DEP50063 - WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

TOPIC 3: CONCEPT OF CELLULAR

COMMUNICATION
 us
e
•Un
fac
de
tor
rst
(Q
an
•Ap
)
LEARNING OUTCOME
•Un
d
d
ply
an
de
ba
cel
rst
sic
l
fre
an
co
an
qu
d
nc
d
en
th
ep
clu
3.1 cy
e
•Un
t in
ste
•Ap
re-
co
de
cel
rply
3.2 usve
rst
lul
in
e co
ra
an
ar
cel
•Unntr
dis
ge
d
co
lul
3.3 taol
de
an
int
m
ar
ncch
rst
•Inv
d
erf
m
co
e an
est
ca
er
uni
m
3.4 (Dnel
d
iga
pa
en
cat
m
)an
m
te
cit
ce
ion
uni
3.5 ind
obi
th
sycat
pr tra
lity
e
in
ion
obl ffic
m
pr
in
cel
3.6 e ch
an
oc
cel
lul
m an
ag
es
lul
ar
sol nel
se
ar
co
3.7 vin in
m
of
co
m
g cel
en
ha
m
3.8 rel lul
tuni
min
nd 2
at ar
cel
ov
uni
cat
ed co
lul
er
cat
ion
to m
ar
in
ion
3.1 UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPT IN CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION

3.1.1 Explain cell and cluster with an

illustration
3.1.2 Explain frequency reuse in cellular
communication

3
 3.1.1 EXPLAIN CELL AND CLUSTER WITH AN
ILLUSTRATION
⬛ CELL
⬛ Radio coverage by a transmitting station or a BTS (Base
Transceiver Station).
⬛ Each cell is equipped with a low-powered radio
transmitter/receiver or Radio Base Station (RBS).
⬛ Often shown as hexagonal shapes. In reality, very irregular
boundaries

4
 3.1.1 EXPLAIN CELL AND CLUSTER WITH AN
ILLUSTRATION
⬛ CLUSTER
⬛ Cells with different freq. spectrum grouped together
⬛ Possible cluster sizes are 1,3,4,7,9,12, etc
⬛ Frequency can only be reused outside and not within the same cluster.

5
6
3.1.2 EXPLAIN FREQUENCY REUSE IN CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION

⬛ The process of using the same carrier

frequency (channel) in different cells that are A
geographically separated. F B
E
⬛ A set of cells operate on different channel in a G C
group to form cluster. A D
o Adjacent cells are not allowed to operate at the F B
same frequency since this causes interference E
between the cells. G C E
D
o A cluster is repeated as many time as necessary
to cover wide area
7
FREQUENCY REUSE

8
9
3.2 APPLY CELL AND CLUSTER IN CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION

3.2.1 Calculate The Size Of Cells For Multiple

Shape
3.2.2Calculate The Different Of Cluster Size
(N)

10
3.2.1 CALCULATE THE SIZE OF CELLS FOR
MULTIPLE SHAPE
⬛ Cell shapes
⬛ Square
⬛ Equilateral triangle
⬛ Circle
⬛ Hexagon

⬛ Circle is the ideal cell shape but not fit cell shapes criteria
⬛ Some criteria for the cell shapes
⬛ Area without overlap
⬛ Area without leavings a gap

11
12
⬛  

13
3.2.2 CALCULATE THE DIFFERENT OF CLUSTER
SIZE (N)
▪ The repeating regular pattern of cells is called cluster.
▪ Since each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its boundaries,
the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away without
interference, in another cluster.

14
▪ For uniform hexagonal cells, a tessellating reuse cluster of size N can be construct using:
▪ Where i and j are non negative integer

⬛ i=2
⬛ j=1 i
i
⬛ N=7
=
=
2
1

15
EXERCISE

⬛ i= 2, j = 2
⬛ N=? ⬛ N=?

⬛ N=?

16
3.3 APPLY FREQUENCY RE-USE FACTOR (Q) AND
RE-USE DISTANCE (D) IN PROBLEM SOLVING
RELATED TO FREQUENCY RE-USE.

3.3.1 Solve the problem related to frequency

reuse and number of channels in per cell

17
DESCRIBING FREQUENCY REUSE FREQUENCY
RE-USE FACTOR AND RE-USE DISTANCE (D)

⬛ S = Number of channels available in a cluster

⬛ k = the number of channels allocated to each cell in a cluster
⬛ N = cluster size (number of cells in a cluster)
⬛ Q = co channel reuse ratio
⬛ D = re use distance between centers of cells that use the same frequencies (called
co-channels) 18

⬛ R = radius of a cell
3.3.1SOLVE THE PROBLEM RELATED TO FREQUENCY
REUSE AND NUMBER OF CHANNELS IN PER CELL
Example 1:
⬛ With the aid of suitable diagram, illustrate the frequency reuse concept by
plotting the boundary until 1st tier, if the cellular network parameter is i = 2
and j = 1.
⬛ Then calculate the Co-Channel Reuse Ratio (Q) for this cellular network
and the distance between the nearest co-channel cells if the radius of cell
is 8 km.

19
SOLUTION:
⬛ The frequency reuse concept if the cellular network parameter is i = 2 and
j=1
Size of cluster N = i2 + ij + j2
N = (2)2 + (2)(1) + (1)
= 4+2+1
= 7 cells for 1 cluster

20
⬛ The Co-Channel Reuse Ratio for this cellular network:
Q = √3N
= √3 x 7
= √21 = 4.583
⬛ The distance between the nearest co-channel cells if the radius of cell is 8 km.
Q=D/R
So D = Q x R
= 4.583 x 8 km
= 36.664 km.

21
EXERCISE 1:
⬛ Calculate the value of A, B, C and D in figure below

Topology Cluster Size Co Channel

Re-use Ratio (Q)

i = 2, j = 3 A B

C D

22
EXAMPLE 2:
⬛ If a particular FDD cellular telephone system has total assigned bandwidth of
33MHz, and if the phone uses two 25kHz simplex channels to provide full
duplex voice and control channels. Compute the number of channel per cell if N
=7
Solution:
⬛ Total available system bandwidth = 33MHz
⬛ Channel bandwidth = 25kHz x 2 = 50kHz
⬛ Number of channel, S = 33 MHz / 50 kHz = 660 channel
⬛ Cluster size, N = 7
⬛ Channel per cell, k = S/N = 660 / 7 = 95 channel

23
EXAMPLE 3
⬛ Five channels, each with a 100 kHz bandwidth are to be multiplexed together.
Define the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of
10kHz between the channels to prevent interference

Solution:
⬛ For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
⬛ 5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,

24
EXERCISE2
⬛ Given total bandwidth is 40 MHz and a simplex channel bandwidth is 25kHz.
Compute the number of channel per cell if N = 3 (ans:267)

EXERCISE 3:
If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone
system which uses two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and
control channels, compute the number of channels available per cell if a system uses
a) 5 cell reuse
b) 8 cell reuse

25
 EXERCISE 4
⬛ The AMPS uses two bands. The first band of 824 t0 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 t0 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of
30 kHz in each direction. How many people can use their cellular phone
simultaneously? Assume 5% used for control channel and the rest for voice
channels

EXERCISE 5:
⬛ A cellular operator allowed to use 25MHz from radio spectrum to receive and
transmit the signal and each radio channel use 30kHz as a guard bands. Assume
95% used for voice channel and the 5% for control channels. Find the
i. Range of receiving and transmitting frequency
ii. Numbers of radio channel
iii. Numbers of voice channel and control channel
26
3.4 UNDERSTAND THE COVERAGE AND
CAPACITY IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

3.4.1Explain a methods to improve coverage

and capacity in cellular communication

27
As demand for service increases, system designers have to provide
more channel per unit coverage area

Common Techniques to improve coverage and capacity are :

1. Cell Splitting.
2. Sectoring.

•Cell Splitting

•Cell Sectoring

28
CELL SPLITTING
⬛ Cell Splitting - The process of creating more coverage and capacity in a wireless
system by splitting/divide a single cell into smaller cells, where each cell has its
own base station
⬛ In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary to
provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less
expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions.
⬛ Lowering antenna height, antenna down tilting and reducing transmitter power.

29
⬛ Increase channel capacity by:
1. Increasing the degree of frequency reuse.
2. Increasing the no. of channels per unit area.

• Suppose original congested

• After cell splitting.
area is originally covered by
• We now have 24 cells.
5 cells.
• New capacity
• Each with 80 channels.
=24x80=19200 users.
• Capacity=5x80=400 users. 30
CELL SECTORING

⬛  

31
3.5 UNDERSTAND INTERFERENCES IN CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION.

3.5.1 Explain Co-channel Interference (CCI)

and Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)

3.5.2 Explain the methods to reduce CCI and

ACI for better performance in cellular
communication

32
3.5.1 EXPLAIN CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (CCI)
AND ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (ACI)
•Two @ more
different cell use
Co-channel the same set of
frequency

•Cells that use

different
Adjacent channel frequencies (or
channels) placed
next to each other.

33
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (CCI)

⬛ Interference that comes from other cells using same channels.

⬛ Although the two cells are in different cluster, they both use the same group of
frequencies.
⬛ Co-channel interference is dependent on the radius (R) of the cells and the
distance to the center of the nearest co-channel cell (D) a

34
ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (ACI)
⬛ Comes from signals, which are adjacent in frequency to the desire signal
⬛ Caused by imperfect receiving filtering of the adjacent channel signal and leak
into the pass band
⬛ Also occurs when a mobile close to a BTS transmits on a channel close to one
being used by a weak mobile.
⬛ Thus, BTS may have difficulty in discriminating the desired mobile user from the
“bleedover” caused by the close adjacent channel mobile.

35
3.5.2 EXPLAIN THE METHODS TO REDUCE CCI AND
ACI FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE IN CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION

⬛ INTERFERENCE:
⬛ Interference causes: cross-talk, poor quality (voice channel) and blocking and missed
calls (control channel)

Co -
channel
Adjace
nt
36
REDUCING CCI

R D R
R
⬛ Reduce co-channel interference by increasing distance between
co-channels
o D = distance between centers of cells
o R = radius of each hexagonal cell
o Q = co-channel reuse ratio = D/R = sqrt(3N) for hexagonal
cells
⬛ Small Q increases system capacity (N is small)
⬛ Small Q increases co-channel interference (less distance between
37

cells)
REDUCING ACI

Careful filtering.

Channel allocation (maximizing channel

intervals of the cell)

Keeping frequency separation between each

channel in a given cell as large as possible

38
3.6 APPLY CONTROL CHANNEL AND TRAFFIC
CHANNEL IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

• 3.6.1 Assign the functions of channels:

1. Control channel (signaling)
2. Traffic channel (voice and data)

39
Traffic Channel (TCH)
• Used to carry speech @ circuit switch data traffic
• Consist 26 multiframe
Control & Signaling Channel
• The signaling channels on the air interface are used for
call establishment, paging, call maintenance,
synchronization, etc.
• Consist 51 frames
40
 Logical
Channel

Traffic Signaling

Broadcas Common Dedicate

Speech Data
t Control d Control

Half rate Full Rate

2.4 kbps 4.8kbps 9.6 kbps FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SACCH FACCH
11.4kbps 22.8kbps

41
3.7 UNDERSTAND MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

3.7.1 Explain the following term in mobility

management:
1. Paging
2. Roaming
3. Hand-over or hand-off

42
 PAGING

o Paging: The act of seeking a cellular phone when an

incoming call is trying to reach the phone.

o When MS power up the phone, it looking for an (System

Identification Number) SID on the control channel.

o If the phone cannot find any control channels to look to, it

knows it is out of range and displays a "no service"
message.

o When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the

SID programmed into the phone.

o If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is

communicating with is part of its home system

43
ROAMING
o Occurs when SID of the Control
Channel programmed in the Mobile
does not match: (The Mobile is in
another Service Provider’s area.)

▪ So, the MSC of the cell contacts

the MSC of the mobile’s home
system.

▪ After verification, if the mobile is

allowed, the new MSC is ready to
serve.

44
HANDOVER @ HAND-OFF

⬛ Occurs when mobile moves into a different

cell while conversation is in progress
⬛ MSC automatically transfer the call to a new
cell belonging to the new BS
⬛ Voice and Control signals allocated to the
channel in the new BS
⬛ THREE types of Hand-over:
⬛ Hard Handover
⬛ Soft Handover
⬛ Softer Handover

45
3.8 INVESTIGATE THE PROCESS OF HAND-OVER
IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

3.8.1 Investigate the following hand-over

process:
1. Hard hand-over
2. Soft hand-over
3. Softer hand-over

46
HARD HANDOVER

⬛ MS only have a radio link with one BS at any time.

⬛ The old connection is terminated before a new connection is activated. This mode of
operation is referred to as break before make.
⬛ The handover between different frequency
47
⬛ Used in GSM mobile system
SOFT HANDOVER
RNC

Node B
Node A

o MS can simultaneously communicate with more than one BS during handoff.

o A new connection is made before breaking the old connection, and is referred to
as make before break.
o The handover between different BS 48

o Used in 2.5G and 3G mobile system

SOFTER HANDOVER
RNC

Node A Sector C

Sector B

Sector A

o Similar to Soft Hand-over

o Switching between two sectors belonging the same base station. The mode operation
referred as make before breaks
49
o Stronger signal will replaced weaker signal from a different sector
o Used in 3G mobile system
50