Logical Reasoning

Tips and Tricks for

Competitive Exams
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 INDEX
01. Analogies 01
02. Arithmetic reasoning 04
03. Assertion and reason 07
04. Calendar 09
05. Letter and symbol series 12
06. Alphabet series 15
07. Number series 16
08. Logical puzzles 21
09. Input-output 25
10. Logical sequence of words: theory & tricks 28
11. Figure matrix 33
12. Direction 35
13. Sequential output tracing 41
14. Odd man out 43
15. Seating arrangement 47
16. Clocks 50
17. Cube and Cuboids 56
18. Patterns and number series 60
19. Decision making 65
20. Syllogism 67
21. Cause and e ect 71
22. Data su ciency 73
23. Deductive reasoning 80
24. Critical Reasoning 84
25. Dices 92
Logical Reasoning Tips and Tricks

Logical Reasoning Tips and Tricks

1. ANALOGIES

What is Analogies?
Verbal analogies tests are standardized psychometric assessment
tests (also used on SAT, GRE, and other professional exams) that provide
the employing organization with information about a candidate’s general
verbal acuity and insight. Verbal analogy tests are designed to assess a
candidate’s ability to recognize relationships between ideas, think
methodically and fluency in the English language. The questions in the
test are designed to assess a candidate’s logical and analytical reasoning
through the use of partial analogies.

Several relationships between pairs of words are possible. For instance,

expect relations such as:
Antonyms: words that have opposite meanings.
Synonyms: words that have similar meanings, such as Buy –
Purchase.
Descriptive: in which one word describes the other word, such as
Blue – Ocean.
Part to Whole: in which one word is a part or piece of the other,
such as Head – Body.
Steps in a Process: such as Cooking - Serving.

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Cause and Effect: such as Fire - Scorch and Blizzard - Freeze

Things and Their Functions: such as Scissors - Cut.
Item to Category: in which one-word names something that falls
into the group named by the other, such as Lemonade –
Beverage.
Implied Relationships: such as Clouds – Sun.
Symbol and what it Represents: such as Heart – Love.

Tips for solving Analogies

The only way to become better at verbal analogies is through
practice. Our verbal analogy tests are developed by professionals
and provide you with full explanations.
Try to determine the relationship between the first pair of words.
Turn the analogies into sentences. Read the analogy problems as
sentences, even if they aren’t actually written that way.
Go through tough problems systematically.
Read all of the answer choices first before making a decision. This
might sound obvious, but candidates commonly stop reading the
answer choices once they’ve found what seems like a strong
match.

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Logical Reasoning Tips and Tricks

Eliminate any pairs in the answers that do not have a similar type
of relationship.
If the meaning of a word is unknown, then try to recollect the
context in which you have come across the word.
Also, consider alternative meanings of words.
Take another look at the relationship possibilities as described
above and try to look for them when trying to solve analogies.
If all else fails, eliminate the unlikely answers and make an
educated guess.

Example of a Verbal Analogies question.

SLANDER: DEFAME: SYCOPHANT:
The answer in the example above is "Flatterer". Slander and
defame are synonym words referring to a false and defamatory
statement or charge, sycophant and flatterer are synonym words used to
describe someone who praises people.

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2. ARITHMETIC REASONING
What is Arithmetic Reasoning?
As mentioned above, Arithmetic Reasoning is all about solving
logical reasoning questions by performing various mathematical
operations. Some of the important chapters under arithmetic reasoning
are Puzzle, Analogy, Series, Venn diagram, Cube and Dice, Inequality and
so on. Let us now understand various types of arithmetic reasoning from
below.

Types of Arithmetic Reasoning:

Let us see the various types of questions that may come in the
Arithmetic Reasoning section one by one from below.

1. Puzzle
In this type of arithmetic reasoning, candidates need to analyze
the given piece of information, pick the information that is important,
and leave out the information that is not required in solving the given set
of questions.

2. Analogy
In this type of arithmetic reasoning, candidates will need to find a
word or paid words analogous to those given in the question.

3. Series
In this type of arithmetic reasoning, Candidates need to find the
missing or wrong number in the provided series. There may be some
questions where one of the terms in the given series will be incorrect,
and candidates need to find out that term of the series by identifying the
pattern involved in the formation of the series.

4. Inequality
In this type of arithmetic reasoning, candidates must know about
various signs, which are used in such types of questions. The same is
given below:

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Symbol – Meaning

A > B A is greater than B

A < B A is less than B
A = B A is equal to B
A ≥ B A is either greater than or equal to B
A ≤ B A is either less than or equal to B
A ≠ B A is either greater than or less than B

5. Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram is a representation method for all possible
relations that can exist between a given groups of elements in a single
figure. A Venn diagram is the easiest way to express the relationship
between sets.

6. Cube & Dice

In this type of reasoning, problems based on single or multiple
cubes and dice will be asked and candidates need to give the
correct answer by analyzing the given image.
How to Solve Question Based on Arithmetic Reasoning – Know all
Tips and Tricks
Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving
the questions related to this section.

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Logical Reasoning Tips and Tricks

Tip #1: Clearing all the concepts well is very necessary to score
well in the topics of arithmetic reasoning.
Tip #2: Use graphical representations, to understand what is
being asked in the question to give the correct answer.
Tip #3: Practice mock tests and quizzes as much as possible to
get well versed with all the topics and their question patterns to
score well in the arithmetic reasoning section.

Arithmetic Reasoning Sample Questions:

Question 1: 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, ? 51
Solution: The solution of the series is as follows.
3+3=6
6 + 5 = 11
11 + 7 = 18
18 + 9 = 27
27 +11 = 38
38 + 13 = 51
Hence, the correct answer is 38.
Question 2: 5, 11, 24.2, 53.24,? , 257.6816
Solution: The solution of the series is as follows.

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3. ASSERTION AND REASON

Assertion reason type question has these five different cases:
Assertion reason type of questions tests only the concepts of the
students. A reasonably well-prepared student can answer assertion
reason type questions in a matter of a few seconds.

1. Both assertion and reason are true, reason is the correct

explanation of assertion.
2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a correct
explanation.
3. Assertion is true but the reason is false.
4. Assertion is false but the reason is true.
5. Both are false.

Here are the steps to move forward

(a) First you need to read both the sentences to see if they are correct or
incorrect. If you are able to find an incorrect statement, then you have
automatically cracked the problem and this case falls under the last three
options. Now if option 5 is not present in your case, then just seeing one
incorrect statement solve your question. Now if option 5 is present, you
need to look at the correctness of the other statement.

(b) Now if you find that both the statements are correct, the option 1
and 2 comes under picture. It is the most confusing part for most of the
students. The easier way to solve in that case is to write like this
“assertion statement” is true because “reason statement”. If that makes
sense to you based on concept then option 1 is correct else option 2.

Definitely concept clarity is very important for solving these types

of questions.

In case of Maths, you can use randomly substitute the values to

find the correctness of the mathematical equations

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Here are some Examples for assertion reason questions

The following questions consist of two statements, Assertion and
Reason. While answering these questions choose any of the following
four responses

A. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a correct
explanation of assertion.
C. If the assertion is true and the reason is false.
D. If both assertion and reason are false.

Directions: For the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) below, choose
the correct alternative
Assertion (A) : Pressure cookers are fitted with ebonite handles.
Reason (R) : Ebonite is strong.
A) Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R is true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A is false but R is true.

Answer: C
Explanation:
The handles of pressure cookers are made of ebonite because it,
being a bad conductor of heat, does not heat up.

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4. CALENDAR
Introduction:
Let us begin with the basics.
We know that in an ordinary year
there are 365 days, which means 52 ×
7 + 1, or 52 weeks and one day. This
additional day, we call an odd day. If
1st January of this year is on Sunday,
then 1st January next year will be
exactly 52 full weeks and a day after
that - so on a Monday.

This is all right as long as the year is not a leap year. The Earth
actually completes 1 orbit around the Sun in more than 365 days, i.e.,
in 365 Days 5 Hours 48 minutes and 45 seconds or takes
approximately 6 hours more.
A leap year occurs every 4 years to adjust for the 1/4th day, 6 x 4= 24
hours, so every 4th year has 366 days (or 2 odd days).
And as far as the few odd minutes of the orbit time are concerned,
well every 100 years starting 1 AD, the year is declared to be a non–
leap year, but every 4th century is a leap year. So, any year divisible
by 400 will be a leap year e.g.: 1200, 1600 and 2000. The years 1800,
1900 will be non-leap years.

Concept of ‘odd-days’:
The concept of odd days is very important in determining the
days of the week. Let us look at how many odd days there will be in a
century – i.e. 100 years. There will be 24 leap years and 76 non–leap
years. As studied earlier each leap year has 2 odd days and each non-
leap year has 1 odd day. Therefore, there will be 24 × 2 + 76 × 1 = 124
total odd days. Since 7 odd days make a week, to find out the next odd

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days, divide 124 by 7. The remainder is 5 – this is the number of odd

days in a century.

You can remember the following points relating to the concepts

of calendar:
100 years give us 5 odd days as calculated above.
200 years give us 5 x 2 = 10 – 7 (one week) 3 odd days.
300 years give us 5 x 3 = 15 – 14 (two weeks) 1 odd day.
400 years give us {5 x 4 + 1 (leap century)} – 21} (three weeks) 0
odd days.
Month of January gives us 31 – 28
= 3 odd days.
Month of February gives us 28 –
28 = 0 odd day in a normal year
and 1 odd day in a leap year and
so on for all the other months.

In total first six months i.e., January to

June give us 6 odd days in a normal year
and 7 – 7 = 0 odd days in a leap year. This is going to help, when you
want to find a day, which is after 30th June. In total first nine months i.e.,
January to September give us 0 odd days in a normal year and 1 odd day
in a leap year. Sometimes a reference date might be given to you. This
makes your task easier, as you then start counting odd days only from
that day.

When you count from the beginning i.e., 1st January, 0001
1 odd day mean – Monday
2 odd days mean – Tuesday
3 odd days mean – Wednesday and so on 6 odd days means Saturday.

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Example:
1. Any date in March is the same day of the week as the corresponding
date of the same year.
A. October
B. November
C. June
D. September
Answer : Option 2

Solution: 2 months have the same corresponding days if the number of

odd days between these 2 months is 0. I.e. the total number of days is
divisible by 7.

Now, between March and November, total number of days = 245.

Hence number of odd days = (245/7) 0.

So, these 2 months have exactly the same calendar.

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Logical Reasoning Tips and Tricks

5. LETTER AND SYMBOL SERIES

Here are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve letter &
symbol series questions in a fast and easy way.

There are mainly 4 types of questions asked in exams. However, these

questions can be framed disorderly which makes questions tough.
Practicing all these types can improve the speed of the students.
Arrangement as per English dictionary
Alpha-Numeric Sequence
Letter-Word Problems
Rule Detection

Tips and Tricks for Letter and Symbols Series:

Arrangement as per English dictionary:
Ordering words in English alphabetical order means ‘To place the
alphabets in the order as they seem in an English dictionary’. For making
this type, mainly the letter of every word should be considered first. After
this arrangement of words is made in the order in which they come in
the English alphabet.

Question 1
The following four words are arranged in an alphabetical order, read
carefully and tell which word will come in second place?
(a) Absorbing
(b) Absorber
(c) Absorb
(d) Absorbed
Answer: D
Explanation:
The arrangement will be like, we have: Absorb, Absorbed,
Absorber, Absorbing.

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Alpha-Numeric Sequence
A disorderly arrangement of few letters, numbers and symbols will
be there in these Alpha-numeric sequence questions. However
occasionally English alphabets from A to Z are given simply.

Question. 2
Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the
question given below.

B@2$G6ACO%7FφβKL2YTP6W35UFV9

How many such vowels are there in the overhead arrangement, each of
which is immediately preceded by a number and not immediately
followed by a symbol?
(a) two
(b) One
(c) None
(d) Three
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to the question, in the given arrangements two such
consonants 6AC and 5 U F are immediately preceded by a number and
not immediately followed by a symbol.

Letter-Word Problems
Under letter-word problems, given from a certain word, questions
would be asked as, from the starting of the word how many letters in the
word are as far away as it is from the starting of the English alphabet.
Also in this type, a certain word is given and then students need to
answer about the number of letters that remain the same in their
position if they are placed in alphabetical order. At times, questions are
asked in a given word, if vowels and consonants are found or not?

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Question.3
How many such letters are there in the word QMCKLOA that remain the
same in its position, if the letters of the word are arranged in alphabetical
order?
(a) None
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) Three
Answer: B
Explanation:
The arrangement will be like:
QMC LOA
AKHLAQ
So, such a type of letter is only O.

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6. ALPHABET SERIES
While solving the problems based on alphabet, you must have in
your mind the exact positions of every letter of alphabet in forward order
as well as in backward or reverse order as given below:

Letters positions in forward alphabetical order:

Letters positions in backward or reverse alphabetical order:
Here, math element to be counted from left to right of a series of
x characters is equal to (x + 1 - m) the element to be counted from right
to left of that series.
Example:
Find out the position of K in the
above given series counting from
right to left.
Position of "K" in the English
alphabet from left to right is 11.
Thus m = 11
Position of K in the above given
series from right to left would be (26
+ 1 - 11) = 16
The first half of alphabet series is
from A to M., i.e., 1 - 13 and Second
half is from N to Z. i.e., 14 – 26

Tricks:
I. EJOTY: To make it easier there is a trick called EJOTY (i.e. from left to
Right) by which you can simply locate the position of the letter without
much effort.
Suppose we want to find the place of the 20th letter from the left
side. And you know the 20th letter is T, so now, you only have to find a
letter which is two positions ahead of T, which is V.
II. VQLGB: It is similar to EJOTY but this is in reverse order i.e. from right
to left.

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7. NUMBER SERIES
There are three types of questions asked from the number
series:
A numerical series is given in which a number is wrongly placed.
You are asked to identify that particular wrong number.
A numerical series is given in which a specific number is missing.
You are required to find out that missing number.
A complete numerical series is followed by an incomplete
numerical series. You need to solve that incomplete numerical
series in the same pattern in which the complete numerical series
is given.

Different types of Number Series:

The most common patterns followed by number series are:

Series consisting of Perfect Squares:

A series based on Perfect squares is most of the times based on
the perfect squares of the numbers in a specific order & generally one of
the numbers is missing in this type of series.

Example: 324, 361, 400, 441,?

Sol: 324 = 182, 361 = 192, 400 = 202, 441 = 212, 484 = 222

Perfect Cube Series:

It is based on the cubes of numbers in a particular order and one
of the numbers is missing in the series.

Example: 512, 729, 1000, X.

Sol: 83, 93, 103, 113

Geometric Series:
It is based on either descending or ascending order of numbers
and each successive number is obtained by dividing or multiplying the
previous number by a specific number.

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Example: 4, 36, 324, 2916?

Sol: 4 x 9 = 36, 36 x 9 = 324, 324 x 9 = 2916, 2916 x 9 = 26244.

Arithmetic Series:
It consists of a series in which the next term is obtained by
adding/subtracting a constant number to its previous term.

Example: 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34 in which the number to be added to get
the new number is 5. Now, we get an arithmetic sequence 2,3,4,5.

Two-stage Type Series:

In a two-step Arithmetic series, the differences of consecutive numbers
themselves form an arithmetic series.

Example: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15....

Sol: 3 - 1 = 2, 6 - 3 = 3, 10 - 6 = 4, 15 - 10 = 5....

Now, we get an arithmetic sequence 2, 3, 4, 5

Mixed Series:
This particular type of series may have more than one pattern
arranged in a single series or it may have been created according to any
of the unorthodox rules.

Example: 10, 22, 46, 94, 190, X.

Sol:
10 x 2 = 20 +2 = 22,
22 x 2 = 44 + 2 = 46,
46 x 2 = 92 + 2 = 94,
94 x 2 = 188 + 2 = 190,
190 x 2 = 380 + 2 = 382.
So, the missing number is 382.

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Arithmetico - Geometric Series:

As the name suggests, Arithmetic - Geometric series is formed by
a peculiar combination of Arithmetic and Geometric series. An important
property of Arithmetico-Geometric series is that the differences of
consecutive terms are in Geometric Sequence.

Example: 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, ?

Sol: Series Type +3, X2 (i.e. Arithmetic and Geometric Mixing)
1 + 3 = 4, 4 X 2 = 8, 8 + 3 = 11, 11 X 2 = 22, 22 + 3 = 25, 25 X 2 = 50
Geometrico - Arithmetic Series is the reverse of Arithmetico - Geometric
Series. The differences of suggestive terms are in the Arithmetic Series.

Example: 1, 2, 6, 36, 44, 440, ?

Sol: Series Type - X 2, + 4, X 6, +8, X 10
1 X 2 = 2, 2 + 4 = 6, 6 X 6 = 36, 36+ 8 = 44, 44 X 10 = 440, 440 + 12 =
452

Twin/Alternate Series:
As the name of the series specifies, this type of series may consist
of two series combined into a single series. The alternating terms of this
series may form an independent series in itself.

Example: 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 16, ?

Sol: As we can see, there are two series formed
Series 1: 3, 8, 13 with a common difference of 5
Series 2: 4, 10, 16 with a common difference of 6
So, next two terms of the series should be 18 & 22 respectively.

Number Series Concepts:

YOU MUST LEARN SQUARES OF NUMBERS UPTO 40 AND CUBES
OF NUMBERS UPTO 20.

Note: In the wrong number series, the pattern of the series will always
be wrong immediately before and after the wrong number.

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There are uncountable numbers of series because the series is an

imagination. Some of the important series patterns are discussed below:

1. Based on addition and subtraction.

4,9,14,18,24,29
The difference between the two successive numbers is 5 but the
difference of 18 and 14 is 4, the difference of 24 and 18 is 6. So, the
wrong number is 18. The correct answer is 19.

2. Based on multiplication and division.

18, 28, 40.5, 60.75, 91.125, 136.6875

Solution: Problem with this type of series is how to identify these types
of series. Check the difference between successive numbers.
----10----12.5----20.25----30.375----45.5625
We can see that the difference is half of the previous number. 10
is not the half of 18 and 12.5 is not the half of 28. So, 28 is the wrong
number and the correct number is 27.

3. Based on the square and cube.

8 27 125 512 1331 2197

Solution: 23=8, 33=27, 53=125, 83=512,113=1331, 133=2197

In this, all are cubes of number 2, 3,5,8,11,13. These numbers are prime
numbers except 8 and from 2 to 11, 7 is also a prime number which is
missing. In place of 83, there should be 73 i.e., 343.

4. Based on the mix pattern.

6, 11,21,40,81,161

This series could have followed two patterns.

Pattern 1:
The difference is –5---10----19-----41---80. Successive difference
is 2 times the previous one. But 19 and 41 are not following the pattern.

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We can guess that something is wrong in this term if we want 20 and 40,
we have to replace 40 by 41. Hence 40 are wrong.

Pattern 2:
6x2-1 = 11
11x2-1 = 21
21x2 -1 = 41
41x2 – 1 = 81
81x2 -1 = 161
Hence, 40 is wrong

If you go through various types of the pattern of wrong number

series and have practiced them. You will not have any problem solving
the series. Now, we will discuss the previous year's questions based on
number series.

Example 1: 12 18 45 180 1080 12285

In this series also there can be two patterns.

Pattern 1
12x1 = 12
12x (1.5) = 18
18x (1.5 +1) = 45
45x (2.5+1.5) = 180
180x (4+2.5)= 1170
1170x (6.5+4) = 12285

Pattern 2
12x (1+0) = 12
12x (1+.5) = 18
18x (1.5+1) = 45
45x (2.5+1.5) = 180
180x (4+2) = 1080

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1080x (6+2.5) = 9180

So, If it follows pattern1, the wrong number in series is 1080 and if

it follows pattern2, the wrong number in series is 12285. It depends on
the options given in exams.

Example 2: 7 5 7 17 63?

Answer: 309
7x1 – 2 = 5
5x2 – 3 = 7
7x3 – 4 = 17
17x4 – 5 = 63
63x5 – 6 = 309
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8. LOGICAL PUZZLES
What are Logical Puzzles?
Logical Reasoning Puzzles require you to analyze the given piece
of information, pick the information that is important and leave out the
information that is not required in solving the given set of questions.
Reasoning puzzles are mostly based on blood relations, arrangements,
inequalities, etc. Sometimes, the questions test your lateral thinking and
may not require any deduction or analysis.

Basic steps to solve Logical Puzzles

Take a quick look at the question.
Develop a general idea regarding the theme of the problem.
Select the data that is giving you some concrete information out of
total information given. Also, select the data which helps in ruling out
certain possibilities.

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a. Useful secondary information: Generally, the first few sentences of

the given data give you the basic information that is required to know
the general idea of the problem. This is called the ‘useful secondary
information’.

b. Actual information: Data left after putting aside the useful secondary
information is called actual information. While trying to solve the
problem, you should begin with the actual information while the useful
secondary information should be kept in mind.

c. Negative Information: Some parts of the actual information may

consist of negative information. Negative information does not inform us
anything exactly but it gives us a chance to eliminate a possibility.
Sentences like “P is not the mother of Q” or “B is not a hill-station” are
called negative information.

Points to remember while solving Logical Puzzles:

Firstly, collect all the direct information.
Start with a brief reading of the question and analyze which type
of puzzle it is? Check out in which category the puzzle falls
whether it is easy or hard having the mix type of variables.
Arrange the direct information in a tabular format.
Then identify all the negative information and mark it in your
table according to the given data.

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Draw all the possibilities, if there is more than 1 possibility. Follow

the instructions and remove the possibilities which do not follow
the information provided in the question.
Other facts can be found from the indirect information.
The most important point is that in some condition/s, there will be
more than one possibility.
So, according to possibilities, arrange them in different tables.
Reject all the tables which violate other information given in the
puzzle.
By following this process, you will reach the correct answer.
Most Puzzles are tricky. So, take care of every word and sentence.
Be careful with each information as it may be the tricky one. Just
follow the instructions and you will reach the correct answer.

Example: Read the given information carefully and answer the questions
that follow:
1. Five friends Ami, Bema, Cal, Dan and Eco travelled from Darjeeling
to five different countries US, UK, China, Canada, Russia by 5
different modes of transport: Cycle, Rocket, Time Machine, Yacht,
and Bike.
2. The one who travelled to China did not travel by Bike.
3. Cal went to Canada by Yacht and Bema went to the UK by Time
Machine.
4. Dan travelled by Bike and Eco travelled by Rocket.
5. Darjeeling is not connected by Cycle to the US and China.

1. Which of the following combinations of person and mode is not

corrected?
A. Ami — Cycle
B. Bema — Time Machine
C. Cal — Yacht
D. Dan — Bike
E. Eco — Time Machine

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Solution: (A) Mode of Transport: Cal travels by Yacht, Bimi by Time

Machine, Dan by Bike, and Eco by Rocket. Now, only Ami remains. So,
Ami travels by Cycle.

(B) Place of Travel: Bema to UK, Cal goes to Canada. Now, cycle transport
is not available for US or China. Thus, Ami, who travels by bicycle, goes
to Russia. Dan travels by bike and hence, by (ii), did not go to China. So,
Dan goes to US. Now, only Eco remains. So, Eco goes to China. Clearly,
the incorrect combination is Eco - Time Machine. So, the answer is
option E.

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9. INPUT-OUTPUT
What is Input-Output?
Similar to the computer concept of Input-Output, the reasoning
questions based on this topic involves an Input which is given in
the form of numbers and words and then gives out an Output
following a certain format.
In the questions asked in Government exams, one Input is given,
followed by the steps used to get an Output and then the final
Output.
Input → Machine → Output
Once you solve questions based on this topic, the concept may
become more understandable. For more questions based on this
topic, candidates can visit the input-output questions page and
get solved sample questions for better performance in the final
examination.
It must also be noted that mostly 3-4 questions are asked in the
examination from this topic, and candidates can easily save
themselves these marks if they find the Output efficiently at once.

Tips & Tricks to Solve the Input-Output Reasoning Questions:

Given below are a few tips and tricks that may help you solve the
input-output based questions faster, saving you some time in the final
examination:

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The first and the most important thing is to read the question
carefully and analyse the steps based on which the Output is given. Once
you carefully see the steps. You shall be able to apprehend the pattern
that is being followed to get the Output.
At times, just looking at Step 1 and step 2 only candidates shall be
able to understand the pattern followed.
Use tabular form while solving the question as the length of the
Input may be longer and may make the solution even more
confusing.
Do not try solving this type of question verbally as you may miss a
few terms and steps and end up answering the questions wrongly.
Once you understand the pattern that is being followed in the
question, and then try applying the same to the Input given to be
solved.

Sample Questions – Input Output Reasoning:

Given further, are a few questions which may help you understand
the concept even better.

Let’s start with a simple question.

Example 1:
INPUT: Train Car Airplane Ship Bus Cycle Auto Rickshaw
Step 1: Train Ship Car Airplane Bus Cycle Auto Rickshaw
Step 2: Train Ship Cycle Car Airplane Bus Auto Rickshaw
Step 3: Train Ship Cycle Car Bus Airplane Auto rickshaw
Step 4: Train Ship Cycle Car Bus Auto rickshaw Airplane
Based on the above-mentioned Input, Find what should be the
Output of the following Input?

INPUT: Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Therapist Sportsperson Doctor

Solution: If we carefully examine the Input “Train Car Airplane Ship Bus
Cycle Auto Rickshaw”, Step 4 is the final step and the Output clearly

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shows that all the words have been arranged in descending order of
their appearance in the Alphabetic Series.

Thus, the Output for “Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Therapist

Sportsperson Doctor” shall be:
Step 1: Therapist Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Sportsperson Doctor
Step 2: Therapist Sportsperson Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Doctor
Step 3: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Diver Actor Astronaut Doctor
Step 4: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Doctor Diver Actor Astronaut
Step 5: Therapist Sportsperson Engineer Doctor Diver Astronaut Actor
Step 5, is the final step.

Now, based on the above example, given below are a few sample
questions:
Q1. How many steps does it take to get the final output?
Answer: 5 steps

Q2. What is the 3rd word from the left in Step 4?

Answer: Engineer

Q3. What will be Step 2?

Answer: Therapist Sportsperson Diver Actor Astronaut Engineer Doctor

Q4. What is the position of the word “Astronaut” from left in Step 3?
Answer: 2nd from left

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10. Logical Sequence of Words: Theory &

Tricks
Verbal reasoning forms an essential part of a number of exams.
Various types of questions are asked in this section. One of these is
‘logical sequence of words’. In this article, we will discuss the concept
and tricks to tackle the related questions.

What is the ‘Logical Sequence of Words’?

As the name suggests, in this type of questions, a group of words
are given and you are asked to arrange them in a meaningful and
logical order. It may sound easy but sometimes the questions are
tricky to answer. Let’s discuss various kinds of sequences and
strategies to handle them well.
Tricks & Strategy for ‘Logical Sequence of Words’
Sequence of stages of a process or series of events
In this type, the given group of words signifies the stages of
development of a process or a series of events that led to a major
happening. You are required to spot the order that goes from
‘start to finish of the processes. E.g. the events that led to a war,
the stages of manufacturing, etc.
Sequence of increasing or decreasing value/ size/intensity
These types of sequences are easy to arrange in one go. You are
asked to arrange the group of words in a decreasing or increasing
order. The criteria may be: age, size, value, area, intensity, cost etc.
According to the dictionary in this type of sequence, you need to
arrange the words as per the order given in the dictionary. In
other words, you are required to arrange them alphabetically.
Sequence of objects/things from ‘part’ to ‘whole’
In this type of sequence, the given words belong to a particular
group or class of things. You need to arrange them in an order
that shows the basic part of something to the whole. E.g. an
arrangement may start with ‘cell’ being the basic unit and proceed
to end with a ‘living being’.

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Sample Question
Directions: Arrange the given
words in a meaningful sequence and
choose the appropriate option from
amongst the options.
Question:
1. Bihar 2. Universe 3. Patna 4. World
5. India
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3, 1, 5, 4, 2
3, 4, 2, 1, 5
4, 1, 5, 3, 2
Answer : Option 2.

From the Logic sequence of words topic, there are generally

four types of questions asked.
Type 1: Sequence of event or process occurrence
The problem words may be a part of any particular event or
process or various stages related to chained processes from beginning to
end or vice-versa. A candidate is required to choose that option from the
given alternatives, which represents the correct logical sequence of the
process.

Example: Arrange the following words in a meaningful order.

Reading
Composing
Writing
Printing
(a) 1, 3, 4, 2
(b) 3, 2, 4, 1
(c) 4, 1, 3, 2
(d) 3, 2, 1, 4
Answer: b

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Explanation: The above words are related to the various steps of the
publishing industry. So, first the matter is written, then composed,
printed and finally read.

Type 2: Objects sequence in a class or group

A few times, Words are given such that they are related to a
particular group or class. A candidate is required to draw the options
from the mentioned alternatives, which shows the correct logical
sequence of objects in that particular group of class. The example given
below can easily clarify you about it-

Example: Arrange the following words in a meaningful order.

Uttar Pradesh
Universe
Taj Mahal
World
(a) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2
(b) 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
(c) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
(d) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
Answer: (a)

Explanation: the sequence represents the global location of the places.

You have to arrange it in a logical manner, whether it can be of
ascending order or descending order. So, Tajmahal is located in Uttar
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh belongs to India and so forth.

Type 3: Sequence in Ascending or descending order

In this type of questions, the items represented by the problem
words may be related to each other in terms of their properties. You will
be asked to arrange the given words on the basis of increasing or
decreasing order of their age, size, value, intensity, density, etc. To
understand this, find the example given below-

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Example: Arrange the following words in a meaningful order.

Gold
Iron
Sand
Platinum
Diamond
(a) 3, 1, 4, 1, 5
(b) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
(c) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3
(d) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
Answer: (b)

Explanation: All the problem words represent valuable items and have
their own value in monetary terms. The least costly product will be at
bottom and most valuable will be on top in respective ascending order.
Sand is least costly and other things are in the following manner-

Sand < Iron < Gold < Diamond < Platinum

Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Type 4: Sequence order of words as per the dictionary

In such questions, Random words are given, which are not
correlated to each other. So, you can arrange them as per the English
dictionary in order to seek the correct answer. In English Dictionary, all
words have their own separate and systematic place. To check the order
of words in English dictionary, first check the very first letter of the word

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and arrange that word in a similar fashion. After that, traverse to the
second letter from the arranged list and arrange that list again in the
appropriate manner. So on and so forth for the remaining letters of the
problem words.

Example: Arrange the following words in a meaningful order.

Mitigate
Migrate
Might
Mislead
(a) 3, 2, 4, 1
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4,
(c) 3, 1, 2, 4
(d) 2, 4, 3, 1
Answer: (a)

Explanation: In English Dictionary, Might come very first among the

other three. Then, Migrate comes after that Mislead and finally Mitigate
will be obtained. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

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11. Figure Matrix

Figure Matrix questions contain a grouping of diagrams or figures
in the shape of a rectangular matrix. This arrangement of diagrams in the
form of a matrix forms the Figure Matrix. Each diagram in the figure
matrix is there as a result of some rule. You will have to figure out this
rule and make necessary decisions using this knowledge.

In this type of questions, more than one set of figures is given in

the form of a matrix, all of them following the same rule. The candidate is
required to analyse the complete sets; find out the common rule and
then on its basis, find the missing figure in the incomplete set.

The non-verbal reasoning relies heavily on checking the student’s

ability to access shapes and symbols that are related through a rule. For
example, in a number series, several numbers are related to each other
through a rule. Similarly, in the figure matrix, each segment is connected
through a rule. Let us solve some examples and see what we exactly
mean by this.

Solved Examples
In the following question, find out which of the answer figures (a),
(b), (c) and (d) completes the figure matrix?

Problem Figure:

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Answer Figures:

1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. none of the above

Answer: Clearly, in each row, the number of elements in the third figure
is equal to the difference in the number of elements in the first and
second figures. Also, the third figure has the same types of elements as
that of the first figure. Therefore, the answer is clearly C.

Examples Of Higher Order

Example: In the following question, find out which of the answer figures
(a), (b), (c) and (d) completes the figure matrix?

Problem Figure:

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Answer Figures:

1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. none of these

Answer: In the question figure, all the arrows are headed in the same
direction. They are all pointing in an anticlockwise direction. So, the
answer can either be (b) or (d). In (b), the shape of the arrow is
unnecessarily peculiar. Hence the only shape that fits the matrix will beD.

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12. DIRECTION
What is Direction?
Direction is the information contained in the relative position of
one point with respect to another point without the distance
information. Directions may be either relative to some indicated
reference or absolute according to some previously agreed upon frame
of reference.

Cardinal directions:
The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are:
North
East
South
West

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Their initials commonly denote these directions: N, E, S, W. East and West

are at right angles to North and South, with east being in the clockwise
direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east.

Representation of all 16 cardinal directions:

The intermediate directions of the four cardinal directions are:

Cardinal directions
1. North – West
2. North – East
3. South – West
4. South – East

The intermediate directions are further

classified as:

Intermediate directions:
North-North-West West-North-West
North-North- East East -North-East
South-South-West West-South-West
South-South-East East-South-East

Topics:
The right and left directional movement
The directions of sun rays and shadow
The correct map v/s wrong map
Directions in Clocks
Directions in Seating arrangement

Assumptions:
The direction of the top of the page is always considered as North
unless specified in the question.

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Ex: The direction a person is facing at a present movement is always

taken as north for convenience and thereby making the approach to
solve the problem easier.

Topic 1: The Right and Left directional movement

The right and left movement of a person is always with reference
to the body moving in the scenario. It is not with respect to the person
who is solving the questions.

Right and left directions

Example:
A person is walking towards you, and after walking for a few
meters, he takes a right turn. Which direction is he moving?

Solution: The direction we are facing is always assumed as North. Hence,

if a person is walking towards us, he is walking facing (towards) South.

Topic 2: The directions of sun rays and shadow

A boy is playing with a skipping rope in the playground and is
facing North in the morning then, he observes that his shadow was
towards his left as the Sun appeared in the East. The boy turned 180
degrees while playing, he is facing the South now. His own shadow will
be towards his right as the Sun is in the east.

He does this every day once in the morning and evening. He plays
facing south and observed that his shadow was towards his left and then
turns and faces north he observed that his shadow was towards his right.
The direction of one's shadow depends on the direction and time she/he
is facing.

The table below summarises the relation of shadow with respect

to the direction and time:

Direction v/s Time Morning Evening

North Left Right
South Right Left

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Example:
One morning after sunrise, Nandita and Ravi were sitting in a lawn with
their backs towards each other. Nandita’s shadow fell exactly towards her
left-hand side. Which direction was Ravi facing?
A. East
B. West
C. North
D. South

Solution:
Since it was morning and Nandita’s shadow fell exactly to her left-
hand side, Nandita was facing north and hence Ravi should be facing
south. Hence the answer is option D.

Topic 3: Correct map v/s Wrong map

This section involves the comparison of two maps between which
one is definitely wrong. One has to find the correct direction in the
wrong map by applying logical analysis.

Topic 4: Directions in Clocks

All the pirates and travellers during the 16th and 17th Centuries
used the compass as a navigation device which helped them in the
discovery of the land that was unknown to mankind. The clocks were
lacking directional information as the main task of the clock was just to
tell the time.

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Adding the directions to the clock paved the way to the invention
of many ideas in the future. The direction in which the number ‘12’ exists
was considered as the North for the reference. And all the remaining
directions were marked accordingly. Hence, the numbers ‘3’, ‘6’ and ‘9’
were considered to be at East, South, and West, respectively.

Example:
A clock is so placed that at 2:00 p.m. the minute hand points towards
North-west. In which direction does the hour hand point at 6:00 p.m.?
A. North-West
B. West
C. North-East
D. South-East

Solution:
If the Minute hand is at 12 which are North-West, then at 6.00 p.m. the
hour hand will be pointing at the number 6. Since the numbers 12 and 6
are exactly the opposite. The opposite of North-West should be South-
East. Hence, option D is the correct answer.

Topic 5: Directions in board games

In this section, the directional concepts are applied to popular
board games like Chess and Carom board or Snake and ladder to solve
the questions.

Example:
A chess piece undergoes the following motion during the game. It starts
from D-8, and reaches H-5, from there it reaches A-3, finally, it moves to
the position H-8 and dies. In what direction the piece was when it died if
the chess board is assumed to be placed in front of you?

Solution:
The H-8 is the position where the chess piece died. If the chessboard is
assumed to be placed in front of us, then the position H-8 will lie in
between North and east. Hence, the answer is North-East.

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Example:
P, Q, R, and S are playing a game of carom. P, R, and S, Q are partners. S
is to the right of R who is facing west. Then Q is facing?
A. North
B. South
C. East
D. West

Solution:
Since R is facing west and P is the partner of R P is facing east. Also, S is
to the right of R, so S will be facing south and Q is the partner of S.
Therefore, Q will face north. Hence, option A is the correct answer.

To explore the IBPS Syllabus, check the linked article.

Topic 6: Directions of seating arrangement

This section involves the combination of directional logic with the
seating arrangement.

Example:
J, K, L, M, N, O, P and R are eight huts. L is 2 km east of K. J is 1 km north
of K and Q is 2 km south of J. P is 1 km west of Q while M is 3 km east of
P and O is 2 km north of P. R is situated right in the middle of K and L
while N is just in the middle of Q and M.

Distance between K and P is

A. 1.0km
B. 1.23 km
C. 1.41 km
D. 1.5 km

Solution:
Since K and P form the diagonal of the right-angle triangle KQP the
distance between KP is 1.41 km. Hence, option C is the correct answer.

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Distance between K and R is:

A. 1.41 km
B. 3 km
C. 2 km
D. 1 km

Solution:
Since R is in the middle of K and L which are 2 km apart. The distance
between K and R is 1km. Hence, option D is the correct answer.

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13. Sequential Output Tracing

Sequential output is basically output of a machine which is
working on a fixed sequence. We start with an input and following a
fixed pattern or sequence machine gives us the final output. In these
types of questions, we observe the input output process in different
steps and try to find out the pattern and sequence on which the machine
is working.

Importance from exam point of view:

The following possible steps can be helpful to the candidate in order
to determine the pattern in the given re-arrangement.
Put the given numbers in an increasing or decreasing manner.
Make the given set of words in reverse order according to the steps.
Arrange the given words towards the front or back alphabetical order.
Organise the positions of words or numbers according to a set
pattern.

Example of Sequential Output Question

1. In a word arrangement machine when input is given it gives an output
following a sequence in steps which are given as below:

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Input: Home Review Insert Paste Layout

Step I: Review Home Insert Paste Layout
Step II: Review Paste Home Insert Layout
Step III: Review Paste Layout Home Insert
Step IV: Review Paste Layout Insert Home
This is the arrangement and step IV is the final step.

Tips to remember:
1. Number of steps required to complete the pattern can be (n-1) at
most where n is the number of words/digits.
2. Previous step or input cannot be found from the step/output.
3. Always try to write steps in short form.
4. When we arrange words/digits some words are automatically arranged
so do not get confused with them and don’t count that like a new step
and focus on the pattern. For avoiding these situations do not assign
numbers like 1,2,3,4 to words/digits (use first letter or any short form).

Example:
1. In a class of 60 students where girls are twice that of boys, Laxmi
ranked 27th from the top. If there are 9 boys ahead of Laxmi, how
many girls are after her rank?
A) 23
B) 21
C) 22
D) 24
Answer: C) 22

Explanation: The number of girls is twice that of boys. --> G=2B and
G+B = 60 Therefore, G=40 and B= 20 given Laxmi ranked 27th from
the top and 9 boys are ahead of Laxmi. Therefore, there are 17 girls
ahead of Laxmi. Therefore, Number of girls who ranked after Laxmi =
40 - (17+1) = 2.

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14. Odd Man Out

Classification means ‘to assort the items of a given group on the
basis of certain common qualities or characteristics they possess and to
spot the stranger. These types of questions are based on a similar
relationship that exists between the things, objects, words or letters. In
this test, generally, you will be given a group of five items, out of which
four are similar to one another in some way and the fifth is different. The
candidate is required to choose the item which does not fit into the
given group.

Tips and Tricks

The terms or elements follow a definite law in series but it cannot
be generalized. You should know, what is the definite relationship
between numbers which make the set of given terms in series. Addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, transposition of terms and series
generally form such series. The different questions asked may depend
upon the following:

1) Odd number/Even number/Prime numbers

The series may consist of odd numbers /even numbers or prime
numbers except one number, which will be the odd man out. Hence,
before solving numerical on this topic must revise all basic concepts.

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2) Perfect squares/Cubes:
Squares: 9, 16, 49, 81 ….
Cubes: 27, 64, 125, 216 ….

3) Multiple of numbers:
The series contains numbers which are multiple of different numbers.
Example: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20…..

4) Numbers in A.P./G.P.
Geometric progression: x, xr, xr3, xr4
Arithmetic progression: x, x + y, x + 2y, x + 3y are said to be in A.P.
The terms in series may be arithmetic or geometric progression.

5) Difference or sum of numbers:

The difference between two consecutive numbers may increase or
decrease

6) Cumulative series:
In this type, the third number is the addition of previous two numbers.
Example: 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 26 ……

7) Power series:
In this type, the terms are defined on the basis of powers of numbers;
the number may be expressed in the form of n3 – n.
Example:
If n = 4, n3 – n = 60
If n = 5, n3 – n = 120…
Series: 60, 120, 210, 336 …

8) The middle digit is the sum of the other two digits.

Example: 165, 121, etc

9) The series of numbers may follow different sequence as shown below:

(n2 – 1), (n2 + 1), (n2 – n), (n3 – n), (n2 – n + 1), (n2 – n – 1), etc

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a) If numbers in the series are 1, 5, 11, 19, 29…. then the relation is
(n2 – n – 1)

b) If numbers in the series are 21, 31, 43 then the relation is (n2 – n +
1)
Example:
If n = 5, (52 – 5 + 1) = 21
If n = 6, (62 – 6 + 1) = 31
If n = 7, (72 – 7 + 1) = 43

Types of Classification
Word classification: In this type similar groups are found among the
names, places, things, nouns, verbs, different sexes, races or any other
matter out of which four things are similar and one is not.
Alphabet classification: Here some groups of letters are formed
according to a pattern and one of them is different.
Number classification: Here out of a given group of numbers four will
be similar one will be strange.
Examples:
Number classification:
Q 1 − 27, 37, 49,63,78,97
Options:

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A - 78
B - 37
C - 49
D - 79
Answer - A
Explanation: The additional sequence is 10,12,14,16. So 78 is an odd
man in the sequence. Hence A is the answer.
Alphabet classification:
1. Find the odd one among the following
A) ZW
B) TQ
C) SP
D) NL
Answer: D
Explanation:
Z−3W
T−3Q
S−3P
N−2L
Hence NL is the odd one

Word classification:
Three of the following four are the same in a certain way and hence
form a group. Find out the one which does not belong to that group.
A - Violet
B - Black
C - Green
D - Red
Answer - B
Explanation
Except black, all others are the colours of the rainbow.

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15. Seating Arrangement

Definition:
The seating arrangement is the logical arrangement of either
objects or people in a logical manner. One has to either perform the
arrangement to answer the questions or decode the predefined
arrangement by applying the logical analysis.

Topic list:
Introduction and assumptions
Linear arrangement
Circular arrangement
Seating arrangement in a photograph
Complex arrangement
Miscellaneous arrangements

Assumptions:
1. Unless specified the direction at the top page is always assumed as
North.
2. The right side of the page is the viewer’s left side and vice versa.

Linear Arrangement:
Any logical arrangement of objects or people either horizontally or
vertically or diagonally is known as linear arrangement.

Circular Arrangement:
The arrangement of physical quantities in a circular manner is called a
Circular arrangement.

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There are two types of circular arrangement:

Facing the centre: In this arrangement, every object or a person in the
arrangement will be facing the centre of the circle.
Facing outwards: In this arrangement, every object or a person in the
arrangement will be facing outwards.

Complex Arrangement:
Complex arrangements are very similar to linear arrangement problems
in terms of arrangement and properties. But unlike linear arrangement,
where the objects had only one property – their positioning, objects in
the complex arrangement have multiple properties.

There are two methods to solve the problem:

Table Formation: The data is tabulated to match the properties based
on the logical conditions provided in the questions.
Metrics Tabulation: The Properties are matched in the form of a matrix
with the help of symbols and special characters to solve the questions.

Seating Arrangement:
Example: Six friends A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting in a row facing towards
North. C is sitting between A and E. D is not at the end. B is sitting
immediate right of E. F is not at the right end.

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How many people are there to the right D?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

Solution: In the above example, all the people are facing North. We can
have the following seating arrangement:

As C is sitting between A and E, they will be sitting in the following

manner:
Case 1: A C E
Case 2: E C A

However, we still cannot fix a place for them on the above grid.
D cannot be at either of the ends. Also, B is sitting to the immediate right
of E. Hence, case 2 above is discarded and we will have the following
arrangement:

ACEB

In addition, F is not at the right end and D cannot be at any of the ends,
we will have the following arrangement:
So, on the basis of the above arrangement, it can be concluded that
there are four people sitting to the right of D.

Miscellaneous arrangements:
There are few important points that students should keep in
mind while solving the questions based on arrangement:
Students should have the ability to visualize all the geometric
shape of the arrangement.
Students should have the ability to order the clues in the correct
order of usage.
Students should have the ability to understand the indirect clues.

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16. CLOCKS
At the start one must understand how the hands of a clock move.
Let’s look at the three hands one by one:

Basic Concept of Clock:

Hour Hand:
In 12 hours = 360 degree
In 1 hour = 360 / 12 = 30 degree
1 Hour = 30 degree
Now, 1 Hour = 60 min = 30 degree
1 minute = 1/2 degree

Minutes Hand:
In 60 minutes = 360 Degree
In 1 minute = 360 / 60 = 6 Degree
1 minute = 6 degree

Seconds Hand
60 Seconds = 360 Degree
1 sec = 360 / 60 = 6 Degree
1 Second = 6 degree

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Points to remember:
Speed of the minute hand= 6° per minute.
Speed of the hour hand= 0.5° per minute.
The concept of relative speed is used to solve the questions on
clocks. The relative speed of minute hand w.r.t hour hand=5.5° per
minute.
The hands of the clock are perpendicular 15 minutes apart.
The hands of the clock are in a straight line when they coincide or
opposite to each other.
0 degree / 360-degree → overlap / coincide 180 degrees →
opposite / straight 90 degrees → right angle
The minute hand gains 55 minutes over the hour hand per hour.
So, x minute space to be gained by minute hand over hour hand
can be calculated as x × (60/55) or x × (12/11)
Every hour, both the hands coincide once. In 12 hours, they will
coincide 11 times. It happens due to only one such incident
between 12 and 1’o clock.
If both the hour hand and minute hand move at their normal
speeds, then both the hands meet after 65 minutes.

Some facts about clocks:

Every hour, both the hands coincide once. In 12 hours, they will
coincide 11 times. It happens due to only one such incident
between 12 and 1'o o'clock.

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The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident
or opposite to each other.
When the two hands are at a right angle, they are 15-minute
spaces apart. In one hour, they will form two right angles and in
12 hours there are only 22 right angles. It happens due to right
angles formed by the minute and hour hand at 3’o clock and 9'o
o'clock.
When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30-minute
spaces apart.
If both the hour hand and minute hand move at their normal
speeds, then both the hands meet after 65 minutes

Types of question asked:

1) The angle between the hands of the clock
2) Time at a particular angle
3) Position of hands of the clock
4) Faulty clocks
5) Time gained or lost by the clock
6) Mirror / Water Image-based time

Type 1: Angle between the hands of the clock

Example: What will be the angle made by the hands of the clock at 8:15?

FORMULA: (60H – 11M) / 2

Solution:
Angle at 7:30
(60 × 8 – 11 × 15) / 2
(480 – 165) / 2 = 315 / 2 = 157.5 degree

TRICK:
Hour hand → 1 hour = 30 degree
8 hour → 240 degree
1 minute = 1/2 degree

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15 minute = 7.5 degree

Minute hand → 1 minute = 6 degree
15 minute = 90 degree
Now, Angle made by hour hand – Angle made by minute hand Required
Angle = 240 + 7.5 – 90 = 247.5 – 90 = 157.5 degree

Type 2: Time at a particular angle

Example: At what time between 10 and 11 will the minute and hour
hand be at right angles?

Solution:
At 10 O'clock, the hour hand has covered (10*30°) = 300°
Tip: There will be two right angles (clockwise and anti-clockwise)
Considering that the hour hand is at 10, to make a 90-degree
angle with the hour hand, the minute hand has to be at 1 or 7.
For the first right angle, minute hand has to cover a relative
distance of (1*30) = 30°.
For the 2nd right angle, minute hand has to cover a relative
distance of (7*30) = 210°.
We know that the relative speed between the two hands is of 5
(1/2)° per minute.
Hence, time required for the 1st right angle = (30*2)/11 = 60/11
minutes
Time required for the 2nd right angle = (210*2)/11 = 420/11

Type 3: Position of hands of the clock

Example: How many times a day do the hands of the clock make a 180-
degree angle?
Tips: Needles meet each other

Degree In a day In 12 hours

0 degree / 360 degree 22 times 11 times
180 degree 22 times 11 times
90 degrees 44 times 22 times

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Solution:
Thus, 22 times a day 23 hands of the clock make a 180-degree angle.

Type 4: Faulty clocks

If a clock indicates 4 hours 10 minutes. When the correct time is 4, it is
said that the clock is 10 min too fast. If it indicates 4:40 when the correct
time is 5, it is said to be 20 minutes too slow.

Such a problem arises when a clock runs faster or slower than expected
pace. When solving these problems, it is best to keep track of the correct
clock.

Example: The clock was set on Thursday, at 4 am. If the clock gains 20
minutes per hour, what will be the time that the clock shows on Friday, 8:
30 pm?

Solution:
The clock was set on Thursday, at 4 am.
The time from Thursday, from 4 am to Friday at 8.30 pm = 40
hours, 30 min.
The clock gains 20 minutes per hour. So, the clock gains 810 min
in 40 hours, 30 minutes.
So, the time that the clock will show on Friday, 8.30 pm = 8. 30 +
810 min = 10 am Saturday.

Type 5: Time gained or lost by the clock

Such a problem arises when a clock runs faster or slower than expected
pace. When solving these problems, it is best to keep track of the correct
clock.

Example: A watch gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes and was set right at 8

am. What time will it show at 10 pm on the same day?

Solution:
The watch gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes = 100 seconds in 1 hour
From 8 am to 10 pm on the same day, time passed 14 hours.

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In 14 hours, the watch would have gained 1400 seconds or 23 minutes

20 seconds.

So, when the correct time is 10 pm, the watch would show 10 hours 23
minutes 20 seconds per minute.

Type 6: Mirror / Water image-based time

Tips for Mirror image:
If it is a 12 hours clock, then subtract the given time from 11:60 hrs. And
if it is a 24 hours clock, then subtract the given time from 23:60 hrs.

Example: If it’s 7:20 in the 12-hour clock then what will be the time in
the mirror?

Solution:
For every mirror image based on a clock, if it is 12 hours clock, then
subtract given timing from 11:60 hours, And if it is 24 hours clock, then
subtract given timing from 23:60 hrs. Here, it is a 12-hour clock, hence,
11:60 – 7:20 = 4:40. Thus, the mirror image will show 4:40 in the clock.

Tips for Water image:

If minutes are less than 30, then subtract given timing from 18:30 hrs. If
minutes are more than 30, then subtract given timing from 18:90 hrs.

Example: If the water image of the clock shows 4 hours 25 minutes, then
what will be the actual time?

Solution:
For every water image based on a clock, If minutes given are less
than 30, then subtract given timing from 18:30 hours.
And if minutes given are more than 30, then subtract given timing
from 18:90 hrs.
Here, minutes are less than 30, hence, 18:30 – 4:25 = 14:05 i.e., 2
hours 5 minutes.
Thus, the actual time shows 2 hours 5 minutes in a clock.

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17. Cube and Cuboids

Practicing is the only way to improve your solving time. There is
no way around it

Get a quality Rubik’s Cube:

The solving time depends on two things: you, and the cube.

Let’s focus on the other one: A Hard turning cube that stuck all the time
will dramatically increase your solving time.

Know the algorithms by heart: Practice until you’ll be able to execute

the algorithms without thinking about their notation.
Look ahead: The solving time splits into two parts: the execution time of
an algorithm, and the time it takes until you start executing it (looking
for the next piece, realizing what algorithm to use and from what angle).
Use finger tricks: This tip is aiming at shortening your execution time.
That will be accomplished by using finger tricks.

The following questions are based on the information given

below:
A cuboids shaped wooden block has 4 cm length, 3 cm breadth
and 5 cm height.
Two sides measuring 5 cm x 4 cm are coloured in red.
Two faces measuring 4 cm x 3 cm are coloured in blue.

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Two faces measuring 5 cm x 3 cm are coloured in green.

Now the block is divided into small cubes of 1 cm each.

Questions:
1) How many small cubes will have no faces coloured?
(A) None
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 6
Answer: Option D

Explanation: Required number of small cubes = (5 – 2) x (4 – 2) x (3 – 2)

=3x2x1
=6

Tips and Shortcuts to solve Cube and Cuboids problems

Question:
2) How many small cubes will have two faces coloured with red and
green colours?
(A) 12
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 20
Answer: Option A

Explanation: Required number of small cubes = 6 from the top and 6

from the bottom = 12

Cube and Cuboids Formulas:

Cuboids:
Cuboids is a closed 3-dimensional geometrical figure bounded by
six rectangular plane regions.

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A Cuboids is made up of six rectangles, each of the rectangle is

called the face. In the figure above, ABFE, DAEH, DCGH, CBFG, ABCD and
EFGH are the 6-faces of cuboids. The top face ABCD and bottom face
EFGH form a pair of opposite faces. Similarly, ABFE, DCGH, and DAEH,
CBFG are pairs of opposite faces.

Cube:
Cuboids having its length, breadth, height all to be equal in
measurement is called a cube.

A cube is a solid bounded by six square plane regions, where the side of
the cube is called edge.

Formulas for Cube:

For a cube of side n*n*n painted on all sides which is uniformly
cut into smaller cubes of dimension 1*1*1,
Number of cubes with 0 side painted= (n-2) ^3
Number of cubes with 1 sides painted =6(n – 2) ^2
Number of cubes with 2 sides painted= 12(n-2)
Number of cubes with 3 sides painted= 8(always)
For a cuboids of dimension a*b*c painted on all sides which is cut
into smaller cubes of dimension 1*1*1,

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Number of cubes with 0 side painted= (a-2) (b-2) (c-2)

Number of cubes with 1 sides painted =2[(a-2) (b-2) + (b-2)(c-2)
+ (a-2)(c-2) ]
Number of cubes with 2 sides painted= 4(a+b+c -6)
Number of cubes with 3 sides painted= 8
Types of Problems
The questions asked on cube and cuboids may be of the following types.
Type I
Several views of a complete cube are given and you have to find which
part of the cube lies exactly below a particular part.
Type II
An opened-up cube is given and you have to predict what it will look like
when it is closed into a cube.
Type III
A cube could not be varnished on or some of its faces with the same
colour or different colours and then cut into a certain specified number
of identical pieces. Then the question of the form- “how many small
cubes have 2 faces varnished?” “How many small cubes have only one
face varnished?” etc.
Directions to Solve Cube and Cuboids Formulas:
A cube is cut in two equal parts along a plane parallel to one of its faces.
One piece is then coloured red on the two larger faces and green on the
remaining, while the other is coloured green on two smaller adjacent
faces and red on the remaining. Each is then cut into 32 cubes of the
same size and mixed up.
Question 1. How many cubes have only one coloured face each?
(A) 32
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 0
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
8 from (I) and 8 from (II), Therefore 8 from each.

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18. Patterns and Number Series

Introduction
A series is an ordered collection of figures or numbers or words or
alphabets. A sequence of numbers which follow a particular pattern is
called number series. In number series questions, some specific pre-
decided rules are hidden and the candidate needs to find that hidden
rule to arrive at the correct answer.

For example, consider 1, 4, 7, 10, 13….. Here the difference

between the consecutive numbers is three. It is important to note that in
the number series each number except the first number is related to the
prior number with some specific rule.

General Characteristics of Number Series Questions

Number sequence questions usually consist of four to seven
visible numbers along with a single missing number or, depending on
the sequence's complexity level, 2 or 3 missing numbers.

All terms in the sequence meet a specific logical rule which needs
to be recognised in order to find the missing terms.

Levels of Complexity
The difficulty level of number sequence questions may increase in
several ways:

The rule behind the sequence becomes less significant.

Longer sequence: usually, the longer the sequence, the more complex
the question is.

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The missing term appears early in the sequence rather than a later:
This gives you less initial information to discern the hidden rule behind
the sequence.

More than 1 number missing in a sequence: if true, this adds a layer of

difficulty to your examination – again, less information (i.e. less known
items in the sequence) makes it harder for you to recognise the
sequence’s rule.

A combination of two alternating series

A logical rule that hides in the difference between items: when the
rule is not hidden directly within the visible sequence, rather it is formed
between the difference of each adjacent number it is usually less
apparent to most people.

Different Types of Number Series

A series can be created in many ways. In recognizing the pattern
followed in the number series, an understanding of these different ways
can help us. So, here we go with some types of standard series.

There are different methods to solve number series problems such as

predicting the next number i.e., which number will come next by
applying rules such as adding, subtracting, etc. or applying various tricks
for shortcuts.

1. Series consisting of Perfect Squares –

A series based on Perfect Squares is mostly based in a specific order of
the perfect squares of numbers, and in this type of series one of the
numbers is generally missing which you have to find.

The formula used to solve the number series problems is Xn = n2.

Example:
There is a number series. Get the next one:
441, 484, 529, 576, X.
(A) 565
(B) 484

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(C) 625
(D) 615
Answer: 212 = 441
222 = 484
232 = 529
242 = 576
252 = 625
So, the answer is (C).

2. Perfect Cube Series:

In this type, the series consists of the cubes of numbers which are in the
same order and you have to find out the missing or odd cube number.

The formula used to solve the number series questions is X = n3.

Example – 729, 6859, 24389,?, 117649, 205379
(A) 52335
(B) 58937
(C) 59319
(D) 55324
Answer: 93 = 729
193 = 6859
293 = 24389
493 = 117649
593 = 205379

In this example each cube number is added with 10 to become the next
cube number. So, the missing one is 393 = 59319 (C).

3. Rational Number Series:

These are the numbers that can be written as a fraction or quotient in
which both numerator and denominator are integers.

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Example – Find out the smallest part, if 75 is divided into four parts
proportional to 3, 5, 8, 9.
(A) 9
(B) 10
(C) 11
(D) 12
Answer: Ratio = 3:5:8:9
Sum of ratio terms = 25
The smallest part is (75 x 3/25) = 9.

4. Arithmetic Series:
It is a mathematical sequence where there is a fixed difference between
the numbers. The next terms are obtained either by adding a fixed
number or by subtracting it.

The formula used to solve the number series problems is Xn = x1 + (n –

1) d

Example - There is a number series. Get the next number:

2, 4, 6, 8, X.
(A) 9
(B) 10
(C) 11
(D) 12

Answer: The common difference between numbers is 2

So, the answer is (B) = 10.

5. Geometric Series :
It is a sequence in which each term of the series is obtained by a fixed
number multiplying or dividing the preceding number.

Example – 3, 9, 27, 81, X. Get the next number:

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Answer: – In this series each term is multiple of 3. So, the next one is
243.

6. Arithmetico-Geometric Series :
As the name suggests - a peculiar combination of Arithmetic and
Geometric series forms the Arithmetico –Geometric series. An important
property of this series is that in the Geometric Sequence there are
differences of consecutive terms.

Example - 4, 18, 60, 186,?

Ans – It follows the number series trick -
4, (4+2)x3, (18+2)x3, (60+2)x3
So the next one is (186+2)x3 = 564

7. Geometrico - Arithmetic Series :

It is the reverse of the Arithmetico – Geometric series. In this series, the
suggestive terms differences are in the Arithmetic Series.

Example: – 2, 7, 17, ? , 77 get the missing one.

Answer: – It follows the number series trick -
2, (2x2) + 3, (7x2) + 3
So, the answer is (17x2) +3 = 37

Here we have catered the complete details regarding the Number Series
and includes all the methods which are used in solving the number series
problems.

We hope that the blog helped you to clear all your doubts like How to
solve number series questions and which type of number series
questions asked in the exams.

Still, if you have any query related to Number Series, feel free to ask in
the comment box below.

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19. Decision Making

Decision-Making is a process in which a final outcome is derived
by evaluating and analyzing the given data. The objective of Decision
making is to reach a certain conclusion from the given information or a
given set of conditions.

Tips and Tricks:

Tip # 1: For solving the decision-making reasoning section questions,
candidates need to analyse the statements given very carefully before
attempting the question.
Tip # 2: Analyse the statements along with the bio data given for every
candidate to eliminate the options and get the correct answer.
Tip # 3: Candidates need to follow the course of actions based on the
instructions given. Points should be according to conditions provided.
For a candidate, only one exceptional condition will be allowed.
There are two types of questions which may be asked as a part of
decision making.

Direct Questions: In such questions, a condition may be given and

based on the same the final decision has to be made.

Complex Questions: In such questions, a set of eligibility criteria are

given. Candidates need to analyse the eligibility details given and based
on it, answer what candidates can qualify/ appear/ register for an exam
or a post.

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Types of Decision Making:

Decision making reasoning section, let's see the various types of
questions that one may come by one below:

1. Eligibility Test:
In this type of Decision Making, a set of necessary conditions and
qualifications required to be fulfilled by the candidate for a certain
vacancy in a job/promotion/admission in a college, along with the bio
data of certain candidates who have applied for the same will be given.
Candidates are required to evaluate and assess a candidate’s eligibility
and decide the appropriate course of action to be taken from the given
alternatives.

2. Passage Based Decision Making:

In this type of Decision Making, generally a paragraph or a group of
statements is given followed by some questions, and a candidate is
required to read the data carefully and decide accordingly, which option
follows from the data.

Example:
1. Karan was born on 19th March 1986. He has been working in finance
department of an organization for the past 5 years. He has secured 67%
marks in B.Com and 75% marks in his post-graduation.

Which of the following will be a course of action if Karan applies?

A. Karan will be selected.
B. Data provided is inadequate to make the decision.
C. Karan will not be selected.
D. Karan will be offered a DGM post.
E. Karan will be offered as GM post.
Answer: Option B
Explanation: All conditions specified for Karan can be selected as
manager. But it is not known that he has done his post-graduation in
which stream. So data is inadequate.

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20. Syllogism

Syllogism comes under the Verbal Reasoning Section and is a very

important topic which is frequently asked in almost all the competitive
exams. These types of questions are very simply framed. They generally
contain two or more statements. These statements are then followed by
a number of conclusions. Based on the statements, you have to find the
authenticity of the conclusions. In simple words you have to find that
from the given statements which conclusions logically follows them. The
most widely used approach in solving these types of questions is the
Venn diagram approach.

Since Syllogism comprises some statements, each of which is

divided into two parts that are a subject and a predicate.

Subject - a Main matter of discussion.

Predicate - the part which states something about the subject.

Types of Syllogism Reasoning

Syllogism reasoning section. Let us see the various types of questions
that may come one by one below.

1. Basic Syllogism
In this type of syllogism reasoning, the conclusions must be 100% true.
Conclusions which are 99% true will be considered as False.

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2. Either - or Case
In this type of syllogism reasoning, when the conclusions are not 100%
true but the two given conclusions are 50% true then the either-or case
will be formed.

3. Coded Syllogism
In this type of syllogism reasoning, statements and conclusions are given
in coded form. Candidates need to decode the statements and
conclusions to find the answer.

4. Sequential Syllogism
In this type of syllogism reasoning, statements are given followed by the
options. Candidates need to choose the set in which the third statement
can be logically deduced from the first two statements.

Syllogism Tricks and Tips:

Tip # 1: If a definite conclusion is false in any of the possible diagrams,
then the definite conclusion is considered to be false.
Tip # 2: If all statements are positive, then all negative conclusions will
be false in definite cases and vice versa.
Tip # 3: Subject and Predicate can interchange for the complementary
pair “Some + No”
Tip # 4: If two conclusions have the same subject & predicate and
consist of a complementary pair but only one of the conclusions is true,
then it will not form an either-or case. Do not consider “Some + some”
as a complementary pair for either or case.
Tip # 5: If a possible conclusion is true in any one of the possible
diagrams, then the possibility is considered to be true.
Tip # 6: “Only a few” means both conclusions are definitely true.
Therefore, the conclusion, some A is B and some A is not B will be
definitely true.
Tip # 7: Complementary pairs for either or case are, “Some + N” and “All
+ Some not”

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Tip # 8: Both conclusions should consist of one of the above

complementary pairs. Subject and Predicate of the two conclusions
should be the same and they cannot interchange. The answer of both the
conclusions should be can’t be said.
Tip # 9: Candidates need to keep the following things in mind while
solving the syllogism based questions.

Statement Definite Conclusion Possible Conclusion

All A are B All A are B All B are A

Some A are B. Some B are not A
Some B are A

Some A are B Some A are B All A are B

Some B are A All B are A
Some A are not B
Some B are not A

Some A are not B Some A are not B Some A are B

No A is B
No B is A
Some B are not A
All B are A

No A is B No A is B No possibility is true
No B is A

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Example:
1. Statements: All the diploma holders are psychologists. Some
psychologists are brilliant.
Conclusions:
I. All the diploma holders are brilliant.
II. Some diploma holders are brilliant.
III. Some brilliant psychologists.
IV. Some psychologists are diploma holders.

Option:
1) Only (3) and (4)
2) All of the above
3) Only (3)
4) Only (2) and (4)
Answer: (1)
Explication: Since all the diploma holders are psychologists and some
psychologists are brilliant. So, some brilliant will be psychologists and
some psychologists will be diploma holders.

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21. Cause and Effect

The main aim of cause-and-effect questions is to derive the
relationship between two given statements. The relationship that needs
to be tested is whether the statements are causally related to each other.
This means we need to find out whether one of the statements is a direct
cause of the other or conversely whether one of the statements is a
direct effect of the other.

Types of Causes:
Immediate Cause: It immediately precedes the effect. This cause shares
the closest proximity with the effect with relation to time.

Principal Cause: The most important reason behind the effect. The
immediate cause can be the principal cause and vice versa.

Independent cause: There is no relationship between the cause and the

given effect.

Example:
I. Two strikers of Brazilian football team missed all three-group league
matches in the world cup due to hamstring injury.

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II. Brazilian football team lost two matches and won one match in the
group league.

A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

B. Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
C. Both the statements I and II are independent causes.
D. Both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
E. Both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.

Answer:
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.

Explanation:
Here statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect, because, due
to injury of Brazilian strikers they lost two of their group league matches.

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22. Data Sufficiency

Data sufficiency is the determination whether the statements provided in
the question contain enough information for answering it.

There would be two statements given in questions labelled (1) and (2)
and you have to decide if these statements are sufficient to conclusively
answer the question. The following questions are

1. If statement (1) alone is sufficient to answer the question but the

statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
2. If statement (2) alone is sufficient to answer the question but the
statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
3. If you can get the answer from (1) and (2) together although neither
statement by itself
4. If statement (1) alone is sufficient and statement (2) alone is sufficient.
5. If you cannot get the answer from statements (1) and (2) together but
still more data are needed.

The questions can be categorized into following types:

Relationships
Dates
Comparison
Critical Analysis
Age

Relationships:
Example: How is A related to B?
B is the father of A.
D is the brother of A.

Now before hopping for the conclusion, I’ll point out a mistake that
students tend to make in such questions is that they conclude about the
relationship without knowing the sex of the person involved.

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Now let’s check out the statement (1) says that B is the father of A. Is it
enough to conclude how A is related to B? Now A can either be B’s son
or daughter. So, to establish a relationship of A to B we need to learn
whether A is male or female or indirect terms:
A is the brother/sister of X.
A is the father/mother of X.
A is an uncle/aunt of X.

Now using the suggested method above we can notice that the
statement (1) is not sufficient to answer the question. Similarly,
statement (2) cannot bring us to any conclusion about the relationship of
A and B. Thus, the answer is we cannot get the answer from statements
(1) and (2) together but still more data are needed.

Dates:
Tips:
The ‘day’ or ‘date’ of some earlier incident is mentioned,
The number of days between that incident and the required day is
given.

Example: “On which day of the week did Rahul reach Delhi?”

Statement (1) Rahul’s brother reached Delhi a day before Rahul.

Statement (2) Rahul’s father reached Delhi on Thursday which was two
days later than the arrival of his brother.

Sol: As you can notice that the Statement (1) provides us the information
between the no. of days between an earlier incident and the required
day. Now we need to know the day when Rahul’s brother reached Delhi.
And for this, we turn to statement (2), thus, we know the answer can’t be
A or D as the statement (1) is not sufficient to answer the question alone.
Now, statement (2) says Rahul’s mother reached Delhi on Thursday i.e.
two days later after his brother thus Rahul’s brother reached Delhi on
Tuesday and therefore from both the statements we can infer that Rahul
reached Delhi on Wednesday. Hence, C is the correct answer i.e. both
statements are required altogether to make a conclusion

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Comparison:
Tips:
1. In these methods you need to write the names of people in ascending
or descending order of heights, weights or their sitting arrangement
from left to right.

2. To solve such a question the best method to employ is in the use of

inequalities- to write the statements and then see if the two can be
combined to form a single inequality to get the answer.

Example: Among four friends K, L, M, and N, who’s the heaviest?

Statement (1) L is heavier than K but lighter than N.

Statement (2) M is lighter than L

Sol: To find out the answer to the above question we will form an
inequality and using the information given in the statement (1) we get, K
<L<N

And, using the second statement we get, M < L

Combining the inequalities, we get, K < M < L < N, or M < K < L <N

Thus, in either of the two N is the heaviest. Hence, the answer is C as we

needed both the two statements to derive the answer to the question.

Critical Analysis
Tips:
1. To tackle these types of problems you need to revise your general
background of argumentation techniques, an assumption of arguments
and inference making.

Example: Many Indian experts think that India has a very meagre oil
reserve. Is that correct?

Statement (1): India imports about 1.5 core tons of crude oil every year.

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Statement (2): When foreign countries were recently invited to

participate in exploration and production activity in India, nearly 67
companies took up the offer.

Sol: First let’s ponder and deduce about the statement (1). Note that
statement (1) does not imply that importing tons of crude oil means
India has a low oil reserve. High Imports can be due to the huge
consumption or small production. And when we move on to the
statement (2), it also doesn’t directly suggest that 67 companies did not
take up the offer because of the low reserves. They might be willing to
do so because of socio, political and economic incentives. Hence, both
the statements neither individually nor jointly derive us to an accurate
conclusion. Thus, the answer is E.

Age:
Tips:
1. That the real question is not to actually find the age but to tell whether
the statements are sufficient to calculate the age of the desired person.
2. The approach you need to follow in these questions is that if no. of
equations is equal to the no. of unknowns then the data is sufficient
otherwise not.

Example: Is my son 12 years old?

Statement (1): Four years later, he will be 20 years younger than me

Statement (2): Now I am 20 years older than him.

Sol: This is a deceptive problem. Observe that there are two unknowns
here: Father and son and what about the no. of equations? The
information is only about one i.e. the father. Both the statements tell
about the father only, though the language is a bit tricky and thus,
there’s 1 info and two unknowns. Hence, the answer is E.

Tricks for Data sufficiency:

1. Don’t Solve the Question.
2. Attempt YES NO type questions first.

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3. Treat both the statements separately.

4. Eliminate wrong options.

Course of Action
A course of action is a guideline or administrative step initiated to
improve or solve the problem based on the information provided in the
question.
Types of Question asked:
1. Problem and Solution based
2. Fact and Improvement based
Problem and Solution based:
Points to remember:
1. It solves/reduces or minimizes the problem.
2. The solution or course of action is practically Possible.

Example:
Directions: In each question below is given a statement followed by two
courses of action numbered I and II. A course of action is a step or
administrative decision to be taken for improvement, follow up, or
further action in regard to the problem, policy etc. On the basis of the
information given in the statement. You have to assume everything in
the statement to be true, and then decide which of the two given
suggested courses of action logically follows for pursuing.

Give answer:
(a) If only I follows
(b) If only II follows
(c) If either I or II follows
(d) If neither I nor II follows
(e) If both I and II follow

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Statement:
A large number of people in Rampur city are diagnosed to be suffering
from a dengue.

Courses of Action:
I. The city municipal authority should take immediate steps to carry out
extensive fumigation in Rampur.
II. The citizens of Rampur should be advised to take proper steps to
prevent mosquito bites.

Answer
Clearly,
I. Elimination of mosquitoes
II. Prevention from mosquitoes
Both the two Courses of Action will prevent dengue and reduce the
problem. So, both the courses follow and answer is option (e).

Fact and Improvement based:

Points to remember:
1. Firstly it identifies whether the fact or situation will improve due to the
course of action mentioned.
2. Secondly it is practically possible in the real world. The statement
given in the Question.

Example:
Statement:
The teenager was arrested by police for taking drugs

Courses of Action:
I. The teenager should be imposed with a fine of 50000 Rupees..
II. The teenager should be sent to a drug rehabilitation centre
Answer: Clearly,

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I. Imposing a fine is not an assurance that teenagers will stop drugs.

II. Sending to rehabilitation centre is the right action
So, only second follows and answer is option (b)

Tricks to solve Course of Action based Questions:

Always go for impartial and personal thinking.
Make decisions in sync with the way the system and public
departments function
Existing practices are not effective Course of Action.
Our decisions and views should be impartial and Act according to
the rules of any organization.
Don’t make your individual perception.
Try to find the cause of the problem
Extreme or strict action is not a valid course of action.
The actions should always be positive.
It should solve the problem rather than complicating it.
You can analyze the course of action whether it is a Universal
truth, Personal experience or a defined logic check out for a
practical course of action.
Generally Simple problems have simple courses of action.

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23. DEDUCTIVE REASONING

What is Deductive Reasoning?
Deductive reasoning is a type of logical thinking that starts with a
general idea and reaches a specific conclusion. It's sometimes referred to
as top-down thinking or moving from the general to the specific.

Examples:
All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore, Joe is mortal.
Bachelors are unmarried men. Bill is unmarried. Therefore, Bill is a
bachelor.
Types of deductive Reasoning

Three Types of Deductive Reasoning

Syllogism.
Modus Ponens.
Modus Tollens.

1. Syllogism
Syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning where you arrive at a specific
conclusion by examining two other premises or ideas. Syllogism derives
from the Greek word syllogisms, meaning conclusion or inference.

Types of Questions asked in Syllogisms

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As such we can expect infinite types of possible cases in the Syllogism

Questions. But for the sake of convenience we will discuss the general
types which are most likely to be asked in the examinations. Following
are some of the most common types of Syllogism Questions
All A are B
In this type of questions, the first element is the subset of the second
element. Representing it by Venn diagram, the pattern consists of a circle
representing A, lying within a circle representing B.

Conclusions we get from the above pattern

Some B are A.
Some A is B.

Example: All cats are animals.

Conclusions we get from the above pattern
Some animals are cats.
Some cats are animals.

2) No A is B
In this type of question, the first element is not at all associated with the
second element. Representing it by Venn diagram, the pattern consists
of a circle representing A not intersecting the circle representing B.

Conclusions we get from the above pattern:

No B is A
Example: No cats are animals.
Conclusions we get from the above pattern:
No animals are cats.

3) Some A are B (Possibility Case)

In this type of questions, the first element has some part in common with
the second element. Representing it by Venn diagram, the pattern
consists of a circle representing A partially overlapping the circle

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representing B. The remaining portion of circle A is uncertain whether

this portion touches B or not.

Conclusions we may get from the above pattern are based on possibility
and only one or a few out of them will be following the statement.
Some A is not B
All A are B.
All B are A.
All A are B and All B are A.
Example: Some bats are cats.

Conclusions we get from the above pattern:

Some bats are not cats.
All bats are cats.
All cats are bats.
All bats are cats and All cats are bats.

Tips and Tricks to Solve Syllogism based Questions

Following are some handy tips that you should follow to solve
syllogism questions
Go through all the statements one by one.
Understand how you need to draw Venn Diagrams for each of
these statements.
Try to find out the pattern of the question.
Understand how to analyse the conclusion for each statement.
The key point you should remember is that you have to attempt
the question in a sequential manner.
This was all about tips and tricks to solve Syllogism based
questions. So try the above tips and tricks on the syllogism based
questions.

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2) Modus ponens
A mode of reasoning from a hypothetical proposition according to which
if the antecedent be affirmed the consequent is affirmed (as, if A is true,
B is true; but A is true; therefore, B is true)

The form of a modus ponens argument resembles a syllogism, with two

premises and a conclusion:
If you know P and P Q. You may write down Q.
P Premise
PQ Premise
Q Modus ponens

The first premise is a conditional ("if–then") claim, namely that P implies

Q. The second premise is an assertion that P, the antecedent of the
conditional claim, is the case. From these two premises it can be logically
concluded that Q, the consequent of the conditional claim, must be the
case as well.

Example: An example of an argument that fits the form modus ponens:

If today is Tuesday
John will go to work
Today is Tuesday

An argument can be valid but nonetheless unsound if one or more

premises are false; if an argument is valid and all the premises are true,
then the argument is sound.
It is a car. Therefore, it has wheels." (Modus Ponens - CORRECT)
It does not have wheels. Therefore, it is not a car." (Modus Tollens
- CORRECT)
It has wheels. Therefore, it is a car." (Affirming the Consequent -
INCORRECT.) ...

3) Modus Tollens
Modus Tollens is a valid argument form in propositional calculus in
which and are propositions. If implies, and is false, then. Is false. Also
known as an indirect proof or a proof by contra positive.

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Examples:
If being the king implies having a crown, not having a crown implies not
being the king.

Formula:
p→q. p. ∴ q. This form of argument is called Modus Ponens (Latin for
"mode that affirms") Note that an argument can be valid, even if one of
the premises is false.

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24. Critical Reasoning

Critical Reasoning forms a crucial part of a number of competitive
exams. Go through the essential concepts and tips to improve your score
and accuracy in critical reasoning questions.

Common Terms used in Critical Reasoning:

Argument: An argument is a set of statements, out of which, one is
conclusion, another is facts and third is assumptions and the facts
support the conclusion. In order to strengthen or weaken the argument,
one has to support or go against the unstated assumption related to the
question given.

Conclusion: Conclusion is the main point of an argument, and it is based

on facts.
Facts or premises: a premise or fact is stated evidence that supports the
conclusion.

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Assumption: An unstated / hidden fact which supports the conclusion.

Inference: An inference is something which we get or interpret from the
given statement.
In order to find conclusion or inference, we need to take out keywords
from the statement given and can fetch those keywords in the answer
options.

Strategy to handle CR questions:

1. Break the CR passage into parts:
If you are having difficulty in understanding the passage, break the
passage into various parts. Identify the conclusion, facts, and
assumptions. This will help in understanding the passage using the
structural approach for solving the passage.

2. Beware of answer choices, which are contradictory to the main

idea given in the question
Always read the question carefully, and be careful of what it is asking. For
example, if the question asks which of the following weakens the
argument, then definitely there will be one option which will strengthen
the argument. Beware of such answers, these are specially written to
confuse the students. If you are careful about this trick, you will be able
to save yourself from a lot of incorrect answers, and thereby increasing
your score.

3. Re-phrase passages into simpler words

The language given in critical reasoning passages is always tough and
confusing. Hence for your own benefit it is better to simplify the
language. That way you will understand the question better and will also
be able to break the question and get rid of the irrelevant data, which
might hinder the process of finding the correct answer.

4. Understand what is being asked

A lot of times, the students get really confused about what is being
asked in the question, thus it is imperative to understand the question,

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because of the lack of understanding; we tend to mark the wrong

answer.

Let's discuss a few examples to understand the concept better.

Critical Reasoning Questions

1. Statement/Conclusion: Chandigarh is a pleasant city.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the above
conclusion?”
I. There are many great galleries in Chandigarh.
II. Patiala has many great restaurants.

Solution: Sometimes people are confused as to whether they have to

consider if the options are true or not. You don’t have to do this. You can
assume all the options are true. You don’t have to ask yourself whether it
is actually true that Patiala has many great restaurants. It’s clear that
Option I would be the right answer, because it's the only answer that
actually applies to Chandigarh.

2. Statement: The serious accident in which a person was run down by a

car yesterday has again focused attention on the most unsatisfactory
state of roads.

Conclusions/Inference:
I. The accident that occurred was fatal
II. Several accidents have so far taken place because of the unsatisfactory
state of roads.

Solution: The answer should be both I and II as both can be concluded

or driven from the given statement. For the first conclusion the key
words are ‘run down’ and for the second conclusion the key words are
‘unsatisfactory state of roads’.

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Statements & Conclusions

Here are some quick and easy tips and tricks for you to follow to solve
Objective Reasoning questions competently in competitive exams.
1. Sometimes the statement can go against any fact or any prevailing
concept of truth.
2. The keywords like always, only, exactly, at least, and so on make the
conclusion unclear and invalid.
3. There cannot be any mutual contradiction if the statement consists of
two or more sentences.
4. The conclusion is invalid if it is provided with a specified example.
5. The words such as all, few, most, must, no, had to, will be, always, few,
never, should be, may, may not will help in analyzing valid and invalid
conclusions.

There are 2 types of questions asked in exam:

Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Statement and Conclusion: Direct
Conclusion
Question 1.
Statement:
Some people say that bad thoughts come to their mind when they try to
sleep.
Conclusion:
I. Only a few people see bad thoughts while sleeping.
II. All good thoughts come in the morning.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Correct Answer: A
Explanation:

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It is clearly mentioned in the statement that some people say that bad
thoughts come to their mind while sleeping and not all people. So, in
conclusion I follow the statement. It is not mentioned anywhere in the
sentence that only bad thoughts come in the morning. Therefore,
conclusion II does not follow the statement.

Type 2: Indirect Conclusion

Question. 2
Statement:
The recruitment committee has decided to shortlist those applicants who
have minimum 60% throughout their career. Anirudh has secured 75% in
10th and 57% in 12th standard. She graduated in the science field with
78%.

Conclusion:
I. Anirudh will be shortlisted
II. Anirudh will not be shortlisted
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Correct Answer: B
Explanation:
Anirudh scored 75% in 10th and 78% in graduation. But he scored only
57% in 12th standard. Therefore, he will not be shortlisted.

Case 1: When only conclusion I follow

Question 1.
Statement:
If Sangeeta works consistently and hard, she will definitely pass the
exam.

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Conclusion:
I. Consistency and hard work is required to pass every exam.
II. Some people can pass the exam without consistency and hard work.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
It is very clear from the statement that to pass an exam one needs to
work hard and consistently. It is not given in the statement that some
people can pass even without working hard. Therefore, the only
conclusion I follow is the statement.

Case 2: When only conclusion II follows

Question 2.
Statement:
Always consult your financial and investment advisor before investing in
securities.
Conclusion:
I. No one should invest in securities.
II. The investment advisor analyzes the market risk and advises where
and when to invest.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow
Correct Answer: B
Explanation:

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In the statement above it is clearly mentioned that one should always

consult the advisor before investing as he gives proper advice analyzing
the market risk with certainty. Nowhere in the sentence is it mentioned
that no one should invest in market security. Therefore, only conclusion II
follows.

Case 3: When neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows

Question 3.
Statement:
In India more emphasis is given to pure and basic science rather than on
engineering or technological fields.
Conclusions:
I. The production industry in India has always been neglected.
II. India is sufficiently developed in basic and pure science.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:
The statement above states that in India more emphasis is laid on pure
and basic science but it is not mentioned that India is sufficiently
developed in those fields. Therefore, conclusion II does not follow the
statement. Similarly, nothing about the production industry is mentioned
in the statement. Thus, in conclusion I do not follow the statement.

Case 4: When either conclusion 1 or 2 follows

Question 4.
Statement:
Government representative stated that “We will soon review the rule that
needs to be changed according to the public.”

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Conclusion:
I. The government will change the rules
II. The government will not change the rules
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Correct Answer: C

Explanation:
The government representative did not clearly state whether the rules
would change or not. He just stated that it will be reviewed. So, in this
situation, either of the conclusions can be determined.

Case 5: When both conclusion 1 and 2 follows

Question 5.
Statement:
Those students who do not behave properly in the class brings a bad
name to both the family and the school itself.

Conclusion:
I. The students who do not behave properly should be taught discipline
both in school and at home.
II. Students who do not behave properly in class create a bad impact on
other students.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

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Correct Answer: E

Explanation:
The statement clearly states that students with bad behavior bring bad
names to family and friends, so we can conclude that discipline should
be taught to them and they also create a bad impact on other students.

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25. Dices
There are two types of dices that are:
1.) Base Dices
2.) Open Dices

But since most of the exams focus on Base dice reasoning questions,
hence we too shall be concentrating on them only, and accordingly shall
be discussing them in detail along with the relevant rules and conditions
that go with them.

(However, we have diagrammatically presented the ordinary dice giving

a brief knowledge to the students.)
Now let’s begin with:

Tips and Tricks to solve Dice Questions

Base Dice Tips and Tricks:
It is one of the frequently used dice, which appears like a cube. Its picture
is already mentioned above. Base Dice is further categorized into two
types:
1. Standard Dice
2. Ordinary Dice

Standard Dice:
If the base numbers of two dice that are thrown randomly do not come
the same, then it will be considered a Standard Dice. It is presented in a
pictorial form for a better understanding of the students.

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In the diagram, both the base numbers are not matching, which makes it
a standard dice.
Ordinary Dice:
Unlike Standard dice, in ordinary dice the base numbers are the same,
which looks like:

Here we can see the base number of both the dice is the same, that is 3.
General Rules to be following while solving Dice questions:
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts 1:
If the same digit comes at the top (in the below case it’s 4) and both the
dices have the same surface, then the remaining surfaces of both the
dices are opposite to each other. That is 2 is opposite to 5, and 3 is
opposite to 1.
Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Dices 2:
If two dice have some common numbers, then the remaining numbers of
both the dice are opposite to each other even if their surface and top
numbers are not equal. It is better explained with the help of a diagram
mentioned:
Dices Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts 3:
In case if only one number is common in both the dice having a different
surface number, and then we’ve to rotate it in a clockwise direction to

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depict the opposite surface. It is better explained with the help of the
diagram mentioned below that is:
As per the above diagram, the base number is different, but we have
only 1 common number which is 2. Next, if we have to find out the
number opposite to 5 and 6 then we have to rotate in a clockwise
direction.
Resultant is:
After rotating the 1’st dice clockwise, first 6 appear then 5. Which
makes it clear that 6 is opposite to 4
If we rotate the 2’nd dice clockwise then, 1 is appearing. Hence we
can say that 5 is opposite to 1.
The 2’nd form of dice is the open dice whose diagram is
presented below:
Relevant examples
Both the above types of Base dices (Standard Dice and ordinary dice) are
better explained with the help of supporting examples mentioned below:
Question 1:
If two dice are thrown together then the below-mentioned position
appears. By looking at the below diagram, find out which number will be
opposite to number 4?
Options:
A. 3
B. 2
C. 5
D. 6
Answer: A
Tips and Tricks to solve Dice questions
Explanation: By looking at the diagram, it is evident that there is 1
common number that is 3 facing the same side, which makes it clear that
2 is opposite to 6 and 1 is opposite to 5. Therefore, we can say that 3 will
be opposite to 4. Therefore, option A is the correct one.

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