Assignment No.

2 – Midterm Period – Research Work – To be

submitted in MS WORD format.
Related to your assignment no. 1, kindly continue research works of
the following:
1. Give ten more examples (with solutions) of Fundamental principle
of Counting. (total of 15 questions with answers)
a) Claire has 2 shirts and 2 skirts of different colors in her closet. The
colors of the shirts are pink and black, while the colors of the skirt are
black and white. She wore one of the combinations, which were a pink
shirt and a white skirt. What do you think are the other possible
combinations she could try?

Solution:

She could wear any of the following 3 combinations apart from the one
which is worn by her.
This means using the 2 shirts and 2 skirts, she could dress up in 4
different ways.

If we the apply the fundamental counting principle, we get to know that

she can wear either the pink shirt or the black shirt.
Similarly, she can either wear the white skirt or the
black skirt.

Hence, she can wear her shirts in 2 ways and skirts in 2 ways. To get the
total number of combinations possible, we take the
product of 'the number of ways in which she can wear
her shirt' with 'the number of ways she can wear her
skirt'. Hence, the number of combinations are
represented as
2 × 2 = 4. This shows that the sample space is 4
b) Brad has 2 bananas, 3 apples and 3 oranges in a basket. In how many
different ways can he consume the fruits in the basket?
Solution:

Applying the above rules, we know that the total number of ways in
which he can consume the fruits in the basket is:
2 × 3 × 3 = 18.

Hence, he has 18 different ways to consume the fruits. This tells us that
18 is the sample space in this case.

Any choice made by him will be within these 18 ways.

c) Wendy went to buy an ice cream from a seller who sells 3 different
flavors of ice creams, vanilla, chocolate and strawberry and he gives 6
different choices for cones. How many choices does she have?

Solution:

The ice cream seller sells 3 flavors of ice creams, vanilla,

chocolate and strawberry giving his customers 6 different
choices of cones.

Wendy has 3 choices for the ice cream flavors and 6 choices for
the ice cream cones.

Hence, by the fundamental counting principle, the number of

choices that Wendy can be given are 3×6=183×6=18.

Wendy can choose from any of the 18 possible combinations.

 d) Ashton knows there are 7 daily newspapers and 4 weekly magazines
published in his town. If he wants to subscribe to one daily newspaper
and one weekly magazine, how many choices does he have?

Solution

Ashton knows there are 7 daily newspapers and 4 weekly magazines published
in his town.
He will apply the fundamental counting principle to calculate the choices that
he has.
Hence, Ashton will take the product of "the number of ways in which he can
select a daily newspaper" and "the number of ways in which he can select a
weekly magazine".
The number of choices will be calculated as 7 × 4 = 28.

Ashton has 28 choices.

e) For instance, suppose a bakery has a selection of 20 different cupcakes,

10 different donuts, and 15 different muffins. If you are to select a tasty
treat, how many different choices of sweets can you choose from?

Here’s how this works.

Because we have to choose from either a cupcake or donut or muffin

(notice the “OR”), we have 20 + 10 + 15 = 45 treats to choose from.

f) Continuing our story from above, suppose a bakery has a selection of 20

different cupcakes, 10 different donuts, and 15 different muffins — how
many different orders are there?

What makes this question different from the first problem is that we are
not asking how many total choices there are. We are asking how many
different ways we can select a treat.

It’s possible that you only want one treat, but you can quite easily want
more than one.

So how many different orders can you create, if you’re allowed to choose
as few or as many as you like?
 This is the job for the product rule!

Because we can choose treats from a selection of cupcakes and donuts

and muffins (notice the “AND”), we 20 x 10 x 15 = 3,000 ordering
options.

g) Mark is planning a vacation and can choose from 15 different hotels, 6

different rental cars, and 8 different flights. How many combinations of
hotels, cars, and flights can he choose?

Total = 15 * 6 * 8

Total = 720

h) Jamie is going to a job interview and has already picked out a blouse and
jacket to wear. She has 5 skirts she could wear with the blouse and
jacket, but she has 3 pairs of pants that also match well. Since the
choices are exclusive from each other (she cannot wear a skirt and a pair
of pants at the same time), the total number of choices she could make
would be 8.
This is called the Sum Rule because the total choices are simply
summed up from the options available:
Total= Skirts + Pants
Total=5+3
Total=8

i) A boy has 4 T-shirts and 3 pairs of pants. Find the total number of
possible outfits the boy has.

Solution:

The above question is one of the fundamental counting principle

examples in real life.

According to the question, the boy has 4 t-shirts and 3 pairs of pants.

So, the total number of outfits with the boy are:

Total number of outfits = 4 x 3 = 12

The boy has 12 outfits with him.
 j) Consider an example where a fair die is rolled and a card is drawn
from a deck. What is the total number of outcomes in this case?
 
Solution:
A total number of outcomes can be found by considering the above
example as one of the fundamental counting principle examples in
real life.
 
A total number of outcomes can be calculated as the product of the
number of outcomes when a die is rolled and the number of outcomes
when a card is drawn from the deck.
 
If the number of outcomes of a rolled die is ‘p’ and that of the card
being drawn from the deck is ‘q’, then the total number of outcomes is
calculated as p x q.
 
A fair die has six faces. So the total number of outcomes in case of a
die is p = 6.
 
A deck of cards has 52 cards. So, the total number of possible
outcomes when a card is drawn is q = 52. 
 
So, the total number of outcomes when both the events occur at the
same time is:

p x q = 6 x 52 = 312.
2. Give ten more examples (with solutions) of VENN DIAGRAMS
a) Let us take an example of two sets A and B, where A = {3, 7, 9} and B =
{4, 8}. These two sets are subsets of the universal set U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9}. Find A ∪ B.

Solution:
The Venn diagram for the above relations can be drawn as:

Answer:
A ∪ B means, all the elements that belong to either set A or set B or both
the sets = {3, 4, 7, 8, 9}

b) Using Venn diagram, find X ∩ Y, given that X = {1, 3, 5}, Y = {2, 4, 6}.

Solution:

Given: X = {1, 3, 5}, Y = {2, 4, 6}

The Venn diagram for the above example can be given as,

Answer:

From the blue shaded portion of Venn diagram, we observe that, X ∩ Y =

∅ (null set).
c)

d)
e) In a survey of university students, 64 had taken mathematics course, 94
had taken chemistry course, 58 had taken physics course, 28 had taken
mathematics and physics, 26 had taken mathematics and chemistry, 22
had taken chemistry and physics course, and 14 had taken all the three
courses. Find how many had taken one course only.

Venn diagram related to the information given in the question:

Number of students who had taken only math = 24

Number of students who had taken only chemistry = 60

Number of students who had taken only physics = 22

Total Number of students who had taken only one course:

= 24 + 60 + 22 = 106

Hence, the total number of students who had taken only one course is
106.

f) In a group of students, 65 play football, 45 play hockey, 42 play cricket,

20 play football and hockey, 25 play football and cricket, 15 play hockey
and cricket and 8 play all the three games. Find the total number of
students in the group (Assume that each student in the group plays at
least one game).

Venn diagram related to the information given in the question:

Total number of students in the group : = 28 + 12 + 18 + 7 + 10 + 17 + 8 = 100

So, the total number of students in the group is 100.

g) In a college, 60 students enrolled in chemistry,40 in physics, 30 in

biology, 15 in chemistry and physics,10 in physics and biology, 5 in
biology and chemistry. No one enrolled in all the three. Find how many
are enrolled in at least one of the subjects.

The above information can be put in a Venn diagram as shown below.

From, the above Venn diagram, number of students enrolled in at least

one of the subjects :

= 40 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 5 + 10 + 0

= 100

So, the number of students enrolled in at least one of the subjects is 100.
h) In a town 85% of the people speak Tamil, 40% speak English and 20%
speak Hindi. Also 32% speak Tamil and English, 13% speak Tamil and
Hindi and 10% speak English and Hindi, find the percentage of people
who can speak all the three languages.

Let T, E and H represent the people who speak Tamil, English and Hindi
respectively.

Percentage of people who speak Tamil : n(T) = 85

Percentage of people who speak English : n(E) = 40

Percentage of people who speak Hindi : n(H) = 20

Percentage of people who speak English and Tamil : n(TnE) = 32

Percentage of people who speak Tamil and Hindi : n(TnH) = 13

Percentage of people who speak English and Hindi : n(EnH) = 10

Let x be the percentage of people who speak all the three language.

From the above Venn diagram, we can have

100 = 40 + x + 32 – x + x + 13 – x + 10 – x – 2 + x – 3 + x

100 = 40 + 32 + 13 + 10 – 2 – 3 + x

100 = 95 – 5 + x
 100 = 90 + x

x = 100 - 90

x = 10%

So, the percentage of people who speak all the three languages is 10%.

i) An advertising agency finds that, of its 170 clients, 115 use Television,
110 use Radio and 130 use Magazines. Also 85 use Television and
Magazines, 75 use Television and Radio, 95 use Radio and Magazines, 70
use all the three. Draw Venn diagram to represent these data. Find
(i) how many use only Radio?

(ii) how many use only Television?

(iii) how many use Television and Magazine but not radio?

Let T, R and M represent the people who use Television, Radio and
Magazines respectively.

Number of people who use Television : n(T) = 115

Number of people who use Radio : n(R) = 110

Number of people who use Magazine : n(M) = 130

Number of people who use Television and Magazines: n (TnM) = 85

Number of people who use Television and Radio : n(TnR) = 75

Number of people who use Radio and Magazine : n(RnM) = 95

Number of people who use all the three : n(TnRnM) = 70

 From the above Venn diagram, we have

(i) Number of people who use only Radio is 10.

(ii) Number of people who use only Television is 25.

(iii) Number of people who use Television and Magazine but not radio is
15.

j) A survey was conducted in a neighborhood with 128 families. The survey

revealed the following information.

106 of the families have a credit card

73 of the families are trying to pay off a car loan
61 of the families have both a credit card and a car loan

1. How many families have only a credit card?

2. How many families have only a car loan?
3. How many families have neither a credit card nor a car loan?
4. How many families do not have a credit card?
5. How many families do not have a car loan?
6. How many families have a credit card or a car loan?

Let C be families with a credit card

Let L be families with a car loan
Let S be the total number of families
1. The number of families with only a credit card is 45. Do not add 61 to
45 since 61 is in L.

2. The number of families with only a car loan is 12.

3. The number of families with neither a credit card nor a car loan is 10.
10 is not in C nor in L.

4. The number families without a credit card is found by adding

everything that is not in C.

12 + 10 = 22

5. The number families without a car loan is found by adding everything

that is not in L.

45 + 10 = 55

6. The number of families with a credit card or a car loan is found by

adding anything in C only, in L only and in the intersection of C and L?

45 + 61 + 12 = 118
3. Give ten more examples (with solutions) of Probability.
a)

b)

c)
d)

e)

f)
g)

h)

i)

j)
4. Give five more examples (with solutions) of Combination.
a)

b)

c)
d)

e)