A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

“COMMANDS IN LINUX”
FOR THE DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
LAKADE VAISHNAVI MANOHAR
KULKARNI MRUNAL MAKARAND
DAUD RENUKA BALASAHEB
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. M.V. Shisode

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CSMSS OF COLLEGE POLTYECHNIC, AURANGABAD
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

AND

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Following Students of fifth semester of Diploma in
Computer Engineering of Institute CSMSS College of Polytechnic (code:1152)
have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in subject Operating System (22516)
for the academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Aurangabad
Date:

Sr.no Name of the students Enrollment no.

1 LAKADE VAISHNAVI MANOHAR 2011520088

2 KULKARNI MRUNAL MAKARAND 2011520085

3 DAUD RENUKA BALASAHEB 2011520053

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most
throughout our project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal of
CSMSS College of Polytechnic Dr Ganesh .B. Dongre for being always with us as a
motivator. We are thankful to the H.O.D of Computer Engineering Department Mr
S.U.Kakde for his kind support. We are grateful to our Project Guide Mrs M.V.
Shisode for nonstop support and continuous motivation for the project. Her help made
us possible to complete our project with all accurate information. A special thanks of
our goes to our friends who helped us in completing the project, where they all
exchanged their own interesting ideas. We wish to thanks our parents for their personal
support or attention who inspired us to go our own way. Finally, we would like to
thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

Sr. Name of Students Sign

No.
1
LAKADE VAISHNAVI MANOHAR

2
KULKARNI MRUNAL MAKARAND

3 DAUD RENUKA BALASAHEB

 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

1. MICRO - PROJECT PROPOSAL ...................................................... 1 - 2

2. RATIONALE .............................................................................................. 3

3. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICRO - PROJECT ............................... 4

4. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 5-14

5. ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED .......................................... 15-16

6. OUTPUT OF THE MICRO - PROJECT .............................................17

7. SKILL DEVELOPED / LEARNING OUTCOMES

OF MICRO-PROJECT....................................................................... 18

8. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO - PROJECT ...................................... 19

 1. MICRO – PROJECT PROPOSAL

TITLE: Commands in LINUX

1.0 AIMS /BENEFITS OF THE MICRO PROJECT –

To execute commands of LINUX operating system..

2.0 COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED -

1. Execute process commands in LINUX Operating System.

2. To perform process management operations in LINUX.

3.0 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:

01. Basic information about LINUX Operating System.

02. Basic information about different commands in Operating System.

03. Basic information about different operation related to process.

4.0 ACTION PLANS:

Sr. Details of Activities Planned Planned Name of

No. Start Date Finish Responsible
Date Team
Members
1 Decide subject for micro project. All
2 Preparation and submission of All
Abstract.
3 Collection of data. All
4 Discussion and outline of All
Content.
5 Formulation of content. All
6 Editing of Content. All
7 Final submission of All
Micro-Project.

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5.0 RESOURCES REQUIRED:

Sr.No Name of Specifications Quantity Remarks

Resource /
Material
1 Computer RAM minimum 1
2GB onwards (i3-i5
preferable)
2 Operating System Windows 7 / Ubuntu 1
3 Books Operating System 1

❖ NAMES OF TEAM MEMBER WITH ROLL NO :

Sr.no. Name of Students Roll no

1 LAKADE VAISHNAVI MANOHAR 39

2 KULKARNI MRUNAL MAKARAND 37

3 DAUD RENUKA BALASAHEB 10

Approved by,

Mrs M.V.Shisode

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 2. RATIONALE

An Operating System is basically a system program that controls the execution of

application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer
hardware. It manages the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner.
This course enables to learn internal functioning of operating system and will help in
identifying appropriate Operating System for given applications/task. This course is also a
prerequisite for the group of courses included in “Cloud Infrastructure Maintenance”
Elective group.

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 3. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICRO PROJECT

❖ Micro - Project aims at

➢ To get the knowledge of LINUX Operating System.

➢ To get information about how to use commands of LINUX Operating System.

➢ To perform operations related to processes.

❖ Benefits of project:

➢ We learn about different commands in LINUX OS.

➢ We learn to perform operations related commands in LINUX.

➢ We learn to use commands of LINUX operating System.

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 4. LITERATURE REVIEW

➢ Introduction to LINUX Operating System:

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers

An operating system is software that enables applications to interact with a computer's

hardware. The software that contains the core components of the operating system is called
the kernel.

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source
code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX
compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.

It provides a powerful command-line interface compared to other operating systems such as

Windows and MacOS. We can do basic work and advanced work through its terminal. We
can do some basic tasks such as creating a file, deleting a file, moving a file, and more. In
addition, we can also perform advanced tasks such as administrative tasks (including package
installation, user management), networking tasks (ssh connection), security tasks, and many
more.

Linux terminal is a user-friendly terminal as it provides various support options. To open the
Linux terminal, press "CTRL + ALT + T" keys together, and execute a command by
pressing the 'ENTER' key.

What is Linux?

• An Open-Source operating system and community developed operating system for

computers, servers, mainframes, mobile devices and embedded devices.
• OS such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, OpenSUSE, Redhat, Android etc.

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➢ Basic Features of LINUX Operating System

Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.

• Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in

same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any
kind of hardware platform.
• Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based
development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of
Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
• Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system
resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
• Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple
applications can run at same time.
• Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which system
files/ user files are arranged.
• Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute
commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations,
call application programs. etc.
• Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password
protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
Architecture
• The Linux command is a utility of the Linux operating system. All basic and advanced
tasks can be done by executing commands. The commands are executed on the Linux
terminal. The terminal is a command-line interface to interact with the system, which
is similar to the command prompt in the Windows OS. Commands in Linux are case-
sensitive

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➢ Linux Top 20 Commands
The following are the top 20 Linux commands:
Linux Directory Commands

1. Pwd Command
The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working dir
Syntax: pwd
Output:

2. mkdir Command
The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under any directory.
Syntax:
mkdir <directory name>
Output:

3. rmdir Command
The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.
Syntax:
rmdir <directory name>
Output:

4. ls Command
The Is command is used to display a list of content of a directory.
Syntax:
ls

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Output:

5. cd Command
The cd command is used to change the current directory.
Syntax:
cd <directory name>
Output:

Linux File commands

6. touch Command
The touch command is used to create empty files. We can create multiple empty files by
executing it once.
Syntax:
touch <file name>
touch <file1> <file2> ....
Output:

7. cat Command
The cat command is a multi-purpose utility in the Linux system. It can be used to create a
file, display content of the file, copy the content of one file to another file, and more.
Syntax:
cat [OPTION]... [FILE]..
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To create a file, execute it as follows:
1.cat > <file name>
2.// Enter file content
Press "CTRL+ D" keys to save the file. To display the content of the file, execute it as
follows:
cat <file name>
Output:

8. rm Command
The rm command is used to remove a file.
Syntax:
rm <file name>
Output:

9. cp Command
The cp command is used to copy a file or directory.
Syntax:
To copy in the same directory:
cp <existing file name> <new file name>
To copy in a different directory:
Output:

10. mv Command
The mv command is used to move a file or a directory form one location to another location.

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Syntax:
mv <file name> <directory path>
Output:

11. rename Command

The rename command is used to rename files. It is useful for renaming a large group of files.
Syntax:
rename 's/old-name/new-name/' files
For example: to convert all the text files into pdf files, execute the below command:
rename 's/\.txt$/\.pdf/' *.txt
Output:

Linux File Content Commands

12. head command
head Command The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the
first 10 lines of a file.
Syntax:
head <file name>
Output:

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12. tail Command
The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between both commands is
that it displays the last ten lines of the file content. It is useful for reading the error message.
Syntax:
tail <file name>
Output:

13. tac Command

The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its name specified. It displays the file
content in reverse order (from the last line).
Syntax:
tac <file name>
Output:

15. more command

The more command is quite similar to the cat command, as it is used to display the file
content in the same way that the cat command does. The only difference between both
commands is that, in case of larger files, the more command displays screenful output at a
time.
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In more command, the following keys are used to scroll the page:
ENTER key: To scroll down page by line.
Space bar: To move to the next page.
b key: To move to the previous page.
/ key: To search the string.
Syntax:
more <file name>
Output:

16. less Command

The less command is similar to the more command. It also includes some extra features such
as 'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.' Comparatively, the more command cuts
the output in the width of the terminal.
Syntax:
less <file name>

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Output:

Linux User Commands

17. su Command
The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other words, it allows
access of the Linux shell to another user.
Syntax:
su <user name>
Output:

18. id Command
The id command is used to display the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).
Syntax:
id
Output:

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19. useradd Command
The useradd command is used to add or remove a user on a Linux server.
Syntax:
useradd username
Output:

20. groupadd Command

The groupadd command is used to create a user group.
Syntax:
groupadd <group name>
Output:

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 5. ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

The Linux operating system's architecture mainly contains some of the components:
the Kernel, System Library, Hardware layer, System, and Shell utility.

1. Kernel:- The kernel is one of the core section of an operating system. It is responsible for
each of the major actions of the Linux OS. This operating system contains distinct types of
modules and cooperates with underlying hardware directly. The kernel facilitates required
abstraction for hiding details of low-level hardware or application programs to the system.
There are some of the important kernel types which are mentioned below:
Monolithic Kernel
Micro kernels
Exo kernels
Hybrid kernels

2. System Libraries:- These libraries can be specified as some special functions. These are
applied for implementing the operating system's functionality and don't need code access
rights of the modules of kernel.
3. System Utility Programs:- It is responsible for doing specialized level and individual
activities.
4. Hardware layer:- Linux operating system contains a hardware layer that consists of
several peripheral devices like CPU, HDD, and RAM.

5. Shell:- It is an interface among the kernel and user. It can afford the services of kernel. It
can take commands through the user and runs the functions of the kernel. The shell is
available in distinct types of OSes. These operating systems are categorized into two
different types, which are the graphical shells and command-line shells.

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The following illustration shows the architecture of a Linux system −

Fig: Architecture of LINUX operating system

Drawbacks of Linux:
➢ Hardware drivers: Most of the users of Linux face an issue while using Linux. Various
companies of hardware prefer to build drivers for Mac or Windows due to they contain
several users than Linux. Linux has small drivers for peripheral hardware than windows.
➢ Software alternative: Let's take the Photoshop example which is a famous tool for graphic
editing. Photoshop exists for Windows; however, it is not available in Linux. Also, there
are some other tools for photo editing but the Photoshop tool is more powerful as
compare to others. Another example is MS office which is not present for Linux users.
➢ Learning curve: Linux isn't a very user-friendly operating system. Hence, it might be
confusing for many beginners. Getting begun with Windows is efficient and easy for
many beginners; however, understanding Linux working is complex.

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 6. OUTPUT OF MICRO PROJECT

➢ We got information about the different linux commands.

➢ We get to know about the architecture of LINUX operating system.
➢ We got information about feature of LINUX operating system.
➢ We executed the different linux commands and seen there outputs also got information
about this commands.

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 7. SKILL DEVELOPED / OUTCOMES OF
MICROPROJECT:

1. Communication

2. Leadership

3. Team management

4. Negotiation

5. Personal organization

6. Risk management

7. Critical thinking

8. Task management

9. Working with team

10. Logic development

11. Error handling

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 8. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO – PROJECT

1. Thousands of governments and companies are using Linux operating system across the
world because of lower money, time, licensing fee, and affordability.

2. Linux can be used within several types of electronic devices.

• Yamaha Motive Keyboard
• Volvo In-Car Navigation System
• TiVo Digital Video Recorder
• Sony Reader

3. LINUX operating system is used in web servers.

4. This operating system is used in supercomputers.

5. The LINUX and open source are powering the revival of older games.

6. Your computers work better unless something goes wrong and if you run into trouble,
LINUX is also there to bail you out.

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