of the match between stated goals and their

achievement. (Fraser 1994)

Employers – Is an organization, institution, government entity, agency, company,

professional services firm, non-profit association, small business, store, or individual

who employs or puts to work, a person who is called an employee or staff member.

(Susan Heathfield 2020) It refers to the respondents of this research study.

Industry – A nature of Business Establishment with any large-scale business activity or

a type of productive manufacture or trade. (Your Dictionary)

Institution – A nature of Business Establishment devoted to the promotion of a

particular cause or program, especially one of a public, educational, or charitable

character. (Dictionary.com)

Insurance – A nature of Business Establishment that insuring someone or something

from incurring future losses, damage, theft, illness, etc. in exchange for the payment of

a premium. (Your Dictionary)

Location - Refers to the place or position that something is in or where something

happens. (Cambridge English Dictionary) It refers to the area where this research study

was conducted.

Nature - Is the inherent character or basic constitution of a thing. (webster, 2015). In

this study, it refers to the kind of business establishment such as Retail, Service, Whole

Sale, Real State, Banking, Insurance, Industry and Institution.

Pick Pocketing – The crime of stealing things out of people’s pockets or bags,

especially in a crowd. (Cambridge Dictionary)

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Robbery – is a felony committed by any person who, with intent to gain, shall take the

personal property belonging to another, by means of violence against or intimidation of

any person, or using force upon anything. (RPC Book II)

Real State – A nature of Business Establishment that sell, buy and rent homes

buildings, dorms and other property. (Your Dictionary)

Retail – A nature of Business Establishment that sells a product or service to an

individual consumer for his or her own use. (Business Encyclopedia)

Service – A nature of Business Establishment that provides work performed in an

expert manner by an individual or team for the benefit of its customers. (Business

Dictionary)

Shoplifting - describes an act of theft committed by someone who steals merchandise

from a place of business. Shoplifting is an act of larceny, which is the act of taking

someone else’s property without permission, and with no intention of ever giving it

back. (Legal Dictionary)

Surveillance camera - Is a TV system in which signals are not publicly distributed but

are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security purposes. (Lasse Pedersen 2012)

Theft – Committed by any person who with intent to gain but without violence against,

or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another

without the latter’s consent. (RPC Book II)

Whole Sale – A nature of Business Establishment that sell goods to retailers in larger

quantities. (Collins Dictionary)

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design and methodology of the study. It

shows how the procedural operations of the research problem of this study were to be

answered.

Research Design

The researchers utilized the descriptive-correlation method of research, with

emphasis on the empirical analysis. The descriptive method strives to describe

systematically, factually, accurately and objectively a situation or problem. The

correlation method tries to prove the significance of the relationship between two or

more variables (Bermudo, et al., 2016). To achieve the purpose of this study, a survey

method was employed through the use of a questionnaire.

Population and Sampling Technique 31

The respondents of the study were employers and/or managers of the selected

Business Establishments in Malvar Batangas. The researchers considered only seventy

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(70) samples of employers and/or managers of the Business Establishments in Malvar

Batangas as respondents and exactly seventy (70) questionnaires were handed down and

given to those willing to become respondents of the study. The seventy (70) respondents

are the five percent (5%) of the total number of Top ten (10) Barangays with the highest

total number of Business Establishment. The researcher used Stratified Random

Sampling to divide the Business Establishments Into smaller categories.

Research Instruments

The researchers used a self-made questionnaire to gather the needed

information from the respondents with reference to the Effectiveness of Surveillance

camera in prevention of crimes against Property of selected Business Establishments in

Malvar Batangas. Part one (1) of the questionnaire dealt with profile of the business

establishment such as location, nature and the length of Installation of surveillance

camera. Part two (2) focused on effectiveness of surveillance camera in selected

Business Establishment in Tanauan City Batangas. Part three (3) dealt with the

surveillance camera as deterrence of crimes against property. The researchers used

Likert Scale in Part two (2) to part three (3).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers wrote a letter requesting permission from the Dean of the

College of Criminology to conduct the study. The study had two (2) sources of data

namely: primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data were the business

establishment employers and/or managers, while the secondary sources were books,

online journals, City Permit Licensing Office data, PNP records and other related

materials from the Internet. Then, they visited the selected Business Establishments and
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gave survey questionnaires to the respondents who are willing to participate in the said

study. The purpose of the test was likewise explained to them and the steps to follow in

answering the survey questionnaire. Their questions were entertained and other

concerns were explained to them. The researchers personally administered the survey

questionnaire to the respondents. The questionnaires were retrieved right after the

respondents had answered the survey questionnaires. Gathered data were tailed,

tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To analyze and interpret the data to be gathered in this undertaking, the

researchers will use the following statistical tools. The Minitab Software will use to

process the data.

1. Percentage, used to describe the profile of the establishment.

2. Weighted Mean, used to determine the (a) Effectiveness of surveillance

cameras in Business Establishments and (b) surveillance camera as to

deterrence of crimes against property

3. T-test, used to determine if there are significant differences in the (a)

Effectiveness of surveillance camera in Business Establishments and (b)

surveillance camera as to deterrence of crimes against property when grouped

according to their nature, location and Length of Installation of surveillance

camera.

4. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to determine if there is a

significant relationship between Effectiveness of surveillance camera in

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Business Establishments and (b) surveillance camera as to deterrence of crimes

against property.
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