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    Chapter 6

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    Hossam kun
    The SQL SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from database tables. It allows you to select specific columns, rows, or all data from one or more tables. The SELECT DISTINCT statement returns only distinct (different) values from a column that may contain many duplicates. The WHERE clause is used to filter records by specifying conditions that must be met. Additional clauses like ORDER BY can be used to sort the results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    Hossam kun
    15 views5 pages
    The SQL SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from database tables. It allows you to select specific columns, rows, or all data from one or more tables. The SELECT DISTINCT statement returns only distinct (different) values from a column that may contain many duplicates. The WHERE clause is used to filter records by specifying conditions that must be met. Additional clauses like ORDER BY can be used to sort the results.

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    The SQL SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from database tables. It allows you to select specific columns, rows, or all data from one or more tables. The SELECT DISTINCT statement returns only distinct (different) values from a column that may contain many duplicates. The WHERE clause is used to filter records by specifying conditions that must be met. Additional clauses like ORDER BY can be used to sort the results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views5 pages

    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    Hossam kun
    The SQL SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from database tables. It allows you to select specific columns, rows, or all data from one or more tables. The SELECT DISTINCT statement returns only distinct (different) values from a column that may contain many duplicates. The WHERE clause is used to filter records by specifying conditions that must be met. Additional clauses like ORDER BY can be used to sort the results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
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    Chapter 6

    6.1 The SQL SELECT Statement


    The SELECT statement is probably the most used SQL command. The SELECT statement is
    used for retrieving rows from the database and enables the selection of one or many rows or
    columns from one or many tables in the database. The data returned is stored in a result table,
    called the result-set.
    So, in the simplest form we can use the SELECT statement as follows:

    If we want all columns, we use the symbol “*”

    Below is a schema of the "Customers" table in the Northwind sample database:


    Customers(CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, Country)

    Example 1:
    selects the "CustomerName" and "City" columns from the "Customers" table

    Example 2:
    selects all the columns from the "Customers" table

    6.2 The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement


    The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values. Inside a
    table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list the
    different (distinct) values.

    Syntax:
    The following SQL statement selects all (including the duplicates) values from the "Country"
    column in the "Customers" table.

    The following SQL statement selects only the DISTINCT values from the "Country" column
    in the "Customers" table:

    6.3 The SQL WHERE Clause

    The WHERE clause is used to filter records. It is used to extract only those records that fulfill
    a specified condition.

    Syntax:

    Example:
    selects all the customers from the country "Mexico", in the "Customers" table

    The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:


    operator description
    = Equal
    > Greater than
    < Less than
    >= Greater than or equal
    <= Less than or equal
    <> Not equal
    Between Between a certain range
    LIKE Search for a pattern
    IN To specify multiple possible values for a column
    6.4 The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

    The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.

    The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:

    • The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
    • The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.

    The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

    AND Syntax

    OR Syntax

    NOT Syntax

    AND Example
    selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" AND city is "Berlin"

    OR Example
    selects all fields from "Customers" where city is "Berlin" OR "München"

    Example
    selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" OR "Spain"
    NOT Example
    selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT "Germany"

    You can also combine the AND, OR and NOT operators.

    Example:
    selects all fields from "Customers" where country is "Germany" AND city must be "Berlin"
    OR "München"

    Example:
    selects all fields from "Customers" where country is NOT "Germany" and NOT "USA"

    6.5 SQL ORDER BY Keyword

    The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
    The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records
    in descending order, use the DESC keyword.

    Syntax

    Example
    selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the "Country" column

    Example :
    selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted DESCENDING by the "Country"
    column

    Example:
    selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted by the "Country" and the
    "CustomerName" column. This means that it orders by Country, but if some rows have the
    same Country, it orders them by CustomerName.

    Example:
    selects all customers from the "Customers" table, sorted ascending by the "Country" and
    descending by the "CustomerName" column

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