5 Questions that can help in

Understanding of Squat effect

on ships
Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on July 21, 2016

Years back when I first came across the term squat, frankly
I failed to understand it. Well if you just want to know the
mathematical formula and calculate the squat, it is no
rocket science. But to answer questions like “Why do squat
effect take place” may not be easy to understand.

Are you too in the same boat ?

Most of us know that Squat is the decrease in ship’s under
keel clearance due to vessel’s movement in the shallow
water. And it is not a theoretical thing, it is a real thing.

Incident of sinking of RO-RO vessel “Herald of free

enterprise” was the result of squat.
But squat is not always bad. In 2010, passenger vessel
“Oasis of the sea” used the squat to its advantage. It
allowed squat to reduce its air draft. This helped the vessel
to safely pass under a bridge, which otherwise was not
possible.
Incidents like these show how important the knowledge of
squat is. But there are many questions related to squat,
answers to which are sometimes difficult to find.

In this post I will try to answer five of these questions

related to squat that mariners usually ask or enquire about.
Question 1: Why and how does squat effect
take place ?

The ships float in water because of one simple reason.

There is no net force acting on the ship. Now it is not that
there are no forces acting on the ship. But all these forces
are equal and opposite in nature.

Two of these forces that act in opposite directions are

gravitation force and buoyancy. Force of gravity like to sink
the ship and force of buoyancy likes to make it float. Force
of gravity continue to sink the vessel until force of
buoyancy becomes equal to force of gravity.

Even when we add a weight (cargo) on a floating ship, the

gravitation force increases. This will cause the ship to sink
up to a point when force of buoyancy (that increases as per
the Archimedes principle) becomes equal to the gravitation
force.
If you wish to read more about Archimedes principle, you
can do so by clicking here, here or here.
The point I am trying to make here is that any increase or
decrease in a force on or around ship will affect the ship in
a way that depends upon the direction of force.
Squat is the decrease in ship’s under keep clearance when
it moves in shallow water because of low pressure created
under the ship.

Now the question is why do we have low pressure under the

ship when it is moving in shallow waters. The answer lies in
Bernoulli’s theorem.

If you are OK with reading little bit of physics, you can read
about the Bernoulli’s theorem by clicking here or here.
But if you are in no mood to deviate from the topic of squat
then you just need to know following from Bernoulli’s
theorem

As per Bernoulli’s theorem, in a flowing liquid if the flow

velocity increases, the pressure in the region would
decrease.  Above conclusion is drawn from
the  Bernoulli’s law of conservation of mass in a flowing
liquid. As per Bernoulli’s theorem, the mass of flowing liquid
in per unit area will always be same.
Now have you tried to run fast and felt air resistance acting
on your chest ? You feel some pressure on your chest. But
do you feel similar pressure on your back ? I am sure your
answer is No.

You feel this pressure on your chest because your chest is

trying to replace the air as you move (or run) forward. The
air so replaced by you fills the vacuum you created by
leaving your earlier position.

In the same way, when a ship moves forward it pushes the

water forward. The water all around must flow under and
around the hull to replace the volume of water pushed by
the bow.

In open sea there is no problem for the water to flow under

the hull. But in shallow waters, this flow is restricted. This
results in higher flow velocity of water passing under the
hull. And there is decrease in pressure because of high
velocity of water (as per Bernoulli’s theorem).
Now as the pressure at the bottom of the ship decrease,
ship need to react in some manner to compensate that.
Remember we said, ship’s float because net force acting on
the ship is zero. This drop in pressure is compensated by
the sinkage of the vessel as the direction of this force (low
pressure) is downwards.

But will this sinkage be bodily, by stern or by bow ?  We will

discuss it later.

Question 2: What are the factors

that affects Squat ?

Now that we know the reason behind squat effect, let’s see
what factors affects squat.

Speed of the vessel

As we know the squat is caused by the low pressure that is
developed under a ship in shallow water. With more and
more speed of the vessel, the squat will increase. This is
because with more speed, the vessel will push more water
forward and more water is required to fill that void.

This will cause more drop in pressure under the hull and
vessel need to sink more to compensate for that drop in
pressure.
But we need to understand that the speed here is “speed
through water” and not “speed over ground”. Why, you
may ask ?

Consider a ship moving at 6 Knots GPS speed with 6 knots

current from astern. Is the ship pushing any water
forward ? No it isn’t because the water is flowing with the
ship. In fact in this case ship will not be using engine as the
ship will be moving with the current. Will there be any
squat in this case ? No there will not be because as the ship
is not pushing any water forward, no water is required to
pass under the hull of ship.
So the squat in this case will be zero because the ship’s
speed through water is zero. This is even when the ship is
having a speed over ground (GPS speed) of 6 knots.

So we can say that squat depends upon the speed through

water.

This is also the reason that vessel can experience squat

while alongside in a river with strong current. In this case
vessel’s speed over ground is zero but speed through water
is equal to the the river current.

Block coefficient of the vessel

I am sure you already know what block coefficient of the
vessel is. But I will refresh this for those who might need it.
Block coefficient is the ratio of vessel’s underwater volume
(Displacement) to the volume of a box that this could fit in.

So for a box shaper vessel, the block coefficient will be 1.

But how does block coefficient of a vessel affect Squat ?

Again it all depends upon how much water a moving ship

pushes forward. Let me ask a question. Which ship will
push more water while moving. A box shaped vessel or a
vessel like this in the picture below.
 

I am assuming that you have got it right. Yes, a box shaped

vessel will push more water and hence will have more squat
compared to the ship in the photo above provided all other
conditions are same.

So more the block coefficient of the vessel, more will be the

squat.

Blockage factor of the canal and narrow channel

Canals and narrow channels creates a different scenario. In
a canal, Apart from having shallow water beneath, even the
sideways water flow is restricted. This creates additional
low pressure which affects the squat.

But how do we know if the blockage factor exists or not.

Blockage factor is a ratio of ship’s immersed cross section

to the cross section of water within the canal.

We can calculate the blockage factor by this formula

Blockage factor = b x h / B x H
Blockage factor of less than 0.100 represents open sea like
conditions and hence no blockage factor.

Blockage factor of 0.265 represents narrow channel.

Question 3: How do we know if the squat

will result in forward trim, aft trim or no trim
?

As we discussed, in shallow depths, the water tries to fill

the void created by moving ship. For the fine-form
ships like Queen Mary 2, the bow of the ship will not
obstruct the water flow as much as the mid and aft section
of the ship. This is because of the shape of the bow.

In this case the effective low pressure will be aft of the

midship. This will cause the stern to sink more than the bow
and will result in trimming aft because of squat.

With full-form ships like super-tankers, it is other way

around. On these ships bow shape is what we call full-form.
Because of which bow obstruct considerable amount of
water flow. The resultant low pressure created by the
obstruction is forward of the midship and these vessel squat
will occur more at the bow. This will result in trimming
forward because of squat on these vessels.
The tendency of the bow to obstruct the water flow is
related to the block coefficient of the vessel. Block
coefficient of the vessel also defines if the vessel will squat
bodily, by stern or by bow.

By various calculations, shipping scholars have got a

defining value (0.7) of block coefficient. If the block
coefficient is 0.7, the vessel will squat bodily. If the block
coefficient is less than 0.7, the vessel will squat by stern.
Finally if the block coefficient is more than 0.7, the vessel
will squat by bow.

Dr Barrass has done extensive research on the topic of

squat. And as per him, above rule will only be
applicable when the ship is at even keel in static position.

As per him, if the vessel is trimmed by stern in static

position, the maximum squat will be towards stern. And if
the vessel is trimmed by bow, the maximum squat will be
towards bow.

So we can conclude as per below

Question 4: How can we calculate Squat ?

This is most important question. How can we calculate

squat ?

There are two ways to know how much squat you can
expect. One with the help of a software and second by
manual calculation.

Calculating Squat manually

There are number of formulas to calculate squat. But Dr
Barrass’s formula is widely used for calculating squat. Dr
Barrass’s formula has several version ranging from the
complex formula to the simpler ones.

Have a look at the complex one.

This formula has a simpler version which takes into account

blockage factor.
And more simpler formula and which is used by most of the
navigators is the most simplified version of Dr. Barrass’s
formula.
If you notice, the simplified formula above is derived by
applying the blockage factor of open sea (0.100) and that
of a canal (0.265).

Calculating squat with a software

There are plenty of softwares available to calculate squat. If
you are using a software onboard for calculating squat,
make sure that it has been provided by your shore office.
Random softwares can give wrong values and as such can
lead to mis-calculation of squat.

One of the authentic and good software for calculating

squat is UKC manager.
To calculate the squat on UKC manager software, open UKC
manager and enter ship’s static data.

Next enter ship’s dynamic data. In the dynamic data we

just need to enter the values of draft at forward and aft
perpendicular. Rest of the data is not required if you only
need to have the value for squat.
Next enter topographical data. If you are in doubt about sea
type (open, restricted or canal), assume canal for being on
safer side.
Now under the “UKC Calculation options” we can tell the
software what we want to know ? Do we want to know the
speed at which we can achieve required UKC ? Or do we
want to know at what height of tide we can achieve the
required UKC ? or do we want to know what should be our
static draft to achieve the required UKC ?

After choosing the required option, we can save and then

click on results.

It will give the required results in complete detail which

navigators can use for navigation.
 

Question 5: What are the signs that

show vessel is experiencing squat

While we need to allow the squat while calculating the

ship’s UKC in all stages of voyage, there are certain signs
which can show that we have entered in the shallow waters.
Knowledge of these signs can help the navigators to be
more vigilant and keep an eye on the echo sounder.

Presence of these signs is also a good time to re-confirm

the squat with your calculation. For example if we expect
our UKC to be 5 meters at this position and actual UKC is 4
meters, it would be better that we reduce our UKC by 1
meter in other stages of the voyage. We can then re-
calculate if we are complying with UKC policy of the
company. If not we can calculate at what speed we can
comply and proceed at that speed.

So what are these signs which show that vessel is in

shallow water and is experiencing squat ? These signs are

 Ship’s steering becomes sluggish. That is it becomes

comparitively difficult to steer the ship

 Engine rpm will decrease to compensate for the load

on the engine.

 The speed of the ship will decrease. I have

experienced with 0.7 meters UKC, vessel moving at full
ahead only making 6 knots GPS speed.

 The ship may start to vibrate

 Mud showing up around ship’s hull

 Vessel’s rolling and pitching reduced

 Turning diameter of the vessel increases (it can

become as much as twice to that in open sea)
Conclusion

Squat is not a theoritical term. It is a real practical

phenomenon experienced on ships moving in shallow
waters. People have lost life because of ships that sank
because of squat. Ship owners have lost millions of dollars
because of grounding of ships.

It makes more and more important to have complete

knowledge of squat and answer to these five questions can
help in that.

Do you know any other question related to squat that has

gone unanswered ?

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About Capt Rajeev Jassal
Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 24 years mainly on crude oil,
product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics
degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively
measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he
believes is the most important element for safer shipping.

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112 Comments

Vivek Kothambath 
Jul 21, 2016
Thnx. Gud explanation
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 21, 2016
Glad you liked it Vivek..
Reply
Rakesh 
Jul 22, 2016
Very clearly explained sir.....Thank you.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 22, 2016
Glad you liked it Rakesh..
Reply

Capt. Vijay Kumar Sharma 

Jul 22, 2016
A very comprehansive explaination. Nothing left to doubt
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 22, 2016
Thank you Capt Vijay for your kind words..
Reply

Vinay Singh 
Jul 22, 2016
Just one question.. Can there be better explanation than that ? And the
answer would be NO.. Thanks for your great efforts.
Reply
Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 22, 2016
Happy that you liked it Vinay...
Reply

Rajdeep Singh sabharwal 

Jul 22, 2016
Great explanation sir
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 22, 2016
Glad you liked it Rajdeep..
Reply

Capt Sanjay Prasad 

Jul 22, 2016
Thanks Capt Rajeev for one more marvel. Your dedication is
commendable. Very clearly explained and nicely presented.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 22, 2016
Thank you Capt Sanjay for your kind words. People like you reading this
is the fuel required for the hard work..
Reply
Siddhant chaturvedi 
Jul 23, 2016
Very well explained sir.... it almost cleared all of my ambiguity , about
squat
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 23, 2016
I am glad that it could be of some help to you Siddhant..
Reply

Naval Aranke 
Jul 24, 2016
Good work on the blog Rajeev!
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 24, 2016
This comment coming from you mean a lot to me Sir. Thanks a lot Sir.
Reply

Akshay 
Jul 24, 2016
Clearly understood.Thankyou
Reply
Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 24, 2016
Glad you liked it Akshay..
Reply

Selambharasan 
Jul 24, 2016
It was clear cut explantion sir ji
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Jul 24, 2016
Thank you for reading Selambharasan..
Reply

vamsi 
Jul 30, 2016
nice explanation cap
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Sep 5, 2016
Thank you Vamsi..
Reply
Alejandro Henao 
Sep 3, 2016
Thank you so much for your clear an compleate explanation . I would
like to add, acordinly with some authors the squat will be at the head or
stern with a ship trim by stern acordinly with the amount of the static
trim by stern....static trim by stern leads to squat by stern ...it is no a
fix rule.... Thank you.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Sep 5, 2016
Glad you liked it Alejandro.. Yes you are right about the static trim..
Reply

Gulbag Singh 
Sep 27, 2016
Thank you so much for a clear cut explanation
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Sep 29, 2016
Glad you liked it Gulbag..
Reply

Subodh Patil 
Sep 29, 2016
Thank you very much for explaining this in a very simple yet precise
way.Already forwarded it to my colleagues and cadets.
Reply
Rajeev Jassal 
Sep 29, 2016
Happy that you found it useful Subodh. Thank you so much for
forwarding it.
Reply

Cem 
Oct 1, 2016
Dear Rajeev, this is a very good explanation of squat phenomenon.
Thanks a lot. I will forward this to my friends.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Oct 2, 2016
Glad you liked it Cem.. Thanks for sharing it with your friends..
Reply

Tim DeLong 
Oct 1, 2016
I noted squat while alongside a berth on a river. We had calculated the
expected draft before coming alongside and took visual draft readings,
applied the salinity and the numbers were off. Then we applied the
squat calculations due to the current and UKC and it worked out
perfectly. It was a first for me.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Oct 2, 2016
Yes Tim, you are right. Vessel will have squat while alongside a river
berth because of river current.
Reply

Istvan MAGAI 
Oct 1, 2016
Good explanation! The Inverse Ship can avoid the Squat Effect. Visit the
website: http://www.magaimotor.magai.eu/inverse_ship.php for more
information. There isn't any back flow water outside of the hull. Almost
no waves before and after the ship. See video:
http://www.magaimotor.magai.eu/videok.php
Reply

Capt Jagdeep Singh Rangi 

Oct 4, 2016
Great job....Keep the engines running full ahead since lot to
achieve...Thanks and kind regards.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Oct 9, 2016
Thanks Capt Jagdeep..
Reply

Alexander 
Oct 12, 2016
Thank you for good job. Can you explain please how squat affect
vessel’s stability? Is it because change of ships underwater volume,
change of center of buoyancy, change to KM? Is the difference between
KM figures of corresponding drafts is directly applicable for calculations?
And other question, is the no any changes to drafts when vessel at deep
sea?
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Mar 1, 2017
Yes, Squat will have some effect on stability as underwater volumes and
so centre of buoyancy changes a bit. But it is not as easy as having and
comparing stability of two conditions. In this case as there is no weight
distribution change centre of gravity go the ship remains same. At Deep
sea, the change in underwater clearance is negligible if any.
Reply

Raja B 
Dec 18, 2016
Very clear explanation. Tomorrow is my Orals, and I'm confident about
Squat now.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Mar 1, 2017
Glad to hear that Raja..
Reply

tran hong long 

Feb 28, 2017
thanks sir !!!
Reply
Rajeev Jassal 
Mar 1, 2017
Thanks Tran..
Reply

Vijay 
Mar 6, 2017
Thanks sir...!!
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 11, 2017
Thanks for reading Vijay..
Reply

Sava Mitradzhiev 
Mar 8, 2017
Awesome explanation, although some of these softwares that we
encounter on board as the one shown in the article have this ship
dynamic data which need to be taken into account. (change of draft due
to effect of wind, tide, sea, atmosphere pressure and so), i think we will
all appreciate if you can write down and advise us how to calculate or
where to find them exactly. From my experiance some colegues are
putting some values there just not to leave it blank, but infact after this
during vetting or PSC it is embarassing when they have to explain how
did they came with these values. Thanks in advance.
Reply
Indrajeet kumar 
Apr 8, 2017
Nice and very neatly clearifi sir..
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 11, 2017
Thanks Indrajeet..
Reply

Capt.A.Athavan 
Apr 9, 2017
Great efforts
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 11, 2017
Thanks capt Athavan..
Reply

Capt.A.Bhattacharyya 
Apr 9, 2017
Very well explained with examples. Thanks for the great effort...
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 11, 2017
Glad you liked it Capt Bhattacharyya..
Reply

Maninder 
Apr 9, 2017
Very East to understand..
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 11, 2017
Thanks Maninder..
Reply

kumar Shitanshu 
Apr 11, 2017
Very Well explained sir .. thank u so much.. for this beautiful knowledge.
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 30, 2017
Glad you found it useful Shitanshu..
Reply

NARESH 
Apr 27, 2017
Excellent
Reply
Rajeev Jassal 
Apr 30, 2017
Thanks Naresh..
Reply

Varun talwar 
May 8, 2017
Very well explained..it helped me to clear my doubts ..good work sir
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
May 17, 2017
Glad it helped you Varun..
Reply

kumaran 
May 17, 2017
This is also the reason that vessel can experience squat while alongside
in a river with strong current. In this case vessel’s speed over ground is
zero but speed through water is equal to the the river current. PLS
EXPLAIN THIS SIR
Reply

Rajeev Jassal 
May 17, 2017
the ship will experience squat (and thus reduced UKC) in river ports with
strong currents even when ship is moored. This is because the water is
flowing under the ship's hull which will cause the reduced pressure.
Reply

Sai chandra Kishore 

Jun 10, 2017
Thanks very much sir .. Indian needs people like you to produce better
captains .. for industry .
Reply

Hassan Said 
Jun 14, 2017
Comprehensive and simple to understand.
Reply

Rituraj Chaudhary 
Jun 27, 2017
excellent explanation sir...nowhere else did i find an explanation as clear
and helpful...the other topics covered by you are equally good...Thank
You Sir..hope to see more topics covered...
Reply

Snehasish Padhi 
Jul 8, 2017
Respected Sir, I would like to highly appreciate you for your kind effort
you put in here to make things so simplified.Sir our Maritime Industry
seriously need your presence .While reading your blog it seems like an
idiot can even understand topics you covers.Sir You are absolutely
great.Sir kindly keep on helping God may Bless you Sir
Reply
Dr C B Barrass FRINA 
Jul 10, 2017
Rajeev, I have now read through your 5 Questions and comments. I find
some of my/your quoted formulae are now out of date. Do you wish
conversation about this? My UK telephone number is OO44 1704 569
454. Best wishes. Bryan Barrass.
Reply

Dr C B Barrass 
Jul 10, 2017
Rajeev, Some of these formulae are out of date. Do you wish to have
conversation about them? Best wishes. Bryan Barrass.
Reply

Dr. C B Barrass. FRINA 

Jul 26, 2017
My Telephone Number is 0044 1704 569 454.
Reply

IGOR POBRIC 
Sep 25, 2017
Nice explanation Capt. Rajeev. Kind regards
Reply

Farhan 
Oct 1, 2017
Very well explained....Could not find any better and simple explaination
Reply
Deck Cadet 
Nov 2, 2017
as 50 confined water had breath restrictions ; as 100 open sea without
breath restrictions , so is it explain why 50 and 100?
Reply

Deniz Tarantini 
Dec 27, 2017
Thanks for the detailed explanation, im using this for Ship Handling
class, i would love to see some problem examples tho
Reply

Feby 
Jan 15, 2018
Explained nicely . can you upload a squat table in ship we use .
Reply

Nur Alam 
Apr 8, 2018
Very nice and clear with reasonable logic and examples make me happy.
Superb sir.
Reply

Forbes 
May 3, 2018
Thanks for these info's now my knowledge for squat effect is as open
wide like an open sea
Reply

Omar Mohamed 
May 12, 2018
Thank you very much for the excellent explanation I am now fully aware
of what is (Block Coefficient) and calculation of squat. God bless you sir.
Reply

Yogesh Ko 
Jun 7, 2018
I have recently started following your blog and must say your
explanations are very good about everything you write, appreciate your
efforts. Please continue to share your Knowledge.
Reply

Vilas Patil 
Jun 24, 2018
Hello sir, thank you very much for this blog. Your explanation is very
simple and easy to understand helped me in clearing my doubts
regarding squat . Thank you
Reply

Mohammad Saeed 
Jul 11, 2018
Thank you very much sir. respect from Bangladesh.
Reply

MH RAHMAN 
Sep 12, 2018
Same here too, thanks a lot.
Reply

Günay 
Oct 3, 2018
Very clear and simply explained ! Thanks Capt. Rajeev Jassal. I wonder
if you have experienced the navigation in France La Rochelle/Gironde
area where Chief Pilot says: ""Please note that BARRAS Calculation for
UKC in Gironde and Garonne may NOT be used, several publication
describes this type of navigation i.e. squat prediction in muddy
navigation area, Ghent university 2010/ SOGREAH Navigation dans les
chenaux envasés 1991"" ? Thanks in advance for your reply !
Reply

Aleksandr 
Oct 27, 2018
Thank you for your explanation, but still have one question: will be any
effect of squat on depth more than 1000 meters, vessel VLGC 320 m ,
speed 16 knots, open ocean area?
Reply

Capt. Manneke Daud 

Nov 3, 2018
Good explanation....Capt
Reply

leo bolqvadze 
Nov 4, 2018
hello, can you tell me please where are these numbers (blockage factor
0.1 and 0.265) taken from? are there any conventional requirements?
and what kind of water shall be deemed as confind waters, i read
somewhere that breadth of water must be not more than 8.5 times
ships beam so as to deem water area confined, but is just breadth
enough? why not taking in account the depth of the water?
Reply

nikhil 
Nov 22, 2018
Great work! Captain. All your blogs are very informative and easy to
understand. Will you please make a blog on the topic of interaction of
ships and any case study related to it? Thank you
Reply

Vinay Singh 
Dec 2, 2018
I was preparing for my exams and this topic was quite difficult for me to
understand. Thanks to you to made this topic crystal clear for me.
Reply

CaptainD 
Dec 31, 2018
Would a large thrust in reverses to stop the vessel cause a vessel to
increase here draft?
Reply

Prakash 
Mar 28, 2019
Great job Rajeev. Keep it up. Just one question, Is there a visual change
in draft due to squat? Meaning, if I am standing on the pier can I see
the draft change due to squat or there is no change in draft? Appreciate
your clarification. Thanks
Reply

Maninder jit singh 

May 15, 2019
Just to say waoooo
Reply

peter r Dalemans 
Jun 12, 2019
Again, almost. A ship along side (not moving, hangs its pilot ladder 2
meter above the waterline, at pilots disembarcation the squad is 1
meter. Now the pilot ladder is yes 2 meter above the water. As a vessel
moves through the water, as stated the speed of the water increases
thus the prsire goes down, what remains the same is the pressure of the
air. The level of the water will go down with lowering of its pressure,this
loss of hight equals the lowering of the under keel clearance. The vessel
sails in a "dent" in the water.
Reply

mourad 
Aug 30, 2019
Well done . A great simple explanation … thanks a lot pro.
Reply

Henry Parrangan 
Sep 10, 2019
Sir, Can you help me to explain, why mostly UKC policy of companies
stated 1,5% of the moulded breadth fairway inside port and alongside?
Many thanks
Reply

Sam 
Sep 24, 2019
Dear Rajeev very good explanation, thank you. I would like to ask you
about the reference of the above formulas because I have slightly
different complex formula from Dr Barrass for Squat calculation. Can
you advise pls which book you use? Thank you in advance.
Reply

SIDNEY BEZERRA 
Nov 12, 2019
Take a look in the book Shiphandling for the Mariner.. written by
DANIEL H. MAcELREVEY AND DANIEL E. MAcELREVEY.
Reply

AMARJEET SINGH 
Oct 26, 2019
There could be no more better explanation than u did here, just
excellent, keep enlightening us with your knowledge
Reply

Akshath Shetty 
Feb 17, 2020
Thanks much for the excellent explanation sir.
Reply

prabhu 
Mar 7, 2020
I read all your Post its Awesome any Lay man Can Understand its
simplified in such a way.Especially it will be useful for the those who are
taking First Command or Candidates From the Rating Background
Promoting As Master. HATS OFF
Reply

Siddhesh 
Mar 24, 2020
Very helpful information.. Thanks sir
Reply

AMAR ANAND 
Apr 11, 2020
Great article sir...keep doing good work sir....thank you
Reply

Church.Dominic 
Jul 17, 2020
Luck can never last a lifetime
Reply

Richard Lacerna 
Aug 9, 2020
Thank you very much for the step by step explanation. I am always
reading your MySeaTime. And it really helped me a lot. Hoped you can
bring more interesting knowledge about other topics. I am a deck
officer. God bless you always.
Reply
Prem Shankar 
Aug 18, 2020
Hi Captain Jassal! Many thanks for this detailed post on ship squat. I am
running a website called www.thenavalarch.com that also aims at
adding such a knowledge base for the industry online. We have a squat
calculator too. This is a very good read, and you're doing a good service
to the industry. Keep it up!
Reply

Alwin E johny 
Jan 2, 2021
Searched for 1 answer, but got meny. Thank you so much, even it is
understandable as compared to the expensive smartclasses that
showing with the video.
Reply

Harish singh 
Feb 28, 2021
When I read your blog of any topic. I feel same like when someone
explain by mouth you are writing words to words sir very nice explain
thanks for making this blog.
Reply

Peter zahrndt 
Mar 28, 2021
Squat and Bank effect a possibility in the grounding of EVER GIVEN in
the Suez Canal??.
Reply
SHAIKH ISRAR AHMED 2/O 
Jul 31, 2021
Sir Mashallah bht umdah, everything regarding squat is clear, I pray
that may you be succeed in this life and hereafter Ameen!
Reply

Geo 
Sep 12, 2021
The best explanation found on the internet. Thank you Captain for the
explanation.
Reply

Isabella Lucas 
Nov 11, 2022
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Reply

Nikhil Gund 
Feb 13, 2023
What value of Cb is considered in calculating squat. (Cb for Mean Draft
or Cb for Max Draft)
Reply

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Apr 19, 2023
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May 14, 2023
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Reply

Matt 
May 22, 2023
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