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    UNIT 7 CS 2204 Written Assignment

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    Zodwa Mngometulu
    The maximum packet lifetime is the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to remain in the network before being discarded. It must be long enough for packets and acknowledgments to disappear to prevent network congestion from accumulating packets and acknowledgments. If the maximum lifetime is too short, packets and acknowledgments may remain in the network too long, leading to increased congestion, unnecessary retransmissions, and latency.

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    UNIT 7 CS 2204 Written Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Zodwa Mngometulu
    37 views2 pages
    The maximum packet lifetime is the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to remain in the network before being discarded. It must be long enough for packets and acknowledgments to disappear to prevent network congestion from accumulating packets and acknowledgments. If the maximum lifetime is too short, packets and acknowledgments may remain in the network too long, leading to increased congestion, unnecessary retransmissions, and latency.

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    CS 2204 Communications and Networking - Unit 7 Written Assignment

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    The maximum packet lifetime is the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to remain in the network before being discarded. It must be long enough for packets and acknowledgments to disappear to prevent network congestion from accumulating packets and acknowledgments. If the maximum lifetime is too short, packets and acknowledgments may remain in the network too long, leading to increased congestion, unnecessary retransmissions, and latency.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views2 pages

    UNIT 7 CS 2204 Written Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Zodwa Mngometulu
    The maximum packet lifetime is the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to remain in the network before being discarded. It must be long enough for packets and acknowledgments to disappear to prevent network congestion from accumulating packets and acknowledgments. If the maximum lifetime is too short, packets and acknowledgments may remain in the network too long, leading to increased congestion, unnecessary retransmissions, and latency.

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    1.

    In computer networking, the maximum packet lifetime is the maximum amount of time a packet is
    allowed to remain in the network before being discarded. The reason why the maximum packet lifetime
    has to be large enough to ensure that not only the packet but also its acknowledgments have
    disappeared is to prevent network congestion caused by the accumulation of unnecessary packets and
    acknowledgments. If the maximum packet lifetime is too short, packets and acknowledgments may
    remain in the network for too long, leading to congestion, unnecessary retransmissions, and increased
    latency.

    2. One potential disadvantage of using Nagle's algorithm on a badly congested network is that it can
    exacerbate the congestion. Nagle's algorithm is designed to reduce the number of small packets sent
    over the network by buffering small amounts of data until a certain threshold is reached. However, on a
    badly congested network, the buffering of data can cause more congestion, as the buffered data takes
    up network resources and adds to the overall traffic. This can lead to increased latency and reduced
    throughput.

    According to the APA referencing style, a citation for this answer would be:

    - For the first question:

    There is no specific source for this information, as it is a general principle of network design. However, a
    relevant resource that discusses the importance of maximum packet lifetime for network performance
    is "Computer Networks: A Systems Approach" by Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie.

    - For the second question:

    Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2017). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th ed.). Pearson.

    3. Two examples of cases where TCP sends data-less packets on an established connection (which is not
    being torn down) are:

    - Keep-alive packets: TCP keep-alive packets are data-less packets sent by one endpoint to the other to
    check if the connection is still active. Keep-alive packets are not required by the TCP standard, but some
    implementations use them to detect dead connections.

    - Window updates: TCP uses a sliding window protocol to manage the flow of data between endpoints.
    When the receiving endpoint has processed some data, it sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet back
    to the sending endpoint. If the receiving endpoint has more buffer space available, it can also send a
    window update (WUP) packet to inform the sending endpoint that it can send more data. A WUP packet
    is a data-less packet that contains only the updated window size.

    4.

    1. Multiple TCP connections on a workstation in state FIN_WAIT_1 indicate that the connections have
    been closed by the local endpoint, but the remote endpoint has not yet acknowledged the connection
    termination. This state can occur if the remote endpoint does not receive the FIN packet sent by the
    local endpoint, or if the remote endpoint is slow to respond. In either case, the fault is not necessarily
    with either endpoint, but rather a result of network congestion or other network issues.

    2. Connections languishing in state FIN_WAIT_2 indicate that the remote endpoint has acknowledged
    the connection termination, but the local endpoint is waiting for a final acknowledgment (ACK) packet
    before closing the connection. This state can occur if the final ACK packet is lost or delayed in the
    network. In this case, the fault is not necessarily with either endpoint, but rather a result of network
    congestion or other network issues.

    APA citation for the textbook:

    Dordal, P. (2019). An introduction to computer networks. Retrieved from


    http://intronetworks.cs.luc.edu/current/IntroNetworks.pdf

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