Biomedical Engineering “One picture is worth more Future University

4th Year than ten thousand words” Faculty of Engineering

Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Introduction to DIP
Lecture #01

Instructor:
Dr. Emtithal Ahmed
Doctor of Engineering
Email:
25/11/2021 [email protected]
Copyright by: Dr. Emtithal 1
 Course Description

Ø The influence and impact of digital images on modern society

is tremendous, and image processing is now a critical
component in science and technology.
Ø The rapid progress in computerized image reconstruction, and
the associated developments in analysis methods and
computer-aided diagnosis, has propelled imaging into one of
the most important sub-fields in scientific imaging.
Ø This text is intended for use in a first course in image
processing and analysis for final-year undergraduate or first-
year graduate students. It takes its motivation from electronic /
medical applications and uses real images and situations to
clarify concepts and to build intuition and understanding.
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 Goals And Learning Objectives
Ø Designed for final year undergraduate engineering student
who will become end users of digital image processing, since
the effective use of image processing tools is emphasized.
Ø An overview of the fundamentals of the most important
imaging modalities in use is included to provide a context, and
to illustrate how the images are produced and acquired.
Ø Through using this text, students will understand why they are
undertaking particular operations, and practical computer-
based activities will enable them to see in real time how
operations affect real images.

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 Course Contains
Lecture 01: Introduction to DIP

Lecture 02: Digital Imaging Fundamentals

Lecture 03: Image Enhancement 1: Histogram

Lecture 04: Image Enhancement 2 : Transformations

Lecture 05: Image Enhancement 3: Spatial Domain Part A

Lecture 06: Image Enhancement 4: Spatial Domain Part B

Midterm Exam Revision

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 Course Contains

Lecture 07: Image Enhancement 5: Frequency Domain

Lecture 08: Image Restoration Processing

Lecture 09: Image Segmentation Processing

Lecture 10: Image Morphological Processing

Lecture 11: Image Colour Processing 1: Colour Models

Lecture 12: Image Colour Processing 2: Artifactually Colour

Final Term Exam Revision

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 Grading Criteria

ØCourse Works 40%

ØMid Term Exam 20%

ØFinal Term Exam 40%

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 References

“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez &

Richard E. Woods, Addison-Wesley, 2002
Much of the material that follows is taken from this
book

Digital Image Processing using MATLAB. 2nd

Edition Rafael C. Gonzales, Richard E. Woods,
Steven L. Eddins. Gatesmark Publishing.

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 Lecture #01 Contents

ØWhat is a digital image?

ØWhat is digital image processing?
ØHistory of digital image processing
ØState of the art examples of digital image
processing
ØKey stages in digital image processing

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 What is a Digital Image?
Ø A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as a finite
set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

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 What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Ø Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colors, heights,
opacities etc
Ø Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene

1 pixel

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 What is a Digital Image? (cont…)

Ø Common image formats include:

– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”, a.k.a.
Opacity)

Ø For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale images

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 What is Digital Image Processing?

Ø Digital image processing focuses on two major

tasks:
1. Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
2. Processing of image data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception
Ø Some argument about where image processing
ends and fields such as image analysis and
computer vision start

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 What is DIP? (cont…)

Ø The continuum from image processing to computer vision can

be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes

In this course we will stop here

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, segmentation understanding,
sharpening autonomous navigation

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 History of Digital Image Processing

Ø Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital

imaging was in the news-paper industry

– The Bartlane cable picture

transmission service Early digital image
– Images were transferred by submarine cable between
London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at
the receiving end on a telegraph printer

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 History of DIP (cont…)

Ø Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane

system resulted in higher quality images

– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number
Improved
of tones in digital image Early 15 tone digital image
reproduced images

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 History of DIP (cont…)
Ø 1960s: Improvements in computing technology and
the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in
digital image processing

– 1964: Computers used to

improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
A picture of the moon taken by
in other space missions
the Ranger 7 probe minutes
including the Apollo landings before landing

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 History of DIP (cont…)

Ø 1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in

medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.

Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Typical head slice CAT image
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans

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 History of DIP (cont…)

Ø 1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing

techniques has exploded and they are now used for all
kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas

– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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 Examples: Image Enhancement

ØOne of the most common uses of DIPtechniques:

Improve Quality, Remove Noise

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 Examples: The Hubble Telescope

Ø Launched in 1990 the Hubble

telescope can take images of
very distant objects
Ø However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Ø Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this

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 Examples: Artistic Effects

Ø Artistic effects are used

to make images more
visually appealing, to
add special effects and
to make composite
images

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 Examples: Medicine

Ø Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find

boundaries between types of tissue
– Image with gray levels representing tissue density
– Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

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 Examples: GIS

Ø Geographic Information Systems

– Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to
manipulate satellite imagery
– Terrain classification and Meteorology

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 Examples: GIS (cont…)
Ø Night-Time Lights of the World data set
– Global inventory of human settlement
– Not hard to imagine the kind of analysis that might be done
using this data

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 Examples: Industrial Inspection

Ø Human operators are

expensive, slow and
unreliable
Ø Make machines do the
job instead
Ø Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
Ø Can we trust them?

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 Examples: PCB Inspection

Ø Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

– Machine inspection is used to determine that all components
are present and that all solder joints are acceptable
– Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used

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 Examples: Law Enforcement

Ø Image processing techniques

are used extensively by law
enforcers
– Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
– Fingerprint recognition
– Enhancement of CCTV images

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 Examples: HCI

Ø Try to make human computer

interfaces more natural
– Face recognition
– Gesture recognition
Ø Does anyone remember the user
interface from “Minority Report”?
Ø These tasks can be extremely
difficult

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 Key Stages in DIP

Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Image Aquisition
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Image Enhancement
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Image Restoration
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Segmentation Processing
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Morphological Processing
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Object Recognition
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Representation & Description
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Image Compression
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Key Stages in DIP
Colour Image Processing
Image Segmentation
Restoration Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
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 Summary

Ø We have looked at:

– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital image processing
– Key stages in digital image processing

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 Next Lecture #02

? Image
Restoration
Segmentation
Processing

Image Morphological
Enhancement Processing

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
25/11/2021 40