PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ADANI PUBLIC SCHOOL MUNDRA PREPARED BY Het dave SESSION 2022 - 23Student Details ADANI PUBLIC SCHOOL MUNDRA HET DAVE Roll No. School Roll No. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Class XII Wisterias (sci.) : I I I I I I I I I I I I I aCERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION THIS IS TO PROUDLY CERTIFY THAT Het Dawe Presently studying in Class XII Science of Adani Pubic School — Mundra, has successfully completed the PHYSICS PROJECT entitled Transformer under the guidance of Mr. Mukti Nath Singh and Mr. Rahul Kumar, during the academic year 2022-23, as the part of the curriculum and submitted for CBSE practical examination conducted by AISSCE. All the work related to project has been done by the candidate himself and the progress of the project has been continuously reported. RAHUL KUMAR SANJAY MEHTA (PHYSICS TEACHER) (PRINCIPAL) MUKTI NATH SINGH (PHYSICS TEACHER) EXTERNAL EXAMINERAcknowledgement I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr Sanjay Mehta (Principal) of Adani Public School for his encouragement and all the facilities that they provided to carry out this project work. I express my sincere thanks to Mr Mukti Nath Singh and Mr Rahul Kumar, for their guidance to the successful completion of this project. 1 take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable guidance, support, constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation. 1 can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates too, who supported and helped me to carry out this experiment work successfully. Het daveIntoduction Objective Principle Construction Theory and Working Efficiency Energy Losses Apparatus Circuit Diagram Procedure Uses of Transformer Sources of Error Conclusion Precautions BibliographyINTRODUCTION The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is astatic electrical device that transfers energy by inductivecoupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range insize from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hiddeninside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundredsof tons used in power plant substations or to interconnectportions of the power grid. All operate on the same basicprinciples, although the range of designs is wide. While newtechnologies have eliminated the need for transformers insome electronic circuits, transformers are still found inmany electronic devices. Transformers are essential forhigh-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformeris most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step up transformer. Transformer is therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low circuits.OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between the ratio of:- 1. Input and Output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer PRINCIPLE It is based on the principle of mutual inductionthat is if a varying current is set-up in a circuitthen induced e.m.f. is produced in theneighbouring circuit. The varying current in acircuit produce varying magnetic flux whichinduces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit. #1CONSTRUCTION A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 AND P2 and s1 and s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1 and p2, the primary coil and a load resistance Ris connected to s1 and s2, the secondary coilthrough an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of theprimary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, theenergy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron stripscoated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energylosses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary.And the output circuit is called secondary.THEORY AND WORKING When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good- transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dob / dt = rate of change of flux In each turn of the coil at this instant, we have Ep = -NpDoe/dt (1) Es =-NsDob/dt (2) Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get Es /Ep=-Ns/NP (3) As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E — Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m_f. further if RP is the resistance 0, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by 1=E-Ep/RpWhen the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore E-Ep=OorEp=E Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f. Hence equation 3 can be written as Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f./ input e.m.f. = Ns/Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. In a step down transformer Es< Eso K <1, hence Ns < Np If Ip = value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant t = Eplp and Output power at the same instant = Esls If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = Output power or Eplp = Esls Or Es/Ep= Ip/\s=K In a step up transformer As k> 1, so Ip> Isor Is< Ip le. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage ishigher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose incurrent in the same ratio.Similarly it can be shown, that ina step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, wegain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step Up transformer in reality steps down the current and a step down transformer steps up the current.Step Up Transformer Primary Secondary 100v 2 ‘a00V 10a ; a vue; 254A Com 1000 W Basic ideo of step up transformer Step P Down Transformer 7E ae 2000 W Basic ideo of step down transformerEFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power ie. n=output power /input power=E |/E1| Ideal transformer where there is no power loss n= 1 but in actual practice there are many power losses therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one The loas ie proportional tothe square offoad drawnENERGY LOSSES In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due toa number of reasons as explained below. 1. Loss of magnetic flux:- The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil. 2. Iron Loss:- In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core. 3. Copper Loss:- In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil. 4. Hysteresis Loss:- The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis. 5. Magneto restriction:- The alternating current in the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due toAPPARATUS Iron rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM atu! infuctance term in the prmary ‘The mautual inductance term i the the couplingPROCEDURE Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. . Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. . Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the inputvoltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeterrespectively.4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and currentthrough sland s2. . Now connect stand s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up of transformer. . Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.USES OF TRANSFORMER A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations } In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,air conditioner etc. In the induction furnaces. » Astep down transformer is used for welding purposes. >A step down transformer is used for obtaining largecurrent. >a step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. > transformers are used in voltage regulators andstabilized power supplies| Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. overlong distances. small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,loud speakers and electric bells etc.SOURCES OF ERROR values of current can be changed due to heating effect Eddy current can change the readings CONCLUSION 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondarycoil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the inputvoltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondarycoil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the inputvoltage 3.There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transforme PRECAUTION 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage 2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the AC should remain constantBIBLIOGRAPHY NCERT Textbook class 12 NCERT Physics Lab Manual class 12 www.scribd.com www.wikipedia.com