Welcome to Chapter 14: Multiple Integrals

𝜕
(𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 0
𝜕𝑥
𝑥2
Now, ∫[𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 8𝑦 2
+ 𝐶 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝐶

𝑒 𝑥𝑦 cos(3𝑥𝑦)
1) ∫[ 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + sin(3𝑥𝑦) ] 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
𝑦 3𝑦

𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦
2) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = +𝐶
4

OR

∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Understanding:

∫ ∫(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦

1 1
= ∫ ( 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
3 2
1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2
= 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦 +𝐶
3 3 2 2
1 1
= 𝑥3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥2 𝑦 2 + 𝐶
9 4
Practice:
1 1
∫ ∫(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑧 3 ] 𝑑𝑦
4 3
1 2 3 4 1 2 2 3
= 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 +𝐶
12 6

& ∫ ∫(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

 Chapter 14: Multiple Integrals

Section 14.1 Double Integrals on Rectangular Regions

Recall: Partial Derivatives

𝜕
(2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 2 − 7𝑦) = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 2  𝑦 is held as constant.
𝜕𝑥

𝜕
(2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 2 − 7𝑦) = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 14𝑥𝑦 − 7  𝑥 is held as constant.
𝜕𝑦

𝜕
(sin(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )) = 2𝑥𝑦 3 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
(sin(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 cos(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦

𝑥3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝐶
3
The partial derivatives of a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) are calculated by holding one of the variables fixed and
differentiating with respect to the other variable. Let us consider the reverse of this process, partial
integration. The symbols
𝑏 𝑑
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 and ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

denote partial definite integrals; the first integral, called the partial definite integral with
respect to 𝒙, is evaluated by holding 𝑦 fixed and integrating with respect to 𝑥, and the second
integral, called the partial definite integral with respect to 𝒚, is evaluated by holding 𝑥
fixed and integrating with respect to 𝑦.

Note that

1 1
𝑥3 1
∫ [𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑦]
2 3
= 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦
3 𝑥=0
3
0

A partial definite integral with respect to 𝑥 is a function of 𝑦 and hence can be integrated with respect to
𝑦, similarly, a partial definite integral with respect to 𝑦 can be integrated with respect to 𝑥. This two-stage
integration process is called iterated (or repeated) integration.
We introduce the following notation:
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑

∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
And

𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏

∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦.

𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

Definition (Volume Under a Surface): If 𝑓 is a function of two variables that is continuous and nonnegative
on a region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, then the volume of the solid enclosed between the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
and the region 𝑅 is defined by

𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 ; 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

𝑅

Example: 1

2 3

∫ ∫ [2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 1] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 −1

2 3

= ∫ [ ∫ [2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 1] 𝑑𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥
0 −1

2 3
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3
= ∫[ − −𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑦 =−1
0

= ∫[𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 ]3−1 𝑑𝑥
0

= ∫[(9𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 3 − 3) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 1)] 𝑑𝑥

0
 2

= ∫[8𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 3 − 4] 𝑑𝑥
0

2
8 28
= [ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥]
3 4 0

64
= − 112 − 8 − 0
3

296
=−
3

Definition: A rectangular region 𝑅 on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is given by the set

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑}.

Notice that 𝑥 = 𝑎 & 𝑥 = 𝑏 are two vertical lines and 𝑦 = 𝑐 & 𝑦 = 𝑑 are two horizontal lines.

𝑏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏
NOTE: ∫𝑎 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, always.

Example: 2 Evaluate

𝜋
2 2

∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
0 0

Solution:

𝜋
2 2

∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0

𝜋
2 2

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋
2 2
𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
= ∫ [𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥; Formula: ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶.
2𝑥 𝑦=0 𝑘
0

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
1 1
= ∫[𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 ]20 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑒 4𝑥 − 1] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0 0
 𝜋
1 𝑒 4𝑥 2 1 1 𝜋 1
= [ − 𝑥] = [ 𝑒 2𝜋 − − 𝑒 0 + 0]
2 4 0
2 4 2 4

1 2𝜋 1 1
= 𝑒 − 𝜋−
8 4 8

1 2𝜋
= [𝑒 − 2𝜋 − 1]
8

Example: 3 Evaluate

𝜋 1
1
∫ ∫ 𝑥 sin ( 𝑦𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 .
2
0 0

Solution:

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑥𝑦 1 𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑥 sin ( 𝑦𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [−2 cos ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2 − 2 cos ( )] 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 − 4.
2 2 0 2
0 0 0 0

PROPERTIES OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Recall:
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ; where 𝑎 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

It is evident intuitively that if 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is nonnegative on a region 𝑅, then subdividing 𝑅 into two
regions 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 has the effect of subdividing the solid between 𝑅 and 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) into two solids, the
sum of whose volumes is the volume of the entire solid. This suggests the following result, which holds
even if f has negative values:

1 1
𝑦𝑥 𝑥 1
𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 2 √𝑥 2 + 2 2
−1 −1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟒

𝑥
Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}.
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 −1

𝑥 2 1 𝑥
Here ∫ ∫𝑅 𝑑𝐴 = ∫1 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ;
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2 −1 √𝑥 2+𝑦 2 −1

1
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

Also, If 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 1. If 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑢 = 𝑦 2

2 1
𝑥 𝑥
∫∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ [∫ 𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1 1 0
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1

2 𝑦2 2 𝑦2 2 1 𝑦2
1 1 1 −1 1 𝑢2
= ∫[ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫[ ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑦
√𝑢 2 2 2 1
1 𝑦 2−1 1 𝑦 2 −1 1 2 𝑦2−1

= ∫ [𝑦 − √𝑦 2 − 1 ] 𝑑𝑦 ; note that √𝑦 2 = |𝑦| = 𝑦 for 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.

1

2 2
𝜋
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ √𝑦 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 ; Set 𝑦 = sec 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤
3
1 1

[𝑦 = 1: 1 = sec 𝜃 ⇒ since sec 0 = 1 , hence 𝜃 = 0 ;

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 2: 2 = sec 𝜃 ⇒ since sec 3 = 2 , hence 𝜃 = 3]

𝜋
3
2 2
𝑦
=[ ] − ∫ √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 1
0

𝜋
3
1
= (2 − ) − ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
0

𝜋
3
3
= − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 ; 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝐼
2
0
 𝜋 𝜋
3 3
3
= − ∫ [tan 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
0 0

𝜋
𝜋
3 1 3
= − [ tan2 𝜃] − [ln|sec 𝜃|]03
2 2 0

3 3
= − − ln 2 = − ln 2
2 2

Example: 5

Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 4𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) : − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3}.

Here

∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝐴
𝑅

3 1

= ∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
−2 −1

= ∫[2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 ]1−1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
−2

Example: 6

1
Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3}.

Solution: Given

1
∫∫ 𝑑𝐴
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
𝑅

3 3
1
= ∫∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
1 2
 3 3
1
= ∫ [∫ 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 ;
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2
1 2

[Set 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, if 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑢 = 2 + 𝑦, if 𝑥 = 3, then 𝑢 = 3 + 𝑦]

3 3+𝑦
1
= ∫[ ∫ 𝑑𝑢] 𝑑𝑦
𝑢2
1 2+𝑦

3 3+𝑦

= ∫ [ ∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢] 𝑑𝑦
1 2+𝑦

3
1 3+𝑦
= ∫ [− ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 2+𝑦
1

3
1 1
= ∫ [− + ] 𝑑𝑦
3+𝑦 2+𝑦
1

= [− ln|3 + 𝑦| + ln|2 + 𝑦| ]13

= − ln 6 + ln 5 + ln 4 − ln 3

= − ln 2 − ln 3 + ln 5 + 2 ln 2 − ln 3

= ln 2 − 2 ln 3 + ln 5.

Example: 7***

𝜋 𝜋
Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 [𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3 }
 14.2 Double Integral over Non-Rectangular Regions **** [Most important]

Start: (1) Evaluate

2 𝑥3

∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
0 −𝑥

Solution:

2 2
𝑥3
2 2 1
∫[2𝑥𝑦 2 ]𝑦=−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[2𝑥 7 − 2𝑥 3 ] 𝑑𝑥 = (2)8 − (2)4 = [128 − 16] = 56.
8 4 2
0 0

(2) Evaluate

2
2 𝑦
𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
0 0

Solution:
2 2
2 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑥 1
2 2 𝑥
∫∫ 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 0

1 𝑦2
2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
2 1
𝑒𝑦 2 𝑦2 𝑥 ]
= ∫[ ] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ 𝑦 𝑒 𝑑𝑦
1
0 0 0
𝑦2 𝑥=0

2 2 2

= ∫[𝑦 2 1 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 2 0]
𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 − 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1) ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦2

0 0 0

1 2 8
= (𝑒 − 1) [ 𝑦 3 ] = (𝑒 − 1).
3 0 3

Observation:

(a) In a double integral, there must be at least one boundary which is neither vertical nor horizontal
to have a non-rectangular region, that is, at least one limit will be non-constant.
(b) In a definite double integral, the most outside integral must have both limits constant.
(c) Limits of 𝑥 cannot have 𝑥 in it, and limits of 𝑦 cannot have 𝑦 in it.
 Important Notes

Type-I Integral on a Non-rectangular region

1. In 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥, the outside integral is with respect to x, and hence limits of x must be constants. We
can look for the smallest value of x from the region to find the lower limit of x and for the largest
value of x from the region to find the upper limit of x and.

2. Since the region is NON-rectangular, so at least one limit of y must be given by some function of
x. To find the limits of y, take a vertical line. The line will intersect the boundaries of the region
at two points. The boundary with the lower intersection is the lower limit of y and the boundary
with the upper intersection is the upper limit of y.

Type-II Integral on a Non-rectangular region

1. In 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, the outside integral is with respect to y, and hence limits of y must be constants. We
can look for the smallest value of y from the region to find the lower limit of y and for the largest
value of y from the region to find the upper limit of y.
 2. Since the region is NON-rectangular, so at least one limit of x must be given by some function of
y. To find the limits of x, take a horizontal line. The line will intersect the boundaries of the
region at two points. The boundary with the left intersection is the lower limit of x and the
boundary with the right intersection is the upper limit of x.

(3) Evaluate
2 1
2
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
0 𝑦
2
2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∶ Impossible to integrate with respect to 𝑥. Type-I: 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution: We need to change the type. We will use type∶ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

𝑦
Given, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = 1. That is, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑥 = 1
2

Note:

1. smallest value of 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 = 0 & largest value of 𝑥: 𝑥 = 1. So, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

2. At any arbitrary 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, the vertical line intersects the boundary 𝑦 = 0 at the bottom
and the boundary 𝑦 = 2𝑥 at the top. Hence, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥.

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 ∶ 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
 2 1 1 2𝑥
𝑥2 2
∫∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
0 𝑦 0 0
2

Complete!!

Practice: 15, 19, 22, 25 , plus few more

Observation:

(d) In a double integral, there must be at least one curve boundary to have a non-rectangular
region, that is, at least one limit will be non-constant.
(e) In a definite double integral, the most outside integral must have both limits constant.
(f) Limits of 𝑥 cannot have 𝑥 in it, and limits of 𝑦 cannot have 𝑦 in it.

 ITERATED INTEGRALS WITH NONCONSTANT LIMITS OF INTEGRATION

Applications:

(1) Finding volume using double integral 𝑉 = ∫ ∫𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴

(2) Finding area of a region 𝑅 using double integral 𝐴 = ∫ ∫𝑅 1 𝑑𝐴

DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER NONRECTANGULAR REGIONS

Type depends on the following conditions:

(1) Number of integrals, single or more

(2) Is it difficult or easy to integrate the function?
(3) Is it possible to integrate the function?

Example: 1

Evaluate

; where 𝑅 is the region on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = −𝑥,

𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:

Type -I: 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 ∶ −𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 and 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

1 𝑥2 1
1
∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 ] 𝑑𝑥 = − .
6
𝑅 0 −𝑥 0

complete !!
Example: 2

𝜋
Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 , 𝑦 = 3
and 𝑦 = 0.

Solution:

𝜋
Type-II: 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ cos 𝑦 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤
3

Hence

𝜋
3 cos 𝑦

∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 0 0

𝜋 𝜋
3 3

= ∫ [𝑥 2 𝑦]cos
0
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 cos2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0

𝜋
3
1
= ∫ 𝑦 [1 + cos(2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
2
0

𝜋
3
1
= ∫ [𝑦 + 𝑦 cos(2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
2
0

𝜋 𝜋
3 3
1 1
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦 cos(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2 2
0 0

Continue!!! Hint: evaluate the second integral using the method Integration by Parts ( section 7.2)
Example: 3

Use a double integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and the
plane
𝑧 = 4 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦.

Solution: Given

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦.

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 − 𝐼: 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 → 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 2𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. Here 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦.

Volume of the region,

1 2−2𝑥

𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ (4 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 0 0
Example: 4 (homework)

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and the planes 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 and
𝑧 = 0.

Solution: ???
Example: 5 [Evaluate it by type-I and Type-II]

Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 (2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2.

Solution: Type-II 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦: 1 − 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 − 1, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3

Type-I 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥: (1) If − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0, then − 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3,

(2) If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, then 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3,

Please complete!!
REVERSING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

Sometimes the evaluation of an iterated integral can be simplified by reversing the order of
integration. The next example illustrates how this is done.

Practice Example:

Evaluate ∫ ∫𝑅 (2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 ; where 𝑅 is given by the shaded region below:

a) b)

c) d)
 14.3 DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

In this section we will study double integrals in which the integrand and the region of integration are
expressed in polar coordinates. Such integrals are important for two reasons: first, they arise naturally in
many applications, and second, many double integrals in rectangular coordinates can be evaluated more
easily if they are converted to the polar coordinates.
 An overview of polar coordinates can be found in Section 10.2.

SIMPLE POLAR REGIONS

A region 𝑅 in a polar coordinate system that is enclosed between two rays, 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽, and two
polar curves, 𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) and 𝑟 = 𝑟2 (𝜃). If, as shown in the figure, the functions 𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) and 𝑟 =
𝑟2 (𝜃) are continuous and their graphs do not cross, then the region 𝑅 is called a simple polar region. If
𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) is identically zero, then the boundary 𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) reduces to a point (the origin), and the region
has the general shape shown in Figure (b). If, in addition, 𝛽 = 𝛼 + 2𝜋, then the rays coincide, and the
region has the general shape shown in Figure (c). The following definition expresses these geometric ideas
algebraically.
A polar rectangle is a simple polar region for which the bounding polar curves are circular arcs. For
example, the Figure below shows the polar rectangle 𝑅 given by

𝜋 𝜋
1.5 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2, 6
≤ 𝜃 ≤4.

DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES

The volume problem in polar coordinates
Given a function 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) that is continuous and nonnegative on a simple polar region 𝑅, find the volume
of the solid that is enclosed between the region 𝑅 and the surface whose equation in cylindrical
coordinates is 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)

Applications:

(1) Finding volume using double integral 𝑉 = ∫ ∫𝑅 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑑𝐴

(2) Finding area of a region 𝑅 using double integral 𝐴 = ∫ ∫𝑅 1 𝑑𝐴

where 𝑅 is a polar region and 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃, that is, 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃. Here 𝑟 is the
Jacobian (We will study Jacobian in Section 14.7) which is caused by the change of variables.

EVALUATING POLAR DOUBLE INTEGRALS

Determining Limits of Integration for a Polar Double Integral: Simple Polar Region
Step 1. Since 𝜃 is held fixed for the first integration, draw a radial line from the origin through the region
𝑅 at a fixed angle 𝜃 (Figure (a)). This line crosses the boundary of 𝑅 at most twice. The innermost point
of intersection is on the inner boundary curve 𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) and the outermost point is on the outer
boundary curve 𝑟 = 𝑟2 (𝜃). These intersections determine the 𝑟 −limits of integration in (7).

Step 2. Imagine rotating the radial line from Step 1 about the origin, thus sweeping out the region 𝑅. The
least angle at which the radial line intersects the region 𝑅 is 𝜃 = 𝛼 and the greatest angle is 𝜃 = 𝛽
(Figure (b)). This determines the 𝜃 −limits of integration.
Example 1
𝜋 1−sin 𝜃
Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Solution:

Example 2
Use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the rose 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜃).
Solution:
Example 3
Use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the region inside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
and to the right of the line 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:

Example 4
Evaluate
2 +𝑦 2 )
∫ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝐴 ;
𝑅
where 𝑅 is the region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

Solution:

Example 5
Evaluate

∫ ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 ;
𝑅

where 𝑅 is the region in the first quadrant that is outside the circle 𝑟 = 2 and inside the cardioid
𝑟 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃).
Solution:
Example 6
The sphere of radius 𝑎 centered at the origin is expressed in rectangular coordinates as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =
𝑎2 , and hence its equation in cylindrical coordinates is 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 . Use this equation and a polar
double integral to find the volume of the sphere.

CONVERTING DOUBLE INTEGRALS FROM RECTANGULAR TO POLAR COORDINATES

Sometimes a double integral that is difficult to evaluate in rectangular coordinates can be evaluated more
easily in polar coordinates by making the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 and expressing the
region of integration in polar form; that is, we rewrite the double integral in rectangular coordinates as
Example 7
√1−𝑥 2 3
1
Evaluate the integral ∫−1 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Example 8
Evaluate the integral
1 √𝑦
1
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 𝑦

Solution:

Example 9
Evaluate
∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ;
𝑅
𝑅 is the region in the first quadrant that is bounded above by the circle (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and below
by the line𝑦 = 𝑥.
 14.5 TRIPLE INTEGRALS

DEFINITION OF A TRIPLE INTEGRAL

A single integral of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined over a finite closed interval on the 𝑥 −axis, and a double
integral of a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is defined over a finite closed region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane. Our first goal in this
section is to define what is meant by a triple integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over a closed solid region 𝐺 in an
𝑥𝑦𝑧 −coordinate system. To ensure that 𝐺 does not extend indefinitely in some direction, we will assume
that it can be enclosed in a suitably large box whose sides are parallel to the coordinate planes (see the
Figure below). In this case we say that 𝐺 is a finite solid.

ROPERTIES OF TRIPLE INTEGRALS

 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
Recall: For 𝑎 ≤ 𝑐 ≤ 𝑏: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥) + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGULAR BOXES

NOTE: 𝒅𝑽 = 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝑨 = 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 in any order.

Note:
𝑙

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ [∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝐴 ; 𝑅 → Rectangular region.

𝐺 𝑅 𝑘

Formula:
cos(𝑘𝑧)
∫ sin(𝑘𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = − +𝐶
𝑘
Example 1 Evaluate the triple integral

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑉.
𝐺
𝜋
over the rectangular box 𝐺 defined by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 6 .

Solution:

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐺
𝜋
𝜋 1 6

= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝜋
𝜋 1 6

= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
[ ]
𝜋
𝜋 1 − cos(𝑦𝑧) 6
= ∫0 ∫0 [𝑥𝑦 𝑦
] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋 1 𝜋 1
𝜋
6
𝜋
= ∫ ∫[−𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧)]𝑧=0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [−𝑥 cos ( 𝑦) + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
6
0 0 0 0
𝜋 1
𝜋 sin( 𝑦)
6
= ∫0 [−𝑥 𝜋 + 𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑦=0
𝜋 6 𝜋
= ∫0 [− 𝜋 𝑥 sin ( 6 ) + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6 1
= ∫ [− 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
0
𝜋 𝜋
3 3
= ∫ [− 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (− + 1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
0 0
3 𝜋
= (1 − 𝜋 ) ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3 𝑥2 𝜋2 3 𝜋2 1 𝜋
= (1 − ) [ ] = (1 − ) = (𝜋 − 3) = (𝜋 − 3) .
𝜋 2 0 2 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
Example 2 (a) Evaluate the triple integral
3 𝑥 2 ln 𝑧

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑥 0

Solution:
3 𝑥2 ln 𝑧 3 𝑥2 3 𝑥2

∫ ∫ [ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑒 𝑦 ]ln 𝑧

0 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [𝑥 𝑒
ln 𝑧
− 𝑥𝑒 0 ]𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 ; note: 𝑒 ln 𝑧 = 𝑧.
1 𝑥 0 1 𝑥 1 𝑥

3 𝑥2 3 𝑥2
𝑥𝑧 2
= ∫ ∫ [𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑥]𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ − 𝑥𝑧] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
1 𝑥 1
3 3
3
1 1 1 3 1 3 1 118
= ∫ [ 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 ] =
2 2 2 2 12 8 3 1 3
1 1
𝑦 ln 𝑦
[𝑧 = 𝑒 , 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 : 𝑒 = 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 𝑦 ; 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥))]

(b) Evaluate the triple integral

2 𝑥2 𝑒𝑧
𝑥𝑧
∫∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥.
𝑦
1 0 1

Solution:
2 𝑥2 𝑒𝑧 2 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
𝑥𝑧 𝑧
∫∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [ 𝑥𝑧 [ln|𝑦|]1𝑒 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑧(ln 𝑒 𝑧 − ln 1)] 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 𝑥2

= ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑧 2 ] 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 ; ln 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑧 ln 𝑒 = 𝑧 (1) = 𝑧

1 0
2 2 2
𝑥
1 1
= ∫ [ 𝑥 𝑧 3 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
3 0 3
1 1
2
1 1 1 255 85
= [ 𝑥8 ] = [28 − 1] = =
3 8 1 24 24 8
Trick: If the function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) and if all the limits of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are independent (constant), then
we can write
𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏

∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ) (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥).

𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

Here ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 cos 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑔(𝑦) = cos 𝑦

For example,
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 4 1

∫ ∫ 𝑥 3 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥).

0 0 0 0
( )

Example 3 Evaluate the triple integral

𝜋
4 1 𝑥2

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
0 0 0

Solution:
𝜋
4 1 𝑥2

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0 0
𝜋
4 1 𝑥2

= ∫ ∫ [∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

0 0 0
𝜋
4 1
2
= ∫ ∫[(𝑥 cos 𝑦) 𝑧]0𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 4 1
3
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥)
0 0 0 0
( )
𝜋 1
1 1 𝜋 √2
= [sin 𝑦]04 [ 𝑥 4 ] = (sin ) = .
4 0 4 4 8
EVALUATING TRIPLE INTEGRALS OVER MORE GENERAL SOLIDS
Here we will consider how triple integrals can be evaluated over solids that are not rectangular
boxes.

Recall that the projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is a 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼 or 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐼 region 𝑅. In addition, we
will assume that 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous on 𝑅 and that 𝑔1 (𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥, 𝑦) on 𝑅.
Geometrically, this means that the surfaces may touch but cannot cross. We call a solid of this type a
simple 𝒙𝒚 −solid.
Example 4 Let 𝐺 be the wedge in the first octant that is cut from the cylindrical solid 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1 by
the planes 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 0. Evaluate

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑉.
𝐺

Solution: Given that the solid 𝐺 is in the first octant that is cut from the cylindrical solid 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1
by the planes 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 0.
In the first octant 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑧 ≥ 0.

From 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 we get 𝑧 = ±√1 − 𝑦 2 . That is, 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑦 2 . Hence 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √1 − 𝑦 2 .

The projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is region 𝑅: Set 𝑧 = 0. Then we get
𝑦 2 = 1, that is, in the first quadrant 𝑅: 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥=0.
Now, 𝑦 ≥ 0 & 𝑦=1 ⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Hence , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦.
𝑹: 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = 𝟎.

Type-II 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦: Limits of 𝑥 and 𝑦: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦. Also, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √1 − 𝑦 2 .

√1−𝑦 2 1 𝑦 √1−𝑦
2

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ [ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ] 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ [ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ; here we have 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 − II

𝐺 𝑅 0 0 0 0

1 𝑦
1 √1−𝑦 2
= ∫ ∫ [ 𝑧 2 ]0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
0 0
1 𝑦 1
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫[(1 − 𝑦 2 )𝑥]0𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
0 0 0
 1
1
= ∫(𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
2
0

1 1 1
= [ − ]−0
2 2 4
1
=
8

Note that, in type-I: Limits of 𝑥 and 𝑦: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.

2
1 1 √1−𝑦
1
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ [ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = .
8
𝐺 0 𝑥 0

Example 5 Let 𝐺 be the solid in the first octant that is bounded by the parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 2 and
by the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0. Evaluate

∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉.
𝐺

Solution: Given that the solid is in the first octant that is bounded by the parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 2
and by the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 0.
We get 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑥2 .
Projection on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane: ( set 𝑧 = 0) 𝑅: 𝑦 = 𝑥, 3 − 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, that is,
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = √3, 𝑦 = 0

Hence, we have (Type − I: ) 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √3 .

 √3 𝑥 3−𝑥 2 √3 𝑥 3−𝑥 2
𝑧2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝐺 0 0 0 0 0

√3 𝑥
1
= ∫ ∫[𝑥𝑦 (3 − 𝑥 2 )2 − 0] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

√3 𝑥
1
= ∫ ∫[𝑥𝑦(9 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

√3 𝑥
1
= ∫ ∫[𝑥(9 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

√3 𝑥
1 𝑦2
= ∫ [𝑥(9 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) ] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0
0

√3
1
= ∫ 𝑥 3 (9 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
4
0

√3
1
= ∫ (9𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 5 + 𝑥 7 ) 𝑑𝑥
4
0

1 9 4 6 6 1 8 √3
= [ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 ]
4 4 6 8 0

1 9 81 1 3(81) 27(8) 27
= [ (9) − 27 + ] = [ − ]=
4 4 8 4 8 8 32

Note that we have (Type − II: ) 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ √3, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √3 .

VOLUME CALCULATED AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL

Volume of the solid 𝐺 using triple integral:

𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑉.
𝐺
INTEGRATION IN OTHER ORDERS

Example 6 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the coordinate
planes and the plane 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12. ← 3𝐷, 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −space
Solution: Given 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 12
3 2
𝑧 = 3− 𝑥− 𝑦
4 3
Projection: 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12. 2𝐷 ← 𝑥𝑦 −plane, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
On the 𝑥 − axis 𝑦 = 0: 3𝑥 = 12. ← 1𝐷 (Real line)
3 2 1
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 𝑥, 0≤𝑥≤4
4 3 2

𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑉
𝐺

Complete!
Example 7 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface 𝑧 = √𝑦 and by
the planes 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑧 = 0.

𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑉
𝐺

Solution:
Projection: Set 𝑧 = 0: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √𝑦 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 − 𝑥, 0≤𝑥≤4
Projection R: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0

Please practice few more exercises from the given list

 Section 14.6 : Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Note:

1. Triple integral on rectangular box -> 3rd integral + 14.1

2. Triple integral on non-rectangular solid -> 3rd integral + 14.2 (or 14.1)
3. Triple integral in Cylindrical coordinates -> 3rd integral + 14.3

Cylindrical Coordinates ( 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧).

Cylindrical coordinates are a simple extension of the two-dimensional polar coordinates to three
dimensions. Recall that the position of a point in the plane can be described using polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃).
The polar coordinate 𝑟 is the distance of the point from the origin. The polar coordinate 𝜃 is the angle
between the 𝑥-axis and the line segment from the origin to the point.

Cylindrical coordinates simply combine the polar coordinates in the 𝑥𝑦-plane with the usual 𝑧 coordinate
of Cartesian coordinates. To form the cylindrical coordinates of a point 𝑃, simply project it down to a
point 𝑄 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane (see the below figure). Then, take the polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃) of the point 𝑄,
i.e., 𝑟 is the distance from the origin to 𝑄 and 𝜃 is the angle between the positive 𝑥-axis and the line
segment from the origin to 𝑄. The third cylindrical coordinate is the same as the usual 𝑧-coordinate. It is
the signed distance of the point 𝑃 from the 𝑥𝑦-plane (being negative is 𝑃 is below the 𝑥𝑦-plane). The
below figure illustrates the cylindrical coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) of the point 𝑃.

𝑥𝑦 −plane: (𝑥, 𝑦) and Polar (𝑟, 𝜃).

Relation Between Rectangular (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and Cylindrical (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) coordinates:

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧.
𝑦
tan−1 if (𝑥, 𝑦) is in Quadrant 𝐼 or 𝐼𝑉
𝑥
And 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 2
or 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 2 2
𝜃= { −1 𝑦
, 𝑧 = 𝑧,
𝜋 + tan 𝑥 if (𝑥, 𝑦) is in Quadrant 𝐼𝐼 or 𝐼𝐼𝐼

where 𝑟 ≥ 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 𝑧 is any real number.

Recall that 𝑟 is the Jacobian for the change of variables from rectangular to polar. That is,

𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝐴.

So 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃. That is, 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

Theorem: 1 Let G be a solid region whose upper surface has the equation 𝑧 = 𝑔2 (r, 𝜃) and whose lower
surface has the equation 𝑧 = 𝑔1 (r, 𝜃) in cylindrical coordinates. If the projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦-
plane is a simple polar region 𝑅, and if 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) is continuous on G, then

𝑔2 (r,𝜃)

∭ 𝑓 (r, 𝜃, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ [ ∫ 𝑓 (r, 𝜃, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝐴 ;

𝐺 𝑅 𝑔1 (r,𝜃)

where the double integral over 𝑅 is evaluated in polar coordinates. If the projection 𝑅 is bunded by the
rays 𝜃 = 𝜃1 and 𝜃 = 𝜃2 with 𝜃1 ≤ 𝜃2 and by the polar curves 𝑟 = 𝑟1 (𝜃) and 𝑟 = 𝑟2 (𝜃) with
𝑟1 (𝜃) ≤ 𝑟2 (𝜃), that is,

𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃): 𝜃1 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜃2 and r1 (𝜃) ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟2 (𝜃)},

then

𝑔2(r,𝜃) 𝑟2(𝜃) 𝑔2(r,𝜃)

𝜃2
∭ 𝑓 (r, 𝜃, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ [ ∫ 𝑓(r, 𝜃, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (r, 𝜃, 𝑧) ∙ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃.
𝜃1
𝐺 𝑅 𝑔1(r,𝜃) 𝑟1 (𝜃) 𝑔1 (r,𝜃)

Determining Limits of Integration: Cylindrical Coordinates

Step 1. Identify the upper surface 𝑧 = 𝑔2 (r, 𝜃) and the lower surface 𝑧 = 𝑔1 (r, 𝜃) of the solid. The
functions 𝑔1 (r, 𝜃) and 𝑔2 (r, 𝜃) determine the 𝑧-limits of integration. (If the upper and lower surfaces are
given in rectangular coordinates, convert them to cylindrical coordinates.)

Step 2. Make a two-dimensional sketch of the projection 𝑅 of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦-plane. From this sketch
the 𝑟 and 𝜃 limits of integration may be obtained exactly as with double integrals in polar coordinates.
Theorem: 2

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑓 (r cos 𝜃 , r sin 𝜃, 𝑧) ∙ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 .

𝐺 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠

Theorem: 3 Volume of a Solid G using triple integral is given by

𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 .
𝐺

Exercise: 1

Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and the plane 𝑧 = 9.

Solution:

𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 … … … (1)
𝐺

Steps:

1) Convert the equation of the surfaces in cylindrical coordinates

2) Find limits of 𝑧 from surfaces

3) Take the projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, and the projection would be a simple polar region.

4) Apply change of variables, use Jacobian

Upper surface: 𝑧 = 9

Lower surface: 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , that is, z = r 2 . So, we get 𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 9.

The intersection of the paraboloid and the plane is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.

The projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane is the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9.

If 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9, then we get 𝑟 = 3.

So, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 and 𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 9 ∶

3 9 3 9 3
𝜋2 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫ [ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫[𝑟𝑧]9𝑟2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
𝐺 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟2 0

2𝜋 3 2
=∫ ∫ [𝑟(9 − 𝑟 )]𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0

2𝜋 3
81
=∫ ∫ [9𝑟 − 𝑟 3 ]𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋 unit 3
0 0 2

Exercise: 1 (recalled)

Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and the plane 𝑧 = 9.

Exercise : 2

ℎ
Find the volume of the solid enclosed between the cone 𝑧= 𝑟 and the plane 𝑧 = ℎ, where
𝑎

ℎ and 𝑎 > 0 are constants.

[Note that upper and lower surface depends on the sign of ℎ]

Solution: Assume that ℎ > 0.

 ℎ𝑟
If that ℎ > 0, upper surface: 𝑧 = ℎ and lower surface: 𝑧 =
𝑎

ℎ𝑟
So, we get ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ℎ.
𝑎

ℎ𝑟
Intersection of the cone with the plane: 𝑎
= ℎ, that is, 𝑟 = 𝑎.

The projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 − plane is the disk 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎.

So, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑎 ℎ
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑎 ℎ𝑟
𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ∫ [𝑟 (ℎ − )] 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
𝑎
𝐺 0 ℎ𝑟
𝑎

2𝜋 𝑎
ℎ 2 ℎ𝑎2 ℎ𝑎2
=∫ ∫ [ℎ𝑟 − 𝑟 ] 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∙ 2𝜋 = 𝜋 unit 3
0 0 𝑎 6 3

Exercise: 3 Evaluate

√4−𝑦 2 √8−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 .
0
0 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution: Difficult to evaluate in Rectangular Coordinates, so change of coordinates is needed.

Let’s work in Cylindrical coordinate System:

Given, √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √8 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √4 − 𝑦 2 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.

Notice that, √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √8 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 implies 𝑟 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √8 − 𝑟 2 .

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √4 − 𝑦 2 ∶ 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 ⇒The right half of the

circle.

The right half of the circle and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 → The quarter circle in the 1st Quadrant.
Here, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √4 − 𝑦 2 gives us the right half of the disk and [ 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √4 − 𝑦 2 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2]
𝜋
give us the quarter disk in the first quadrant. So, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2 and 0≤ 𝜃 ≤2.

Hence,

√4−𝑦 2 √8−𝑥 2−𝑦 2 𝜋 2 √8−𝑟2

2
2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 2 ∙ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 0
0 √𝑥 2+𝑦 2 0 𝑟

𝜋 3
1 2
= 3 ∫02 ∫0 𝑟 [(8 − 𝑟 2 )2 − 𝑟 3 ] 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
1 2 3 1 2
= ∫ ∫(8 − 𝑟 2 )2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 − ∫ ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
3 0 3 0
0 0

𝜋 2
1 2 3 11 5 𝜋
= ∫ ∫ 𝑟(8 − 𝑟 2 )2 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 − 2
3 0 35 2
0

1
[ set 𝑢 = 8 − 𝑟 2 , then − 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟, if 𝑟 = 0, then 𝑢 = 8 and if 𝑟 = 2, then 𝑢 = 4. ]

𝜋 4
1 2 1 3 16
= ∫ ∫ (− ) 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜃 − 𝜋
3 0 2 15
8

𝜋 3 5 8 𝜋
1 8 16 1 2 16
= 6 ∫02 ∫4 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜃 − 15 𝜋 =6 5
[𝑢2 ] ∙ [𝜃]02 − 15 𝜋
4
 1 5 𝜋 16
= [(2√2) − 25 ] ∙ − 𝜋
15 2 15

𝜋 𝜋 64𝜋 32𝜋
= [32 ∙ 4√2 − 32 − 32] = [128√2 − 64] = [2√2 − 1] = [2√2 − 1].
30 30 30 15

Example: 4

2 2 2
Find the volume of the solid G bounded above by the sphere 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 16 and below by the cone

𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

Solution: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16

⇒ 𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16

⇒ 𝑧 2 = 16 − 𝑟 2

⇒ 𝑧 = ± √16 − 𝑟 2 , that is 𝑧 = √16 − 𝑟 2 .

𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟.

We get, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √16 − 𝑟 2

Intersection: 𝑟 = √16 − 𝑟 2 ⇒ 2𝑟 2 = 16 , that is, 𝑟 = 2√2

The projection is a disk of radius 𝑟 = 2√2 .

 2√2 √16−𝑟2
2𝜋
𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0
𝐺 0 𝑟

Complete!

Please practice few more exercises from the given list of practice exercises!!!

Observation:

√4−𝑦 2 √8−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0
0 √𝑥 2+𝑦 2

√4−𝑦 2
1 2 3 3
= ∫ ∫ [(√8 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 0
0

√4−𝑦 2
1 2 3 3
= ∫ ∫ [(8 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 0
0

√4−𝑦 2 3
1 2 2
2
2 3
= ∫ ∫ [((√8 − 𝑦2) −𝑥 ) − (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 0
0

√4−𝑦 2 3 √4−𝑦 2
1 2 2 2
2 3
= ∫ ∫ ((√8 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − ∫ ∫ (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ;
3 0 0
0 0

1𝑠𝑡 : 𝑥 = √8 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝜃 and 2nd : 𝑥 = 𝑦 tan 𝜃 .

Complete!
 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑).

Spherical coordinates determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space based on the
distance 𝜌 from the origin and two angles 𝜃 and 𝜑.

Lets the point 𝑃 is given by the spherical coordinates 𝑃 = (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑). Here,
𝜌 = The distance of the point from the origin (3D), which is the radius of a Sphere.
𝜃 = The same angle as the angle 𝜃 from polar coordinates (in 2D).
𝜑 = 𝜑 is the angle in 𝟑 − dimension which is the angle between the positive 𝑧 −axis and the line
𝜋
(chord) from the origin to the point 𝑃. 𝜑 = 4
is cone.

Spherical coordinates are defined as indicated in the following figure, which illustrates the spherical
coordinates of the point 𝑃.

𝑃 = (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) = (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)= (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑄 = (𝑟, 𝜃, 0) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 0)

Illustration of the definition of the spherical coordinates 𝜌, 𝜃 and 𝜑 of a point 𝑃. The coordinate 𝜌 is
the distance from 𝑃 to the origin. If the point 𝑄 is the projection of 𝑃 to the 𝑥𝑦-plane, then 𝜃 is the
angle between the positive 𝑥 −axis and the line from the origin to 𝑄. Lastly, 𝜑 is the angle between the
positive 𝑧 − axis and the line segment from the origin to 𝑃.

Relationship between Spherical and Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinates

We can calculate the relationship between the Cartesian coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) of the point 𝑃 and its
spherical coordinates (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) using trigonometry. The pink triangle above is the right triangle whose
vertices are the origin, the point 𝑃, and its projection onto the 𝑧 −axis. As the length of the hypotenuse
is 𝜌 and 𝜑 is the angle that the hypotenuse makes with the 𝑧 −axis leg of the right triangle,
the 𝑧 −coordinate of 𝑃 (i.e., the height of the triangle) is 𝒛 = 𝝆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋. The length of the other leg of the
right triangle is the distance from 𝑃 to the 𝑧 −axis, which is 𝒓 = 𝝆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋. The distance of the point 𝑄 from
the origin is the same quantity.

Relation between Cylindrical and Shperical coordinates systems:

𝑟 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 , 𝜃 = 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 .

The cyan triangle, shown in both the original 3D coordinate system on the left and in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane on
the right, is the right triangle whose vertices are the origin, the point 𝑄, and its projection onto
the 𝑥 −axis. In the right plot, the distance from 𝑄 to the origin, which is the length of hypotenuse of the
right triangle, is labeled just as 𝑟. As 𝜃 is the angle that this hypotenuse makes with the 𝑥 −axis, the 𝑥 −
and 𝑦 −components of the point 𝑄 (which are the same as the 𝑥 − and 𝑦 −components of the point 𝑃)
are given by 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. Since 𝑟 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, these components can be rewritten as
𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃. In summary, the formulas for Cartesian (Rectangular)
coordinates in terms of spherical coordinates are
𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃
and 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑
Note that 𝜌 ≥ 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 𝜋.
𝑧
𝜌 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝜃 = 𝜃, 𝜑 = cos−1 ( ) .
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Can you see why we only need 𝜑 to go up to 𝜋?
These restrictions removed much of the non-uniqueness of spherical coordinates. Notice there is still
non-uniqueness at 𝜌 = 0, 𝜑 = 0 and 𝜑 = 𝜋. When any of these conditions are true, you can
change the value of one or more of the other coordinates without moving the point.
We have the followings:
𝜌 = constant ∶ A Sphere with center at the origin (0, 0, 0) and radius 𝜌.
𝜃 = constant ∶ A ray on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane and a half-plane off the 𝑧 −axis in 3 − dimension.
𝜑 = constant = 𝑐 ∶ A single (half) cone, pointing either upward or downward.
𝜋
If you know that 𝜑 = , then you know the point is somewhere on a (wide) single cone that opens
3
𝜋
upward, i.e., the equation 𝜑 = 3
specifies a surface that is a single cone opening upward. The
𝜋
equation 𝜑 = 2
corresponds to the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.

𝜋
𝜑 = 0 → Positive 𝑧 −axis ; 𝜑 = 𝜋 → Negative 𝑧 −axis ; 𝜑= 2
→ 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
Jacobian: The Jacobian to change the variables from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates is

𝑱𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒃𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝒓𝝆 = 𝝆𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋,
that is, we have
𝒅𝑽 = 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 = 𝝆𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝒅𝝆𝒅𝝋𝒅𝜽.

Theorem: 1

∭ 𝑓 (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑓(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) ∙ 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃 .

𝐺 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠

Theorem: 2

∭ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑓 (𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 , 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃, 𝜌 cos 𝜑 ) ∙ 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃 .

𝐺 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠

Theorem: 3 Volume of a Solid G using triple integral is given by

𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 .
𝐺

Trick: If the function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) and if all the limits of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are independent (constant), then
we can write
𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏

∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (∫ 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 ) (∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥).

𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

For example,
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 4 1
3
∫ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥).
0 0 0 0
( )
Exercise : 1

Using Spherical Coordinates, find the volume of the solid G bounded above by the sphere

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 and below by the cone 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

Solution:

Steps:

1. Sketch the solid

2. Convert the equations of the surfaces to Spherical coordinates

3. Find limits, don’t forget Jacobian

[ 𝜌 = constant ∶ A Sphere with center at the origin (0, 0, 0) and radius 𝜌 → 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝜌2

→ 𝜌 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ]

The upper surface:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16

⇒ 𝜌2 = 42 ; 𝜌 ≥ 0.

That is, the upper surface: 𝜌 = 4.

The lower surface:

𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟 ; Note: 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑟 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑

⇒ 𝜌 cos 𝜑 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 ⇒ 𝜌 cos 𝜑 − 𝜌 sin 𝜑 = 0 ⇒ 𝜌(cos 𝜑 − sin 𝜑) = 0 ⇒ 𝜌 = 0, cos 𝜑 = sin 𝜑

⇒ 𝜌 = 0, tan 𝜑 = 1

𝜋
Lower surface: 𝜑 = .
4

optional: [To find the intersection point:

2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 16

⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 8 ]

2 2
Thus, the projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is the disk 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 8

𝜋
Now, 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 4, 0≤𝜑≤ and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
4

Hence the volume of the solid,

𝜋
4 4
2𝜋
𝑉 = ∭ 1 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 1 ∙ 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
0
𝐺 0 0

𝜋
4 4
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝜌3 43 64 𝜋
=∫ ∫[ ] sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [− cos 𝜑 ]04 𝑑𝜃 = [− cos + cos 0] [ 𝜃 ]2𝜋
0
0 3 0 3 0 3 4
0

64 1 64𝜋
= [1 − ] ∙ 2𝜋 = [2 − √2] 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3
3 √2 3

Trick:

𝜋
4 4 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋 4
4
∫ ∫ ∫ 1 ∙ 𝜌 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃 = (∫ 1 𝑑𝜃) (∫ sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑 ) (∫ 𝜌2 𝑑𝜌 )
2
0 0 0 0
0 0

𝜋 4
𝜌3 64 1 64𝜋
= [ 𝜃 ]2𝜋
0 [− cos 𝜑 ]04 [
3
] =
3
[1 − ] ∙ 2𝜋 = 3
[2 − √2] 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 3
0 √2
Exercise : 2 [Similar to Exercise : 1]

𝜋
Find the volume of the solid bounded above by the sphere 𝜌 = 4 and below by the cone 𝜑 = .
3

[ Exercise : 1 Find the volume of the solid G bounded above by the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 and below

by the cone 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . ]

Exercise: 3

𝜋
Find the volume of the solid which is bounded within the cone 𝜑 = 4
and between the spheres 𝜌 = 1

and 𝜌 = 2.

𝜋
Now, 1 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 2, 0≤𝜑≤ and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
4

Note that the projection is a disk.

𝜋
4 2
2𝜋
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ 1 ∙ 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
0
0 1
Exercise: 4 Evaluate

√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

1 3
2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
−1
0 0

Solution: Given

0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Here, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 gives the upper half of the solid sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 since 𝑧 ≥ 0.

[𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and 𝑧 ≥ 0]

The projection of the upper half solid sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1 on 𝑥𝑦 −plane is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1.

On the disk 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, we get the upper half-circle by using 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

The projection of the solid on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is a disk. So, we have

𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 1, 0≤𝜑≤ and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
2

Hence,

2 2
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 −𝑦
1 3
2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
−1
0 0

𝜋
2 1
𝜋 3
2 )2
=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −(𝜌 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
0
0 0
 𝜋
2 1
𝜋
3
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −𝜌 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
0
0 0

1
[Set 𝑢 = 𝜌3 , then 3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝜌2 𝑑𝜌. Also, 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1]

𝜋
2 1
𝜋
1
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
0 3
0 0

𝜋
2
𝜋
1
= ∫ ∫[−𝑒 −𝑢 ]10 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
3 0
0

𝜋
2
1 1 𝜋
= (1 − ) ∫ ∫ sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃
3 𝑒 0
0

𝜋
1 1
= (1 − ) ∙ [− cos 𝜑 ]02 [𝜃 ]𝜋0
3 𝑒
1 1
= (1 − ) ∙ (0 + 1) ∙ 𝜋
3 𝑒
𝜋
= 3𝑒
(𝑒 − 1).

Trick:

𝜋
2 1 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 1
2
−𝜌3 3
∫ ∫∫𝑒 𝜌 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝜃 = (∫ 1 𝑑𝜃 ) (∫ sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑) (∫ 𝑒 −𝜌 𝜌2 𝑑𝜌)
2
0 0 0 0
0 0

Exercise: 5 Homework

Evaluate

√9−𝑦 2 √9−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

3
∫ ∫ ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
−3
−√9−𝑦 2 −√9−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

NOTE: Please few more exercises from the list.

Here the integral

√9−𝑦 2 √9−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

3
∫ ∫ ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
−3
−√9−𝑦 2 −√9−𝑥 2−𝑦 2

 The solid is the whole Sphere of radius 3.

 Section 14.7: Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals: Jacobian

1. Change of Variables in a Single Integral [𝒖 −substitution]

∫ √4 + 9𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
1
Now, set 𝑢 = 4 + 9𝑦. Then 𝑑𝑢 = 9𝑑𝑦, that is, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 and 13 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 22. Hence,
9
1
2 22 1 1
∫1 √4 + 9𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫13 𝑢2 9
𝑑𝑢 = 27 [22 √22 − 13√13]
1 1
Note: 𝑑𝑦 = 9
𝑑𝑢. Here, 9
is the Jacobian.

2. Transformations of the Planes:

Let 𝑇 be a transformation from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane given by 𝑇 (𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)), that is,
𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣), where (𝑥, 𝑦) is the image of (𝑢, 𝑣) under the transformation 𝑇. The set
𝑅 of all images in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane of a set 𝑆 in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane is called the image of 𝑆 under 𝑇. If distinct
points in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane have distinct images in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, then 𝑇 is said to be one−to−one. In this
case, 𝑢 = 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 = 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) define as functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦, which is a transformation from the
𝑥𝑦 −plane to the 𝑢𝑣 −plane. This transformation is denoted by 𝑇 −1 and is called the inverse of the
transformation 𝑇.

Here 𝑇(𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) → from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane

𝑇 −1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦)) → from 𝑥𝑦 −plane to 𝑢𝑣 −plane

Exercise: 1

1 1
Let 𝑇 be a transformation from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane given by 𝑥 = 2 (3𝑢 − 𝑣), 𝑦 = 2 (𝑢 − 𝑣).

(1) Find 𝑇(1, 2).

(2) Sketch the image under 𝑇 of the rectangular region in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane bounded by the lines
𝑢 = −3, 𝑢 = −1, 𝑣 = −12 and 𝑣 = −6.

1 1
Solution: Given 𝑇(𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) where 𝑥 = 2 (3𝑢 − 𝑣), 𝑦 = 2 (𝑢 − 𝑣).

Part: (1) If (𝑢, 𝑣) = (1, 2), then

1 1 1
𝑥 = (3𝑢 − 𝑣) = (3 − 2) =
2 2 2

1 1 1
𝑦 = (𝑢 − 𝑣) = (1 − 2) = − .
2 2 2
1 1
∴ 𝑇 (1,2) = (2 , − 2).

1 1
Part: (2) Given, 𝑥 = (3𝑢 − 𝑣) and 𝑦 = (𝑢 − 𝑣). Hence, 3𝑢 − 𝑣 = 2𝑥 and 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 2𝑦. Solving
2 2

3𝑢 − 𝑣 = 2𝑥 … (1)

𝑢 − 𝑣 = 2𝑦 … (2)

Equations (1) and (2) for 𝑢 and 𝑣, we get,

𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 and 𝒗 = 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚.

Now, we need to find the images of the lines 𝑢 = −3, 𝑢 = −1, 𝑣 = −12 and 𝑣 = −6.

𝑢 = −3 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3 ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥+3

𝑢 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 ∴𝑦 =𝑥+1

𝑥
𝑣 = −12 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −12 ∴𝑦= +4
3
𝑥
𝑣 = −6 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −6 ∴𝑦= +2
3

If 𝑅 is the image of the rectangular region 𝑢 = −3, 𝑢 = −1, 𝑣 = −12 and 𝑣 = −6, then
 3. Jacobians in Two Variables

To derive the change of variables formula for double integrals, we will need to understand the relationship
between the area of a small rectangular region in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane and the area of its image in the
𝑥𝑦 −plane under a transformation 𝑇 given by the equations 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣).

Suppose that ∆𝑢 and ∆𝑣 are positive, and consider a rectangular region 𝑆 in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane enclosed by
the lines 𝑢 = 𝑢0 , 𝑢 = 𝑢0 + ∆𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑣0 , 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + ∆𝑣. If the functions 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) are
continuous, and if ∆𝑢 and ∆𝑣 are not too large, then the image of 𝑆 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane will be a region 𝑅
that looks like a slightly distorted parallelogram. The sides of 𝑅 are the constant 𝑢 −curves and 𝑣 −curves
that correspond to the sides of 𝑆.

Definition: If 𝑇 is the transformation from the 𝑢𝑣 −plane to the 𝑥𝑦 −plane defined by the equations
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣), then the Jacobian of 𝑻 is denoted by 𝐽 (𝑢, 𝑣) or by 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
and is defined

by

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝑱(𝒖, 𝒗) = 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) = |𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚
| = − .
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) →
𝒅𝒙
Exercise:2 Find the Jacobian of the transformation 𝑇, 𝑇(𝑟, 𝜃): (𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃) given by

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.

Solution: We know that, the Jacobian is given by,

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝝏(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝜕𝜃| = |cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃|
𝑱(𝒓, 𝜃) = = | 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟.
𝝏(𝒓, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Theorem:1 (Change of Variables Formula for Double Integrals)

If the transformation 𝑇, given by 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣), maps the region 𝑆 in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane in
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
to the region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, and if the Jacobian 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) is non-zero and does not change sign on 𝑆,

then with appropriate restrictions on the transformation and on the regions it follows that

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴𝑥𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) | | 𝑑𝐴𝑢𝑣 ,
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑅 𝑆

where we have attached subscripts to the dA’s to help identify the associated variables.

To apply this theorem, we need:

 Change the function from 𝑥 and 𝑦 to 𝑢 and 𝑣

 Find the image of 𝑅, which is 𝑆 . Then find limits of 𝑢 and 𝑣
 Get the transformation from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane to find Jacobian.

Exercise: 3 Use the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦, 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 to find

𝑥 − 2𝑦
∬ 𝑑𝐴,
2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑅

where 𝑅 is the rectangular region enclosed by given lines

𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3.

𝑥−2𝑦
Solution: Given, 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥+𝑦 and

𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚, 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 .
 𝑥−2𝑦 𝑢
We get 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥+𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑣 .

Let 𝑆 be the image of .

So, from the boundaries of the region 𝑅 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane:

𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3, we get the boundaries of the region 𝑆 in the

𝑢𝑣 −plane:

𝑢 = 1, 𝑢 = 4, 𝑣 = 1, 𝑣 = 3,

that is, 𝑺 ≔ {(𝒖, 𝒗): 𝟏 ≤ 𝒖 ≤ 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏 ≤ 𝒗 ≤ 𝟑 }.

Again, solve the system of two linear equations

𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑢
{
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣

for 𝑥 and 𝑦. we get, the transformation from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane.

1 2
𝑥= 𝑢+ 𝑣
{ 5 5
2 1
𝑦=− 𝑢+ 𝑣
5 5
𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 1
Hence, 𝜕𝑢 = 5 , 𝜕𝑣
=5 , 𝜕𝑢
= −5 , 𝜕𝑣
=5.

The Jacobian is

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 1 2
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦) 5| = 1 1 − (− 2) 2 = 1 + 4 = 1 .
= |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣| = | 5
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 1 5 5 5 5 25 25 5
−
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 5 5

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
Now, using ∬𝑅 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴𝑥𝑦 = ∬𝑆 𝑓(𝑥 (𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) | 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)| 𝑑𝐴𝑢𝑣 and for 𝑆: 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 4, 1 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 3:

𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑢 𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑑𝐴𝑥𝑦 = ∬ | | 𝑑𝐴𝑢𝑣
2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑣 𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑅 𝑆

4 3 4 3 4
𝑢 1 1 𝑢 1
= ∫ ∫ | | 𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢 [ln 𝑣]13 𝑑𝑢 ; ln 1 = 0.
𝑣 5 5 𝑣 5
1 1 1 1 1
 4
ln 3 𝑢2 ln 3 3
= [ ] = [42 − 1] = ln 3.
5 2 1 10 2

Exercise: 4 (a) Use the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 to find

𝑥−𝑦
∬ 𝑑𝐴,
𝑥+𝑦
𝑅

where 𝑅 is the rectangular region enclosed by the lines 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3.

Exercise: 4 (b)/(22) Use the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 to find

2 −𝑦 2
∬(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝐴,
𝑅

where 𝑅 is the rectangular region enclosed by the lines 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3.

2 −𝑦 2
Note: (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑒 (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥−𝑦) = 𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑣

Homework: # 4

Exercise: 5 Evaluate the integral

∬ 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴,
𝑅

1 1 2
where 𝑅 is the region enclosed in the first quadrant by the lines 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 .

1 1
Solution: Given that 𝑅 is the region in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane enclosed by the lines 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ,
2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 . That is, by the lines 𝑦
= 2, 𝑦
= 1, 𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑥𝑦 = 2.

𝑥
Set, 𝑢=𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦. Then the region 𝑆 in the 𝑢𝑣 −plane enclosed by the lines

𝑢 = 2, 𝑢 = 1, 𝑣 = 1, 𝑣 = 2, that is, 𝑆 = {(𝑢, 𝑣): 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2}, which is a rectangle.

 𝑥
Also, solving 𝑢 = 𝑦 … (1) and 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 … (2) for 𝑥 and 𝑦, we get

From (1): 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 … (3)

𝑣 𝑣
Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 in (2): 𝑣 = (𝑢𝑦)𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = , 𝑖. 𝑒., 𝑦= √ .
𝑢 𝑢

𝑣
Now, from (3): 𝑥 = 𝑢 √ = √𝑢𝑣.
𝑢

1 1 1 1
𝑣
Transformation from 𝑢𝑣 −plane to 𝑥𝑦 −plane: 𝑥 = √𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 2 𝑣 2 and 𝑦 = √𝑢 = 𝑢−2 𝑣 2 .

1 1 1 1
Home task: Find the Jacobian of 𝑥 = 𝑢 2 𝑣 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑢 −2 𝑣 2 .

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 1
Jacobian = = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| = .
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 2𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

Theorem:

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦)
∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴𝑥𝑦 = ∬ 𝑓(𝑥 (𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)) | | 𝑑𝐴𝑢𝑣 ,
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣)
𝑅 𝑆

Now, for 𝑆: 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2.

2 2
𝑥𝑦
1 1 1
∬𝑒 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 | | 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 ; Note: | | = for 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2.
2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢
𝑅 1 1
 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ 𝑒𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 [ln 𝑢]12 𝑑𝑣 ; ln 1 = 0.
2𝑢 2 𝑢 2
1 1 1 1 1

ln 2 𝑒 2−𝑒
= [𝑒 𝑣 ]12 = ln 2.
2 2

4. Jacobians in Three Variables

Definition: If 𝑇 is the transformation from the 𝑢𝑣𝑤 −space to the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −space defined by the
equations 𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) and 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), then the Jacobian of 𝑻 is denoted
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
by 𝐽 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) or by 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
and is defined by

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= | 𝜕𝑤| − 𝜕𝑥 |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤| + 𝜕𝑥
|𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 |
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤| 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤

Exercise: 6

If 𝑇 is the transformation defined by the equations 𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃, and

𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , then find the Jacobian.

Solution:

Given 𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
|𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜑|
𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜑| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜑| 𝜕𝑥 |𝜕𝜌
𝐽(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) = = = || − ||𝜕𝜌 +
𝜕𝜃|
𝜕(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 | 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 | 𝜕𝜑 | 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 |
| 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 | 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜑
= 𝜌2 sin 𝜑 .

Complete!
Theorem: 2 (Change of Variables in Triple Integrals)

If 𝑇 is the transformation from the 𝑢𝑣𝑤 −space to the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −space defined by the equations

𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) and 𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) maps the solid 𝑆 in the 𝑢𝑣𝑤 −space in to the solid
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
𝐺 in the 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −space, and if the Jacobian 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) is non-zero and does not change sign on 𝑆, then with

appropriate restrictions on the transformation and on the solids it follows that

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
∭𝐺 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑉𝑥𝑦𝑧 = ∭𝑆 𝑓(𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)) |𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)| 𝑑𝑉𝑢𝑣𝑤 .

 Please do at least one exercise using Theorem :2

Solution Exercise: 6

If 𝑇 is the transformation defined by the equations 𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃, and

𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , then find the Jacobian.

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤|

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = =
𝜕 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) |𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤|
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤

sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 𝜌 cos 𝜑 cos 𝜃 −𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃

= | sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃 𝜌 cos 𝜑 sin 𝜃 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 |
cos 𝜑 −𝜌 sin 𝜑 0

= −𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃 (−𝜌 sin2 𝜑 sin 𝜃 − 𝜌 cos2 𝜑 sin 𝜃)

− 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 (−𝜌 sin2 𝜑 cos 𝜃 − 𝜌 cos2 𝜑 cos 𝜃 ) + 0

= −𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃 (−𝜌 sin 𝜃) − 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃 (−𝜌 cos 𝜃 )

= 𝜌2 sin 𝜑.

Exercise: 7 [solve it]

If 𝑇 is the transformation defined by the equations 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 and 𝑧 = 𝑧 , then find
the Jacobian.

Solution: Answer=𝑟
Exercise 8/(23)

1 1
Solution: Given transformation is 𝑇: 𝑢 = 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦), 𝑣 = 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦).

That is, we have

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑢,

𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑣
 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣

1 1
Given transformation 𝑇: 𝑢 = 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦), 𝑣 = 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦).

Inverse Transformation 𝑇 −1 : 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣

Sides of the triangle are:

1
(1) Line segment from (0,0)to (1,1): 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0, that is, 𝑣 = 0.
2

(2) Line segment from (0,0)to (2,0): 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 0 , that is, 𝑢 = 𝑣.

1
(3) Line segment from (2,0) to (1,1): 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 2 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1 , that is, 𝑢 = 1.

Type -I :𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢 Limits: 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑢 , 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1.

Find the Jacobian using

𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 1 1
Jacobian = = |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| = | | = −2 .
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 1 −1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

1 𝑢 1 𝑢
1 1
∬ sin (𝑥 + 𝑦) cos (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 |−2| 𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ ∫ sin 𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑢
2 2
𝑅 0 0 0 0

Complete!

Practice few exercises from the list!

DONE