STRUCTURE AND TAXONOMY

CELL - The fundamental living unit of any living Discovery of Cells

organism.
ROBERT HOOKE (mid-1600s) -Observed sliver of
METABOLISM - refers to all of the chemical reactions
Cork. Saw “row of empty boxes”. Coined the term cell
that occur within a cell.
Cell theory
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
(1839) Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden-“
MUTATION – accidental changes in genetic material.
all living things are made of cells”
Ex. Down Syndrome
(1855) Rudolf Virchow -“all cells come from cells”
What is Cell?
CELL THEORY
- the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the
- All living things are made of cells.
fundamental molecules of life and of which all living
things are composed. - Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in -
an organism (basic unit of life).
- A single cell is often a complete organism in itself,
such as a bacterium or yeast. - Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
(cell division).
- These cells cooperate with other specialized cells
and become the building blocks of large multicellular EUKARYOTIC CELL
organisms, such as animals and humans.
eu = true; karyo = nucleus
Cells are classified as:
Have true nucleus, DNA is enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.
PROKARYOTES -Do not have complex system of 10X larger than most prokaryotic cells.
membranes and organelles.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
- Bacteria and Archaea
Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm
EUKARYOTES - More complex cells, containing true
nucleus and many membrane bound organelles. Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes

- Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals and humans. Golgi Complex Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria Plastids Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall Flagella and Cilia
Cell Membrane
-Enclosed and keep the cell intact.
- Composed of large molecules of proteins and
phospholipids.
- Like a “skin”
- Regulates passage of substances in and out.
-Selective permeability
NUCLEUS
Controls the functions of the entire cell.
“command center”
4 components:
Nuclear Pore
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes - are embedded or suspended in the
nucleoplasm.
Nucleolus - it is here that rRNA molecules are CYTOSKELETON – network of protein filaments that
manufactured. extends throughout the cytosol.
CYTOPLASM
Semifluid, gelatinous nutrient matrix 1.Microtubules
Contains the “organelles” 2.Microfilaments
Organelles - has highly specific functions which 3.Intermediate filaments
maintains the cells and allow it to properly perform its
Microtubules- Largest, long, unbranched hollow
activities.
tubes
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Highly convoluted system
-Came from centrosome
of membranes that are interconnected to form a
transport network tubules and flattened sacs within -Composed of protein TUBULIN
the cytoplasm.
Functions: Help determine cell shape
Rough ER - This rough appearance is caused by the
many ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the -Movement of organelles (secretory vesicles,
membranes. chromosome during cell division, cilia, flagella)

Smooth ER - ER to which ribosomes are not Microfilaments- Thinnest

attached Compose of proteins ACTIN and MYOSIN
RIBOSOMES -18 to 22 nm in diameter, consists of Functions: Help generate movement (muscle
Rrna, play important part in protein synthesis, free or contraction, cell division, cell locomotion)
attached in the RER
-Provide mechanical support ( strength and shape of
GOLGI COMPLEX- Stack of flattened, membranous cells, microvilli)
sacs
Intermediate Filaments -Thicker than microfilaments
-Packages newly synthesized proteins into small, but thinner than microtubules
membrane-enclosed vesicles for storage within the
cell or export outside the cell (exocytosis). Functions:

“packaging plants” Stabilize the position of organelles (nucleus)

LYSOSOMES -Membrane-enclosed vesicles that Helps attach cells to one another

form from Golgi Apparatus.
CELL WALLS
-Digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis
PRESENT ABSENT
and transport final products of digestion into cytosol.
-Plants -Animals
PEROXISOMES - Called “microbodies”
-Algae -Protozoa
-Oxidizes amino acid sand fatty acids, detoxifies
harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide and -Fungi
free radicals.
-Most Bacteria
MITOCHONDRIA - Where most of the ATP (energy
carrying molecules) are formed by cellular respiration Flagella and Cilia

- Energy is released from glucose molecules and Flagella- Relatively long, thin structure, the organelle
other nutrients to drive other cellular functions. of locomotion.

PLASTIDS- Contains various photosynthetic Cilia- tend to be more shorter (hair-like), thinner and
pigments. more numerous

Chloroplasts – one type of plastid, containing green, Prokaryotic Cells

photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll. -10X smaller than eukaryotic cells
Found in plant cells and algae. -Very simple cells than eukaryotic cells
CYTOSOL- Intracellular fluid -Do not contain membrane-bound organelles
-Fluid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles -Reproduce by binary fission
55% of cell’s volume -Includes bacteria and archaeans
75 – 90% water Prokaryotic Cells-First cell type on earth
-Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
No membrane bound nucleus Flagella -Thread-like, protein appendages that enable
the bacteria to move.
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Flagellated bacteria are said to be motile.
-Organelles not bound by membranes
monotrichous (A)
Prokaryotes- Nucleoid region (center) contains the
DNA. lophotrichous (B)
-Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall amphitrichous (C)
(peptidoglycan).
peritrichous (D)
-Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm
Pili and Fimbriae- Hair-like structure, most often
to make proteins.
observed on Gram-negative bacteria.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Kinds:
Cell Membrane , Chromosome , Plasmid Cytoplasm,
Pili that enables transfer of genetic material from one
Cytoplasmic particles , Bacterial CellWall, Glycocalyx
bacterial cell to another (conjugation).
,Flagella ,Pili (Fimbriae) Endospores
Pili that enable bacteria to anchor themselves to
Cell Membrane- Enclose the cytoplasm
surfaces.
-Similar in structure and function to the eukaryotic cell
E. coli fimbriae
membrane.
ENDOSPORES -Formed by a few bacteria when the
-Consists of proteins and phospholipids.
environment is unfavorable for their survival.
-Selectively permeable
Sporulation – process of forming endospore.
Chromosome- Consists of a single, long, super
Resistant to heat, cold, drying and most chemicals.
coiled,circular DNA molecule.
Bacillus thuringiensis with terminal endospore.
-Serves as the control center of the bacterial
The Discovery of Endospores
cell.
John Tyndall- concluded that certain bacteria can be
-Capable of replicating itself, guiding cell
killed by simple boiling, while others cannot be killed.
division, and directing cellular activities.
Tyndalization
Plasmid- Small,circular molecules of double-stranded
Ferdinand Cohn called the small bodies inside the
DNA that are not part of the chromosome.
bacteria “spores”. He concluded that spores are heat
-May contain 10 to hundred genes resistant.
BACTERIAL CELL WALL- Rigid exterior cell wall John Tyndall
that defines the shape of bacteria.
Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction
-Consist of a complex macromolecule known as
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission
peptidoglycan.
One cell (parent cell) splits into half to become two
Gram positive bacteria – thick layer
daughter cells.
Gram negative bacteria – thinner layer
Before a prokaryotic cell can divide into half, its
GRAM STAIN-The most widely used procedure for chromosomes must be duplicated.
staining bacteria.
Generation time - Varies from one bacterial species
-Developed over a century ago by Dr. Hans Christian to another (ex. E. coli, 20mins.)
Gram.
Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
-Bacteria are grouped as Gram-negative and Gram-
Eukaryotic cell reproduce in a process called mitosis.
positive.
Mitosis - the type of division that gives rise to
Glycocalyx -Slimy, gelatinous material produced by
daughter cells for the purpose of tissue growth,
the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall.
regeneration or asexual (vegetative)reproduction.
Slime layer - not highly organized and is not firmly
TAXONOMY -Taxonomy is the science of
attached to the cell wall.
classification of living organism.
Capsule - highly organized and firmly attached to the
-Consists of 3 but interrelated areas:
cell wall.
Classification - arrangement of organisms into
taxonomic groups (taxa).
Nomenclature - assignment of names
Identification - process of determining whether an
isolate belongs to a taxa.
Microbial Classification
Carolus Linnaeus- established the binomial
nomenclature
genus + specific epithet
Genus- capitalize the first letter
Specific epithet- not capitalized
“sp.”- single specie,“spp.”- more than one species
Taxonomic Hierarchies
Species - group of related organism/strains
Genus - collection of related species
Family - collection of similar genera
Order - collection of similar families
Class - collection of similar orders
Phylum/Division - collection of similar classes
Kingdom - collection of similar phyla/divisions
Domain - collection of similar kingdoms
The 5-Kingdom Classification
-Founded in 1969 by Robert H.Whittaker.
-Prokaryotes were placed in Kingdom Monera.
-Eukaryotes were placed in the other 4kingdoms
(Animalia, Plantae,Protista, & Fungi).
Modern Classification
In 1978, Carl R. Woese proposed elevating the three
cell types to a level above kingdom, called
DOMAIN
Cells are classified into three types:
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
EUKARYA