CH 1051 Engineering Thermodynamics

Lecture 03: First Law of Thermodynamics - Closed Systems

(Chapter 4 of the textbook)
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is simply the principle of conservation of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,

Conservation of energy but can change from one form of
energy to other
Energy Balance for Closed Systems and Control
Volumes

For Closed Systems

For Open Systems

• Energy balance equation for a closed system

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛

∆𝑬𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒐𝒖𝒕 ∆𝑬 = 𝑸 − 𝑾

∆𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 ∆𝐾𝐸 ≈ 0 ∆𝑃𝐸 ≈ 0

∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾
 Sign Convention
Work done on the system,
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = Negative (-)

Heat added to the system,

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = Positive (+)

System

Heat released from the system,

𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Negative (-)

Work done by the system,

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Positive (+)
Q1. A closed system like that shown in Fig. P4–27E is operated in an adiabatic
manner. First, 15,000 lbf.ft of work is done by this system. Then, work is applied
to the stirring device to raise the internal energy of the fluid by 10.28 Btu.
Calculate the net increase in the internal energy of this system.

Assumptions
Kinetic and potential energy changes are zero as system is stationary.
There are no heat interactions involved.
Energy change in stirring device can be neglected.

The energy balance for stationary closed system

𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Since, ∆𝐾𝐸 = ∆𝑃𝐸 = 0
∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑈
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝑈

But, system is operated in adiabatic manner 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0

Therefore, 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑈

𝑾𝒊𝒏 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 10.28 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 15000 𝑙𝑏𝑓. 𝑓𝑡 = 19.28 𝐵𝑡𝑢

Accordingly, ∆𝑈 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10.28 − 19.28 = −9.00 𝐵𝑡𝑢
 Boundary Work

Expansion
Boundary work
Compression

Operation of a four stroke

Diesel Engine
Quasi-static Process
The initial and final states of any quasi-static
process are equilibrium states, and all the
states that a system passes through along the
path of a quasi-static process are almost
equilibrium states.
Boundary work for a Quasi-static Process
𝛿𝑊𝑏 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴

𝑑𝑉 = 𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑉
𝛿𝑊𝑏 = (𝑃𝐴) 𝛿𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝐴
Process dV value
Expansion Positive
Compression Negative
Total boundary work
2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉
1
It is possible to describe the path of a quasistatic
process by an equation, such as P = f(V) on a P-V
diagram.
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉
1 1
Path dependence of boundary work
Even if the initial and final states of a
process are fixed, the boundary work
would be different for the different
paths followed by a process.

Boundary
work is
path
dependent
Q2. A rigid tank contains air at 380 kPa and 323 0C. Heat is transferred to the air
until, the pressure and temperature in the rigid tank increase up to 450 kPa and
373 0C,respectively. Determine the boundary work done during the process

Boundary work of a closed system can be determined

by
2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉
1

But, the volume of the system is constant as this is rigid tank, hence 𝑑𝑉
term is zero .
𝑑𝑉 = 0
Accordingly, 450 2
2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
380 1
Q3. The volume of 1 kg of helium in a piston–cylinder device is initially 5 m3.
Now helium is compressed to 2 m3 while its pressure is maintained constant at
130 kPa. Determine the initial and final temperatures of helium as well as the
work required to compress it, in kJ.
Assumption – This process is quasi - equilibrium
Initial Temperature
Using the ideal gas equation
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

For initial state 𝑃1 𝑉1

𝑇1 = 2 5
𝑚𝑅
𝑘𝐽
Gas constant for Helium gas can be found in Table A – 1; R = 2.07609 𝑘𝑔.𝐾

Accordingly, 130 𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 5 𝑚3

𝑇1 =
𝑘𝐽
1 𝑘𝑔 × 2.07609
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑇1 = 313.0 𝐾
Final Temperature

Since pressure remains constant during the process

𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉2 𝑇1 2 𝑚3 ×313 𝐾
𝑇2 = =
𝑉1 5 𝑚3

𝑇2 = 125.2 𝐾

The work required to compress Helium

2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉
1
But, pressure is constant throughout the process
2
Therefore, 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃 න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 130 𝑘𝑃𝑎 2 − 5 𝑚3
1

𝑊𝑏 = −390 𝑘𝐽
Q4. 1 m3 of saturated liquid water at 200°C is expanded isothermally in a closed
system until its quality is 80 percent. Determine the total work produced by this
expansion, in kJ.
Assumption – This process is quasi - equilibrium
Initial pressure of the system, 𝑷𝟏
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@200 𝑜𝐶
From Table A-4 (Saturated water – Temperature table , Page 888)
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@200 𝑜𝐶 = 1554.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Final pressure of the system, 𝑷𝟐
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@200 𝑜𝐶 = 1554.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Initial specific volume of the system, 𝒗𝟏

𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓@200 𝑜𝐶 = 0.001157 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

Final specific volume of the system, 𝒗𝟐

𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔
 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑓@200 𝑜𝐶 = 0.001157𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔@200 𝑜𝐶 − 𝑣𝑓@200 𝑜𝐶 = (0.12721 − 0.001157)𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.001157 + 0.8 0.12721 − 0.001157 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑣2 = 0.10200 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

But, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Accordingly,
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣2 0.10200 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
3
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = (1 𝑚 ) 𝑉2 = 88.16 𝑚3
𝑣1 0.001157 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
The work done during the process
2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = (1554.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(88.16 − 1) 𝑚3
1

𝑊𝑏 = 1.355 × 105 𝑘𝐽
Q5. Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is compressed
slowly in an isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Determine the
work done during this process.

Assumption – This process is quasi – equilibrium

Nitrogen is an ideal gas
Boundary work 2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
1

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 But, 𝑚𝑅𝑇 = C Hence, 𝑃𝑉 = C

2
𝑃 = C/V 𝑊𝑏 = න 𝐶/𝑉 𝑑𝑉
1
2
𝑊𝑏 = 𝐶 න 1/𝑉 𝑑𝑉
1

But, 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝐶

𝑉2 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 = 150 kPa 0.2 𝑚3 𝑙𝑛 = −50.2 𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 800 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Q6. A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure
reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank and (b)
the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with
respect to saturation lines.
Assumption – The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential
energy changes are zero.
There are no work interactions
The energy balance for stationary closed system
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝑈
But, process is taken place in a rigid tanks 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0

Also, 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0

Therefore, 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )

Properties of R – 134a @ 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂 & 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒

From Tables A-12(Saturated refrigerant – 134a – Pressure Table, Page 902)

𝑣𝑓 = 0.0007435 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑔 = 0.12355 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑢𝑓 = 31.06 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 190.31 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Accordingly,

𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥1 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.0007435 + 0.4(0.12355 − 0.0007435) 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑢1 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥1 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 31.06 + 0.4 190.31 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Mass of the refrigerant

𝑉1 0.5 𝑚3
𝑚= =
𝑣1 0.04987 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 10.03 𝑘𝑔
 Properties of R – 134a @ 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

From Tables A-13(Superheated refrigerant – 134a , Page 904)

𝑣2 = 𝑣1

𝑢2 = 377.06 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 (Superheated vapor)

The heat transferred to the tank

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 10.03 377.06 − 107.19 = 2707 𝑘𝐽

Polytropic Process
When pressure and volume of an actual expansion
or compression process can be related by 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 =
𝐶, that process is called as polytropic process

𝑃 = 𝐶𝑉 −𝑛

2 2
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃𝑑𝑉 𝑊𝑏 = න 𝐶𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉
1 1

𝑉2 −𝑛+1 − 𝑉1 −𝑛+1
𝑊𝑏 = 𝐶
−𝑛 + 1

𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑏 =
−𝑛 + 1
By using 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇

𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑛≠1
𝑊𝑏 =
1−𝑛
Q7. A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and
250 K. Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according to the relation 𝑷𝑽𝟏.𝟒 = constant
until it reaches a final temperature of 450 K. Calculate the work input during this
process.

Assumption – This process is quasi – equilibrium

Nitrogen is an ideal gas
If 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶,
2 2
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑏 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐶𝑉 −𝑛 𝑑𝑉 =
1 1 1−𝑛

𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊𝑏 =
1−𝑛
The gas constant for nitrogen
From Table A-2 (a) (Saturated water – Ideal-gas specific heats of various
common gasses , Page 883)

R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K
 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊𝑏 =
1−𝑛

𝑘𝐽
5𝑘𝑔 0.2968 450 − 250 𝐾
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑊𝑏 =
1 − 1.4

𝑊𝑏 = −742 𝑘𝐽
Specific Heats

The specific heat is defined as the energy

A common unit for specific required to raise the temperature of a unit
heats is kJ/kg·°C or kJ/kg·K mass of a substance by one degree
Specific heat at constant volume, 𝒄𝒗 Specific heat at constant pressure, 𝒄𝒑

The energy required to raise the The energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant. pressure is maintained constant.

From the conservation of energy From the conservation of energy

principle principle
𝑒𝑖𝑛 − 𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑒𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝛿𝑒𝑖𝑛 − 𝛿𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢

𝛿𝑒𝑖𝑛 − 𝛿𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑃𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑢

But, ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑ℎ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕ℎ
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 =
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝑣
 The specific heat of a substance is
specified by two independent,
intensive properties

- Temperature
- Pressure

𝜕𝑢 𝜕ℎ
𝑐𝑣 = 1 𝑐𝑝 = 2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑝
𝑣

𝑐𝑣 - The change in the internal 𝑐𝑝 - The change in the enthalpy of a

energy of a substance per unit substance per unit change in
change in temperature at constant temperature at constant pressure
volume
Internal energy and enthalpy
changes of ideal gases
As experimentally and mathematically proved

𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑇)

Using the definition of enthalpy ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 and 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇

and ideal gas law,
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇

ℎ = ℎ(𝑇)
𝑐𝑣 and 𝑐𝑝 also only depend on temperature
Hence, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
During a process 2 2
from state 1 to ∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = න 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 ∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = න 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
state 2 1 1
 Methods of determining changes of internal energy and
enthalpy

Method 1 – Using 𝑪𝒑 and 𝑪𝒗 relations as a function of

temperature

• All real gases approach ideal – gas behavior at

low pressures, and therefore their specific heats
depend on temperature only.

• Accurate analytical expressions for ideal gas

specific heats are available.
Method 2 – Using tabulated u and h
data

Method 3 – Using average specific heats

Specific heat functions can be replaced by the
constant average specific values
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Determining of 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑔 and 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔

• obtaining specific heat at average temperature
• determining specific heats at 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 and
taking their average
Specific Heat Relations of ideal gases
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇

𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇

But, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 and 𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 𝑑𝑇

𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅

When the specific heats are given on a molar basis

𝑐𝑝ҧ = 𝑐𝑣ҧ + 𝑅𝑢
Specific heat ratio

𝑐𝑝
𝑘=
𝑐𝑣
Q8. Determine the internal energy change of hydrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated
from 200 to 800 K at constant pressure.

Using the functional form of 𝑐𝑝ҧ (𝑇) (Table A-2c)

𝑐𝑝ҧ 𝑇 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3
But, 𝑐𝑣ҧ + 𝑅𝑢 = 𝑐𝑝ҧ
𝑐𝑣ҧ = 𝑐𝑝ҧ − 𝑅𝑢
𝑐𝑣ҧ 𝑇 = (𝑎 − 𝑅𝑢 ) + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3
Where
𝑎 = 29.11, 𝑏 = −0.1916 × 10−2 , 𝑐 = 0.4003 × 10−5 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −0.8704 × 10−9
2 2
∆ത
𝑢 = න 𝑐𝑣ҧ 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 = න 𝑎 − 𝑅𝑢 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3 𝑑𝑇 = 12.487 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 1
∆ത
𝑢 12487 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑢 = = = 6194 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑀 2.016 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Using 𝒄𝒗 value at the average temperature

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 500 𝐾

𝑐𝑣@500𝐾 = 10.389 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 (From Table A-2b)

∆𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 10.389 800 − 200 = 6233 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Specific heats of incompressible substances
For a substance, whose
specific volume is
constant
(incompressible
substances)

𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐

Internal Energy Changes

The specific heats of incompressible substances also depend on temperature only.

Therefore, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
2
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = න 𝑐 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
1
For small temperature intervals ∆𝑢 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
Enthalpy changes
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃 + 𝑃𝑑𝑣 0

∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 + 𝑣∆𝑃 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇 + 𝑣∆𝑃

For solids
∆ℎ ≅ ∆𝑢 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇

For liquids
Constant – pressure processes ∆𝑃 = 0 : ∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇
Constant – temperature processes ∆𝑇 = 0 : ∆ℎ = 𝑣∆P