KNR 4593 : High Voltage Technology

Week 11:
HV Generation, Measurement & Testing

(Source: Dr Nouruddeen HV’s Slide) 1

Introduction

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Introduction

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Classification

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1. HVDC Generation

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1. HVDC Generation

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 1. HVDC Generation

peak inverse voltage (PIV) or peak reverse voltage (PRV) is

the maximum value of reverse voltage which occurs at the
peak of the input cycle when the diode is reverse-biased.

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1. HVDC Generation

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 1. HVDC Generation

Fig. 1 (a) Single Phase rectifier, (b) Output voltage without C, (c) Output voltage with C

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 1. HVDC Generation

It shows that the ripple in a rectifier output depends upon the load current and the circuit
parameter like f and C. The product fC is, therefore, an important design factor for the
rectifiers. The higher the frequency of supply and larger the value of filtering capacitor the
smaller will be the ripple in the d.c. output.
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 1. HVDC Generation
The single phase half-wave rectifier circuits have the following disadvantages:

(i) The size of the circuits is very large if high and pure d.c. output voltages are
desired.
(ii) The h.t. transformer may get saturated if the amplitude of direct current is
comparable with the nominal alternating current of the transformer.

It is to be noted that all the circuits considered here are able to supply relatively
low currents and therefore are not suitable for high current applications such as
HVDC transmission.

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Full-wave rectifier

Sinusoidal input voltage

Half-wave rectifier

Full-wave rectifier

Ripple voltage, Vmax, Vmean

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1. HVDC Generation Setup

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HVDC Control Panel

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 1. HVDC Generation
Voltage doubler type rectifier

When high d.c. voltages are to be generated, voltage doubler or cascaded voltage
multiplier circuits are used. One of the most popular doubler circuit due to Greinacher

Fig. 2 Greinacher voltage doubler circuit

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 1. HVDC Generation
Voltage doubler type rectifier

Suppose B is more positive with respect to A and the diode D1 conducts thus
charging the capacitor C1 to Vmax with polarity as shown in Fig. 2. During the
next half cycle terminal A of the capacitor C1 rises to Vmax and hence terminal
M attains a potential of 2 Vmax. Thus, the capacitor C2 is charged to 2 Vmax
through D2.

Normally the voltage across the load will be less than 2 Vmax depending upon
the time constant of the circuit C2RL.
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 1. HVDC Generation
Cockcroft-walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit
In 1932, Cockroft and Walton suggested an improvement over the circuit
developed by Greinacher for producing high D.C. voltages. Fig. 3 shows a
multistage single phase cascade circuit of the Cockroft-Walton type.

Fig. 3 Cockroft-Walton multplier circuit

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Cockroft-walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit
No Load Operation: The portion ABM′MA is exactly indentical to Greinarcher
voltage doubler circuit and the voltage across C becomes 2Vmax when M
attains a voltage 2Vmax.

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Cockroft-walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit
Thus, the use of multistages arranged in the manner shown enables very high
voltage to be obtained. The equal stress of the elements (both capacitors and
diodes) used is very helpful and promotes a modular design of such generators.

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Calculation of % ripples

Calculation of voltage regulation

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Optimum number of stages for minimum voltage drop

(where I is the load current)

E.g. Thus, for a multiplier or a cascaded circuit with f= 50 Hz, C = 0.1 micro Farad,
Vmax = 100 kV and I=5 mA, the number of stages = ?
Number of stage = 10 21
Example

A Cockcroft-Walton type voltage multiplier has eight stages

with capacitances, all equal to 0.05 F. The supply transformer
secondary voltage is 125 kV at a frequency of 150 Hz. If the
load current to be supplied is 5 mA, find (a) the percentage of
ripple, (b) the regulation, and (c) the optimum number of
stages for minimum regulation or voltage drop

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Solution

(a) the percentage of ripple

= 1.2%
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(b) the regulation

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(c) the optimum number of stages for minimum
regulation or voltage drop

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ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
(Van de Graaff Generator)

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ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
(Van de Graaff Generator)

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ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
(Van de Graaff Generator)

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ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
(Van de Graaff Generator)

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ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR
(Van de Graaff Generator)

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HVDC Measurement

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HVDC Measurement

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HVDC Measurement

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HVDC Measurement

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HVDC Measurement

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HVDC Measurement

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2. HVAC Generation

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2. HVAC Generation

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 2. HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer

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 2. HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer

Advantages

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2. HVAC Measurement

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2. HVAC Measurement

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 2. HVAC Measurement
Capacitance Voltage Divider

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2. HVAC Measurement

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2. HVAC Measurement
Sphere Gap

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2. HVAC Measurement
Sphere Gap

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2. HVAC Measurement
Sphere Gap

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 2. HVAC Measurement

High Voltage Probe

High Voltage Divider

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